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Kostjukov VV. Photoexcitation of oxazine 170 dye in aqueous solution: TD-DFT study. J Mol Model 2021; 27:311. [PMID: 34601630 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-021-04931-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The vibronic absorption spectra of OX170 dye in an aqueous solution using 40 hybrid functionals, the 6-31 + + G(d,p) basis set, and the SMD solvent model were calculated. It turned out that the long-range corrected ωB97XD functional provided the best agreement with the experiment in the positions of the main maximum and the short-wavelength shoulder. Calculations showed that this shoulder is vibronic and is not caused by a separate electronic transition. At the same time, the shoulder intensity in the calculated spectrum turned out to be lower than in the experimental one. Various parameters of the OX170 cation in the ground and excited states (IR spectra, atomic charges, dipole moments, and transition moment) were calculated. Maps of the distribution of electron density and electrostatic potential have been built. The influence of four strong hydrogen bonds of the dye with water molecules on the absorption spectrum was analyzed. It was shown that these bonds are strengthened upon OX170 excitation. It was found that explicit assignment of water molecules strongly bound to the dye leads to a redshift of the calculated spectrum by ≈15 nm as a whole, and worsened its shape. Photoexcitation of the dye leads to a noticeable polarization of only one of the four considered water molecules (associated with the endocyclic nitrogen atom in the central ring of the chromophore, the electron density on which increases the most).
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor V Kostjukov
- Physics Department, Sevastopol State University, Universitetskaya St., 33, Sevastopol, 299053, Crimea, Russian Federation.
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2
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Zhu R, Zou J, Wang Z, Chen H, Weng Y. Electronic State-Resolved Multimode-Coupled Vibrational Wavepackets in Oxazine 720 by Two-Dimensional Electronic Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:9333-9342. [PMID: 33136407 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c06559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The difference between the excited- and ground-state vibrational wavepackets remains to be fully explored when multiple vibrational modes are coherently excited simultaneously by femtosecond pulses. In this work, we present a series of one- and two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy for studying multimode wavepackets of oxazine 720 in solution. Fourier transform (FT) maps combined with time-frequency transform (TFT) are employed to unambiguously distinguish the origin of low-frequency vibrational wavepackets, that is, an excited-state vibrational wavepacket of 586 cm-1 with a dephasing time of 0.7 ps and a ground-state vibrational wavepacket of 595 cm-1 with a dephasing time of 1.3-1.7 ps. We also found the additional low-frequency vibrational wavepackets resulting from the coupling of the 595 cm-1 mode to a series of high-frequency modes centered at 1150 cm-1 via electronic transitions. The combined use of FT maps and TFT analysis allows us to reveal the potential vibrational coupling of wavepackets and offers the possibility of disentangling the coupling between the electronic and vibrational degrees of freedom in condensed-phase systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruidan Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiading Zou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhuan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hailong Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Yuxiang Weng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
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3
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Jankowiak R, Reppert M, Zazubovich V, Pieper J, Reinot T. Site Selective and Single Complex Laser-Based Spectroscopies: A Window on Excited State Electronic Structure, Excitation Energy Transfer, and Electron–Phonon Coupling of Selected Photosynthetic Complexes. Chem Rev 2011; 111:4546-98. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100234j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Jankowiak
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Mike Reppert
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Valter Zazubovich
- Department of Physics, Concordia University, Montreal H4B1R6 Quebec, Canada
| | - Jörg Pieper
- Max-Volmer-Laboratories for Biophysical Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Riia 142, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tonu Reinot
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
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4
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Pieper J, Rätsep M, Trostmann I, Schmitt FJ, Theiss C, Paulsen H, Eichler H, Freiberg A, Renger G. Excitonic Energy Level Structure and Pigment−Protein Interactions in the Recombinant Water-Soluble Chlorophyll Protein. II. Spectral Hole-Burning Experiments. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:4053-65. [DOI: 10.1021/jp111457t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Pieper
- Max-Volmer-Laboratories for
Biophysical Chemistry, Berlin Institute of Technology, Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Rätsep
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - I. Trostmann
