1
|
Agrawal L, Sahu S, Ghosh S, Shiga T, Fujita D, Bandyopadhyay A. Inventing atomic resolution scanning dielectric microscopy to see a single protein complex operation live at resonance in a neuron without touching or adulterating the cell. J Integr Neurosci 2017; 15:435-462. [PMID: 28142317 DOI: 10.1142/s0219635216500333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A substantial ion flow in a normally wet protein masks any other forms of signal transmission. We use hysteresis and linear conduction (both are artifacts) as a marker to precisely wet a protein, which restricts the ionic conduction (hysteresis disappears), and at the same time, it is not denatured (quantized conductance and Raman spectra are intact). Pure electric visualization of proteins at work by eliminating the screening of ions, electrons, would change the way we study biology. Here we discuss the technical challenges resolved for imaging a protein or live cell using nonlinear dielectric response (spatial distribution of conductance, capacitance and phase, GCP trio). We electromagnetically triggered electrical, mechanical, thermal and ionic resonant vibrations in a protein. During resonant oscillations, we imaged the protein using resonant scanning tunneling microscopy of biomaterials (Brestum) and during ionic firing we imaged live what happens inside an axon core of a neuron by using our atomic scale scanning dielectric microscopy (Asadim). Both Asadim and Brestum are housed in a homebuilt scanning tunneling microscope (bio-STM) and a special micro-grid developed by us (patent JP-5187804) for fractal supercomputing. We found the trick to turn a membrane transparent and see inside without making any physical contact. We image live that a protein molecule adopts a unique configuration for each resonance frequency, - thus far unknown to biology. "Membrane alone fires" is found to be wrong after a century, micro-neuro-filaments communicate prior to firing to decide its necessity and then regulate it suitably. We introduce a series of technologies e.g., fractal grid, point contact, micro THz antenna, to discover that from atomic structure to a living cell, the biomaterials vibrate collectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh Agrawal
- * National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Satyajit Sahu
- † Nano Bio Systems Science, IIT Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Subrata Ghosh
- ‡ CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology; Natural Products Chemistry Division, Jorhat-785006, Assam, India
| | - Takashi Shiga
- § Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Daisuke Fujita
- * National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ghosh S, Sahu S, Agrawal L, Shiga T, Bandyopadhyay A. Inventing a co-axial atomic resolution patch clamp to study a single resonating protein complex and ultra-low power communication deep inside a living neuron cell. J Integr Neurosci 2017; 15:403-433. [PMID: 28100105 DOI: 10.1142/s0219635216500321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To read the signals of single molecules in vitro on a surface, or inside a living cell or organ, we introduce a coaxial atom tip (coat) and a coaxial atomic patch clamp (COAPAP). The metal-insulator-metal cavity of these probes extends to the atomic scale (0.1[Formula: see text]nm), it eliminates the cellular or environmental noise with a S/N ratio 105. Five ac signals are simultaneously applied during a measurement by COAT and COAPAP to shield a true signal under environmental noise in five unique ways. The electromagnetic drive in the triaxial atomic tips is specifically designed to sense anharmonic vibrational and transmission signals for any system between 0.1[Formula: see text]nm and 50[Formula: see text]nm where the smallest nanopatch clamp cannot reach. COAT and COAPAP reliably pick up the atomic scale vibrations under the extreme noise of a living cell. Each protein's distinct electromagnetic, mechanical, electrical and ionic vibrational signature studied in vitro in a protected environment is found to match with the ones studied inside a live neuron. Thus, we could confirm that by using our probe blindly we could hold on to a single molecule or its complex in the invisible domain of a living cell. Our decade long investigations on perfecting the tools to measure bio-resonance of all forms and simultaneously in all frequency domains are summarized. It shows that the ratio of emission to absorption resonance frequencies of a biomaterial is around [Formula: see text], only a few in the entire em spectrum are active that regulates all other resonances, like mechanical, ionic, etc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Ghosh
- * CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology, Natural Products Chemistry Division, Jorhat-785006, Assam, India
| | - Satyajit Sahu
- † Nano Bio Systems Science, IIT Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Lokesh Agrawal
- ‡ National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takashi Shiga
- § Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mousavidoust S, Mobasheri H, Riazi GH. Effects of static magnetic fields on the structure, polymerization, and bioelectric of tubulin assemblies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:3370-3383. [PMID: 27794634 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1254683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Due to widespread exposure of human being to various sources of static magnetic fields (SMF), their effect on the spatial and temporal status of structure, arrangement, and polymerization of tubulin was studied at the molecular level. The intrinsic fluorescence intensity of tubulin was increased by SMF, indicating the repositioning of tryptophan and tyrosine residues. Circular Dichroism spectroscopy revealed variations in the ratios of alpha helix, beta, and random coil structures of tubulin as a result of exposure to SMF at 100, 200, and 300 mT. Transmission Electron microscopy of microtubules showed breaches and curvatures whose risk of occurrence increased as a function of field strength. Dynamic light scattering revealed an increase in the surface potential of tubulin aggregates exposed to SMF. The rate and extent of polymerization increased by 9.8 and 33.8%, at 100 and 300 mT, respectively, but decreased by 36.16% at 200 mT. The conductivity of polymerized tubulin increased in the presence of 100 and 300 mT SMF but remained the same as the control at 200 mT. The analysis of flexible amino acids along the sequence of tubulin revealed higher SMF susceptibility in the helical electron conduction pathway set through histidines rather than the vertical electron conduction pathway formed by tryptophan residues. The results reveal structural and functional effects of SMF on tubulin assemblies and microtubules that can be considered as a potential means to address the safety issues and for manipulation of bioelectrical characteristics of cytosol, intracellular trafficking and thus, the living status of cells, remotely.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mousavidoust
