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Lei MC, Félix L, Cardoso R, Monteiro SM, Silva S, Venâncio C. Non-Invasive Biomarkers in Saliva and Eye Infrared Thermography to Assess the Stress Response of Calves during Transport. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2311. [PMID: 37508087 PMCID: PMC10376388 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal transport is currently a stressful procedure. Therefore, animal-based indicators are needed for reliable and non-invasive welfare assessment. Saliva is a biospecimen with potential validity for the determination of cortisol and oxidative stress, although its use to assess calf welfare during transport has never been tested. Similarly, the applicability and reliability of infrared thermography to assess temperature change during calves' transport have never been evaluated. These objectives were outlined following the known and growing need to identify non-invasive methodologies for stress assessment in bovines. This study was conducted on 20 calves of the Arouquesa autochthone breed, at about nine months of age, during their transport to slaughter. For each animal, saliva samples and thermographic images of the eye were collected at three time points: before transport, after transport, and at slaughter. The saliva was then processed to measure cortisol levels and oxidative stress parameters (reactive oxygen species, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, carbonyls, and advanced oxidation protein products), and the images were analyzed using FLIR Tools+ software. There was an increase in cortisol concentration and oxidative stress parameters (reactive oxygen species, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, carbonyls, and advanced oxidation protein products) in saliva after transport. An increase in eye temperature triggered by transport was also observed. The cortisol and eye temperature results at slaughter were returned to values similar to those before transport; however, the values of oxidative stress remained increased (mainly TBARS values). These non-invasive techniques seem to be reliable indicators of stress in bovine transport, and oxidative stress parameters in saliva may be a persistent marker for welfare assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Caipira Lei
- University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS)-CESPU (IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Luís Félix
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Inov4Agro, Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Cardoso
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Sandra Mariza Monteiro
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Inov4Agro, Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Severiano Silva
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory of Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carlos Venâncio
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Inov4Agro, Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory of Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Wilms JN, Carvalho IP, van Empel M, Martín-Tereso J. Mineral and glycerol concentrations in drinking water on body weight loss and acid-base balance in feed-deprived Holstein bulls. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2023; 107:77-88. [PMID: 35343631 PMCID: PMC10084004 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Situations in which cattle are feed-deprived over extensive periods of time are common in the context of transport and is an animal welfare concern which may also compromise growth and carcass yield grade. This study investigated how the main components of an oral rehydration solution would affect BW loss and blood parameters in feed-deprived bulls. Three dose-response experiments were performed with 24 bulls each (n = 6 per treatment) to study the effect of mineral concentration in Study I (0, 100, 200 and 300 mOsm/kg), the K+ to Na+ ratio in Study II (25:75, 40:60, 60:40 and 75:25), and glycerol concentration in Study III (0%, 1%, 2% and 4% of the final solution). The blocking factor was initial BW and treatments were randomly assigned within each block. Measurements included fluid intakes, BW, and blood parameters at 0, 24 and 48 h relative to the start of feed deprivation. In Study I, increasing mineral concentration in solution linearly decreased BW losses at 48 h. At 24 and 48 h, serum urea linearly decreased with increasing mineral concentration. At 48 h, blood K+ and Na+ linearly increased, resulting in increased blood osmolarity. Additionally, at 24 h feed deprivation, blood pH linearly increased with increasing osmolality. In Study II, BW losses decreased with increasing K+ to Na+ ratio at 24 h, but not at 48 h. No effect of the K+ to Na+ ratio was found on blood parameters, apart from a trend for a linear decrease of blood osmolarity at 48 h. In Study III, serum urea tended to linearly decrease with increasing glycerol inclusion at 24 h, while blood glucose linearly increased with glycerol inclusion at 24 and 48 h. These combined results indicated that a solution with an osmolality of 200 mOsm/kg and a high K+ to Na+ ratio would effectively mitigate BW losses and maintain blood acid-base balance, whereas high glycerol inclusion sustained blood glucose in feed-deprived bulls.