- Institute of General Botany, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - F.-J. Schmitt
- Max-Volmer-Laboratories for
Biophysical Chemistry, Berlin Institute of Technology, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Optics and Atomic
Physics, Berlin Institute of Technology, Germany
| | - C. Theiss
- Institute of Optics and Atomic
Physics, Berlin Institute of Technology, Germany
| | - H. Paulsen
- Institute of General Botany, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - H.J. Eichler
- Institute of Optics and Atomic
Physics, Berlin Institute of Technology, Germany
| | - A. Freiberg
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell
Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - G. Renger
- Max-Volmer-Laboratories for
Biophysical Chemistry, Berlin Institute of Technology, Berlin, Germany
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5
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Grozdanov D, Herascu N, Reinot T, Jankowiak R, Zazubovich V. Low-temperature protein dynamics of the B800 molecules in the LH2 light-harvesting complex: spectral hole burning study and comparison with single photosynthetic complex spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:3426-38. [PMID: 20166717 DOI: 10.1021/jp9089358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previously published and new spectral hole burning (SHB) data on the B800 band of LH2 light-harvesting antenna complex of Rps. acidophila are analyzed in light of recent single photosynthetic complex spectroscopy (SPCS) results (for a review, see Berlin et al. Phys. Life Rev. 2007, 4, 64.). It is demonstrated that, in general, SHB-related phenomena observed for the B800 band are in qualitative agreement with the SPCS data and the protein models involving multiwell multitier protein energy landscapes. Regarding the quantitative agreement, we argue that the single-molecule behavior associated with the fastest spectral diffusion (smallest barrier) tier of the protein energy landscape is inconsistent with the SHB data. The latter discrepancy can be attributed to SPCS probing not only the dynamics of of the protein complex per se, but also that of the surrounding amorphous host and/or of the host-protein interface. It is argued that SHB (once improved models are developed) should also be able to provide the average magnitudes and probability distributions of light-induced spectral shifts and could be used to determine whether SPCS probes a set of protein complexes that are both intact and statistically relevant. SHB results are consistent with the B800 --> B850 energy-transfer models including consideration of the whole B850 density of states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Grozdanov
- Department of Physics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
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6
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Dispersive hole growth kinetics and fluence broadening of the zero-phonon hole of impurities in amorphous hosts. Chem Phys 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2003.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Reinot T, Dang NC, Small GJ. A model for persistent hole burned spectra and hole growth kinetics that includes photoproduct absorption: Application to free base phthalocyanine in hyperquenched glassy ortho-dichlorobenzene at 5 K. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1605371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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8
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Walsh RJ, Matsuzaki S, Reinot T, Hayes JM, Kalli KR, Hartmann LC, Small GJ. Single-cell nonphotochemical hole burning of ovarian surface epithelial carcinoma and normal cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:1685-9. [PMID: 12574511 PMCID: PMC149893 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0437668100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2002] [Accepted: 12/16/2002] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent spectral nonphotochemical hole-burning (NPHB) spectroscopy has recently been applied to dye molecules in cells. The sensitivity of NPHB to the nanoenvironment of the probe is well established. It has been shown that NPHB applied to bulk suspensions of cultured human cells can distinguish between normal and cancer cells. Thus, NPHB has potential as a diagnostic cancer tool. For this reason, the methodology is referred to as hole-burning imaging, by analogy with MRI. The optical dephasing time (T(2)) of the dye in hole-burning image replaces the proton T(1) relaxation time in MRI. In addition to the T(2) mode of operation, there are four other modes including measurement of the spectral hole growth kinetics (HGK). Reported here is that the selectivity and sensitivity of NPHB operating in the HGK mode allow for distinction between normal and carcinoma cells at the single-cell level. The ovarian cell lines are ovarian surface epithelial cells with temperature-sensitive large T antigens (analogously normal) and ovarian surface epithelial carcinoma (OV167) cells. The mitochondrial specific dye used was rhodamine 800 (Molecular Probes). This carbocationic dye is highly specific for the outer and inner membranes of mitochondria. In line with the results for bulk suspensions of the two cell lines, the hole-burning efficiency for OV167 cells was found to be significantly higher than that for normal cells. Theoretical analysis of the HGK data leads to the conclusion that the degree of structural heterogeneity for the probe-host configurations in OV167 cells is lower than in the normal cells. Possible reasons for this are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Walsh