- a Laboratory of Membrane Biophysics & Macromolecule, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB) , University of Tehran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Hamid Mobasheri
- a Laboratory of Membrane Biophysics & Macromolecule, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB) , University of Tehran , Tehran , Iran.,b Biomaterial Research Center (BRC) , University of Tehran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Gholam Hossein Riazi
- c Laboratory of Bioorganics , Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran , Tehran , Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sahu S, Ghosh S, Fujita D, Bandyopadhyay A. Live visualizations of single isolated tubulin protein self-assembly via tunneling current: effect of electromagnetic pumping during spontaneous growth of microtubule. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7303. [PMID: 25466883 PMCID: PMC4252892 DOI: 10.1038/srep07303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As we bring tubulin protein molecules one by one into the vicinity, they self-assemble and entire event we capture live via quantum tunneling. We observe how these molecules form a linear chain and then chains self-assemble into 2D sheet, an essential for microtubule, —fundamental nano-tube in a cellular life form. Even without using GTP, or any chemical reaction, but applying particular ac signal using specially designed antenna around atomic sharp tip we could carry out the self-assembly, however, if there is no electromagnetic pumping, no self-assembly is observed. In order to verify this atomic scale observation, we have built an artificial cell-like environment with nano-scale engineering and repeated spontaneous growth of tubulin protein to its complex with and without electromagnetic signal. We used 64 combinations of plant, animal and fungi tubulins and several doping molecules used as drug, and repeatedly observed that the long reported common frequency region where protein folds mechanically and its structures vibrate electromagnetically. Under pumping, the growth process exhibits a unique organized behavior unprecedented otherwise. Thus, “common frequency point” is proposed as a tool to regulate protein complex related diseases in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satyajit Sahu
- 1] National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Nano Characterization Unit, Advanced Key Technologies Division, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Japan [2] Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Rajasthan, Bio-inspired System Science, Jodhpur, India, 342011
| | - Subrata Ghosh
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Nano Characterization Unit, Advanced Key Technologies Division, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Daisuke Fujita
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Nano Characterization Unit, Advanced Key Technologies Division, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Anirban Bandyopadhyay
- 1] National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Nano Characterization Unit, Advanced Key Technologies Division, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Japan [2] Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Harvard-MIT Center for Health Science and Technology, Institute of Medical Science and Engineering, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Boston, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kaimanovich VA, Krupitski EM, Spirov AV. The Possible Contribution of Intracellular Electric Fields to Oriented Assemblage of Microtubules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/15368378909020961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
6
|
Stracke R, Böhm KJ, Wollweber L, Tuszynski JA, Unger E. Analysis of the migration behaviour of single microtubules in electric fields. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 293:602-9. [PMID: 12054645 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00251-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
By video contrast microscopy, individual microtubules formed from pure tubulin in the presence of taxol were studied in constant electric fields. At nearly physiological conditions, i.e., in a buffer at pH 6.8 and 120 mM ionic strength, suspended microtubules moved towards the anode with an electrophoretic mobility of approximately 2.6 x 10(-4) cm(2)/V s, corresponding to an unbalanced negative charge of 0.19 electron charges per tubulin dimer. Strikingly, this value is lower by a factor of at least 50 than that calculated from crystallographic data for the non-assembled tubulin dimer. Moreover, the taxol-stabilized microtubules had an isoelectric point of about pH 4.2 which is significantly lower than that known for the tubulin monomers. This indicates that microtubule formation is accompanied by substantial changes of charge distribution within the tubulin subunits. Constant electric fields were shown to affect also the orientation of microtubules gliding across a kinesin-coated surface at pH 6.8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Stracke
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Beutenbergstrasse 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ferroelectric behavior in microtubule dipole lattices: Implications for information processing, signaling and assembly/disassembly. J Theor Biol 1995. [DOI: 10.1006/jtbi.1995.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
8
|
Yamaoka K, Yamamoto S, Kimura M, Kosako I. Reversing-Pulse Electric Birefringence of Poly(γ-benzyl L-glutamate) V. Field-Induced Changes of Electric and Hydrodynamic Properties in Helix-Forming Solvents as Revealed by Transient Signals. Polym J 1991. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.23.1443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|