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Choudhury M, Saikia T, Banik S, Patil G, Pegu SR, Rajkhowa S, Sen A, Das PJ. Infrared imaging a new non-invasive machine learning technology for animal husbandry. THE IMAGING SCIENCE JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13682199.2020.1848084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tulika Saikia
- Icar-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati 781131, India
| | - Santanu Banik
- Icar-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati 781131, India
| | - Girish Patil
- ICAR – National Research Centre on Meat, Rani, Guwahati 781131, India
| | - Seema Rani Pegu
- Icar-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati 781131, India
| | - Swaraj Rajkhowa
- Icar-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati 781131, India
| | - Arnab Sen
- ICAR Research Complex for NEH, Rani, Guwahati 781131, India
| | - Pranab Jyoti Das
- Icar-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati 781131, India
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Lowe G, McCane B, Sutherland M, Waas J, Schaefer A, Cox N, Stewart M. Automated Collection and Analysis of Infrared Thermograms for Measuring Eye and Cheek Temperatures in Calves. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E292. [PMID: 32059554 PMCID: PMC7070973 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
As the reliance upon automated systems in the livestock industry increases, technologies need to be developed which can be incorporated into these systems to monitor animal health and welfare. Infrared thermography (IRT) is one such technology that has been used for monitoring animal health and welfare and, through automation, has the potential to be integrated into automated systems on-farm. This study reports on an automated system for collecting thermal infrared images of calves and on the development and validation of an algorithm capable of automatically detecting and analysing the eye and cheek regions from those images. Thermal infrared images were collected using an infrared camera integrated into an automated calf feeder. Images were analysed automatically using an algorithm developed to determine the maximum eye and cheek (3 × 3-pixel and 9 × 9-pixel areas) temperatures in a given image. Additionally, the algorithm determined the maximum temperature of the entire image (image maximum temperature). In order to validate the algorithm, a subset of 350 images analysed using the algorithm were also analysed manually. Images analysed using the algorithm were highly correlated with manually analysed images for maximum image (R2 = 1.00), eye (R2 = 0.99), cheek 3 × 3-pixel (R2 = 0.85) and cheek 9 × 9-pixel (R2 = 0.90) temperatures. These findings demonstrate the algorithm to be a suitable method of analysing the eye and cheek regions from thermal infrared images. Validated as a suitable method for automatically detecting and analysing the eye and cheek regions from thermal infrared images, the integration of IRT into automated on-farm systems has the potential to be implemented as an automated method of monitoring calf health and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Lowe
- InterAg, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand
- School of Science, The University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand
| | - Brendan McCane
- Department of Computer Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Mhairi Sutherland
- AgResearch Ltd., Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand
| | - Joe Waas
- School of Science, The University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand
| | - Allan Schaefer
- Animal Inframetrics, Box 5451, Lacombe, AB T4L 1X2, Canada
| | - Neil Cox
- NeilStat Ltd., 9 Ngaere Ave, Hamilton 3210, New Zealand
| | - Mairi Stewart
- InterAg, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand
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Rocha LM, Devillers N, Maldague X, Kabemba FZ, Fleuret J, Guay F, Faucitano L. Validation of Anatomical Sites for the Measurement of Infrared Body Surface Temperature Variation in Response to Handling and Transport. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E425. [PMID: 31284574 PMCID: PMC6680931 DOI: 10.3390/ani9070425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at validating the anatomical sites for the measurement of infrared (IR) body surface temperature as a tool to monitor the pigs' response to handling and transport stress. The selected anatomical sites were the neck (infrared neck temperature-IRNT), rump (infrared rump temperature-IRRT), orbital (infrared orbital temperature-IROT) and behind ears (infrared behind ears temperature-IRBET) regions. A total of 120 pigs were handled from the finishing pen to the loading dock through a handling test course. Two handling types (gentle vs. rough) and number of laps (1 vs. 3) were applied according to a 2 × 2 factorial design. After loading, pigs were transported for 40 min and returned to their home pens. Animal behavior, heart rate, rectal temperature and salivary cortisol concentration were measured for validation. Increased IR body temperature, heart rate and salivary cortisol levels were observed in response to rough handling and longer distance walk (P < 0.05 for all). The greatest correlations were found between IROT and IRBET temperatures and salivary cortisol concentration at the end of the handling test (r = 0.49 and r = 0.50, respectively; P < 0.001 for both). Therefore, IR pig's head surface temperature may be useful for a comprehensive assessment of the physiological response to handling and transport stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiene M Rocha
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2000 College Street, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada.