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Walsh RJ, Reinot T, Hayes JM, Kalli KR, Hartmann LC, Small GJ. Carcinoma and SV40-transfected normal ovarian surface epithelial cell comparison by nonphotochemical hole burning. Biophys J 2003; 84:1299-307. [PMID: 12547810 PMCID: PMC1302706 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(03)74945-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Results are presented of nonphotochemical-hole-burning experiments on the mitochondrial specific dye rhodamine 800 incubated with two human ovarian surface epithelial cell lines: OSE(tsT)-14 normal cells and OV167 carcinoma cells. This dye is selective for the plasma and inner membranes of the mitochondria, as shown by confocal microscopy images. Dispersive hole-growth kinetics of zero-phonon holes are analyzed with theoretical fits, indicating that subcellular structural heterogeneity of the carcinoma cell line is lower relative to the analogous normal cell line. Broadening of holes in the presence of an applied electric field (Stark effect) was used to determine the permanent dipole moment change for the S(0)-->S(1) transition in the two cell lines. For the carcinoma cell line, the permanent dipole moment change value is a factor of 1.5 higher than for the normal cell line. It is speculated that this difference may be related to differences in mitochondrial membrane potentials in the two cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Walsh
- Ames Laboratory--USDOE, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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10
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Reinot T, Small GJ. Non-Lorentzian zero-phonon holes and new insights on nonphotochemical hole burning: Al-phthalocyanine in hyperquenched glassy water. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1367259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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11
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Reinot T, Small GJ. Modeling of dispersive nonphotochemical hole growth kinetics data: Al-phthalocyanine tetrasulphonate in hyperquenched glassy water. J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1323228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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12
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Hole burning properties of aluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulphonate in water-containing poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) films. Chem Phys Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(99)00995-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Reinot T, Hayes JM, Small GJ. Laser-induced hole filling and spectral diffusion of aluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate in hyperquenched glassy films. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.478387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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14
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Milanovich N, Reinot T, Hayes JM, Small GJ. Aluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate in MCF-10F, human breast epithelial cells: a hole burning study. Biophys J 1998; 74:2680-8. [PMID: 9591692 PMCID: PMC1299608 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(98)77974-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Laser-induced holes are burned in the absorption spectrum of aluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate (APT) in MCF-10F, human breast epithelial cells. The hole burning mechanism is shown to be nonphotochemical. The fluorescence excitation spectra and hole spectra are compared with those of APT in hyperquenched glassy films of water, ethanol, and methanol. The results show that the APT is in an acidic, aqueous environment with a hydrogen-bonded network similar to that of glassy water, but showing the influence of other cellular components. Pressure shifts of holes allow the local compressibility about the APT to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Milanovich
- Ames Laboratory-USDOE and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 50011, USA
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15
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Kim W, Reinot T, Hayes JM, Small GJ. Nonphotochemical hole burning in hyperquenched glassy films of water: A pronounced deuteration effect. J Chem Phys 1996. [DOI: 10.1063/1.471360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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16
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Reinot T, Kim W, Hayes JM, Small GJ. Electronic dephasing of APT in glassy films of water from 5 to 100 K: Implications for H‐bonding liquids. J Chem Phys 1996. [DOI: 10.1063/1.470804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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17
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On the validity of the standard model for primary charge separation in the bacterial reaction center. Chem Phys 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0301-0104(95)00089-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Drobizhev M, Sapozhnikov M. A relationship between the kinetics of persistent spectral hole burning and its mechanism. Experiments with porphyrin dications. Chem Phys Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(95)00234-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Kozankiewicz B, Bernard J, Orrit M. Single molecule lines and spectral hole burning of terrylene in different matrices. J Chem Phys 1994. [DOI: 10.1063/1.467968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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20
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Jankowiak R, Small GJ. Spectral diffusion of molecular electronic transitions in amorphous solids: Weak and strong two-level-system phonon coupling. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1993; 47:14805-14812. [PMID: 10005854 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.47.14805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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21
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Kim WH, McPhillen M, Hayes J, Small G. A new methodology for production of hyperquenched glassy films and their study by nonphotochemical hole burning. Chem Phys Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(93)89027-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Reddy NRS, Cogdell RJ, Zhao L, Small GJ. NONPHOTOCHEMICAL HOLE BURNING OF THE B800-B850 ANTENNA COMPLEX OF Rhodopseudomonas acidophila. Photochem Photobiol 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1993.tb02251.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Reddy NR, Lyle PA, Small GJ. Applications of spectral hole burning spectroscopies to antenna and reaction center complexes. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1992; 31:167-194. [PMID: 24408059 DOI: 10.1007/bf00035536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/1991] [Accepted: 09/27/1991] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The underlying principles of spectral hole burning spectroscopies and the theory for hole profiles are reviewed and illustrated with calculated spectra. The methodology by which the dependence of the overall hole profile on burn wavelength can be used to reveal the contributions from site inhomogeneous broadening and various homogeneous broadening contributions to the broad Qy-absorption bands of cofactors is emphasized. Applications to the primary electron donor states of the reaction centers of purple bacteria and Photosystems I and II of green plants are discussed. The antenna (light harvesting) complexes considered include B800-B850 and B875 of Rhodobacter sphaeroides and the base-plate complex of Prosthecochloris aestuarii with particular attention being given to excitonic interactions and level structure. The data presented show that spectral hole burning is a generally applicable low temperature approach for the study of excited state electronic and vibrational (intramolecular, phonon) structures, structural heterogeneity and excited state lifetimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Reddy
- Ames Laboratory-USDOE, Iowa State University, 50011, Ames, IA, USA
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24
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Jankowiak R. Heterogeneous distributions and dispersive photodissociation rates of benzo[a]pyrene diol-epoxide enantiomer-DNA and -poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC) adducts. Biophys Chem 1992; 42:133-46. [PMID: 1567987 DOI: 10.1016/0301-4622(92)85003-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Two types of heterogeneity of adducts are illustrated and discussed utilizing non-line narrowed (S2----S0 laser excitation) and line-narrowed (excitation into the (0,0) origin band) fluorescence spectra at low temperatures. The first type (type A) is due to structurally distinct and/or energetically inequivalent conformers. The second one (type B) is provided by an inhomogeneous environment of DNA and polynucleotides. In light of the above, the non-exponential photodissociation kinetics of the (+/-)-anti-BPDE-DNA and -polynucleotide adducts have been reanalyzed in terms of a dispersive first order chemical reaction, where the inhomogeneous effects are explicitly included. It is demonstrated that the DNA structure shows considerable inhomogeneous broadening, and that type B heterogeneity is responsible for the dispersive photodissociation process. The latter is accounted for by a Gaussian distribution of activation energies, with the center of the distribution at approximately 600 meV and the full width at half-maximum equal to approximately 50 meV (approximately 2 kT). Photolabile (+/-)-anti-BPDE-DNA and -polynucleotide adducts are identified as quasi-intercalated (site I) (+)- and (-)-cis-BPDE. The calculated concentrations of cis-BPDE adducts in DNA and polynucleotides from the kinetic data are in very good agreement with the cis-BPDE adduct concentrations obtained from the spectral and/or chemical analysis. The average photodissociation rate and the photodissociation quantum yield of cis- and trans-BPDE adducts are also estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jankowiak
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
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25
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Personov R. Luminescence line narrowing and persistent hole burning in organic materials: principles and new results. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/1010-6030(92)85062-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Schellenberg P, Friedrich J, Daltrozzo E. On the distribution of reactive barriers in disordered materials. J Chem Phys 1991. [DOI: 10.1063/1.461474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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