| | - Nicolas Devillers
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2000 College Street, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - Xavier Maldague
- Département de génie électrique, Université Laval, 2325 Rue de l'Université, Quebec, QC G1V A06, Canada
| | - Fidèle Z Kabemba
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2000 College Street, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
- Département des sciences animales, Université Laval, 2425 Rue de l'Agriculture, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Julien Fleuret
- Département de génie électrique, Université Laval, 2325 Rue de l'Université, Quebec, QC G1V A06, Canada
| | - Fréderic Guay
- Département des sciences animales, Université Laval, 2425 Rue de l'Agriculture, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Luigi Faucitano
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2000 College Street, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
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Ahmad Mir N, Ashutosh A. Seasonal variation of stress response parameters due to induced transportation stress in goats supplemented with vitamin C and jaggery under tropical Indian climatic conditions. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2018.1557830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashutosh Ashutosh
- Dairy Cattle Physiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
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7
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Monitoring foot surface temperature using infrared thermal imaging for assessment of hoof health status in cattle: A review. J Therm Biol 2018; 78:10-21. [PMID: 30509624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Detection of lameness early in cows is important from the animal welfare point of view and for reducing economic losses. Currently, many studies are being conducted for assessment of hoof health status by measuring the surface temperature of skin in cattle and other animal species in different parts of the world. Infrared Thermography (IRT) is able to detect lesions of hooves associated with lameness by measuring the changes in coronary band and hoof skin surface temperature. The surface temperature of a lame limb will be increased when the hoof has lesion(s). IRT has been used as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of hoof lesions based on the temperature difference between affected and non-affected hoof and maximum foot temperature on the regions of interest. In spite of having many potential applications in cattle production, factors affecting the temperature readings in thermograms must also are considered while taking images. Standard operating procedures must be established before taking thermographs under different circumstances, by considering all the factors that affect its normal function. IRT may help in minimising the cost of veterinary services, low yield, compromised fertility and culling expenses, where lameness cannot be resolved in early stages.
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8
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Ahmad Mir N, Ashutosh A, Ahmad Shergojry S, Ahmed Wani S, Ahmad Sheikh F. Effect of induced transportation stress in goats supplemented with vitamin C and jaggery during hot dry season. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2018.1452591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nazir Ahmad Mir
- Krishi Vigyan Kendra Leh, Sher e Kashmir University of Agricultural Science and Technology Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Ashutosh Ashutosh
- Dairy Cattle Physiology Division, National Dairy Research Instiute, Karnal, India
| | - Shahid Ahmad Shergojry
- Krishi Vigyan Kendra Kulgam, Sher e Kashmir University of Agricultural Science and Technology Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Sajad Ahmed Wani
- Department of Veterinary Extension, Khalsa College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Amritsar, India
| | - Fayaz Ahmad Sheikh
- Animal Nutrition Division, Sher e Kashmir University of Agricultural Science and Technology Kashmir, Srinagar, India
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Ahirwar MK, Kataktalware MA, Ramesha KP, Pushpadass HA, Jeyakumar S, Revanasiddu D, Kour RJ, Nath S, Nagaleekar AK, Nazar S. Influence of season, age and management on scrotal thermal profile in Murrah bulls using scrotal infrared digital thermography. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2017; 61:2119-2125. [PMID: 28791483 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-017-1415-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of non-genetic factors on scrotal thermographic profile viz., proximal pole temperature (PPT °C), mid pole temperature (MPT °C), distal pole temperature (DPT °C) and ocular temperature (OcT) of Murrah (Bubalus bubalis) breeding bulls. A total of 109 buffalo bulls, maintained at three semen stations (SS), were monitored for scrotal surface and ocular temperatures using infrared thermography twice daily during rainy, winter and summer seasons using an FLIR i5 infrared camera and temperatures were measured. Thermograms were analysed by FLIR QuickReport v.1.2 SP2 software. Statistical analysis revealed that semen station, season, temperature humidity index (THI), housing system and timing of observations had significant (P < 0.05) effect on scrotal surface temperature (SST) and OcT. In SS-I, the PPT and MPT were significantly (P < 0.05) higher as compared to SS-II and SS-III. THI had significant (P < 0.05) effect on SST and OcT, whereas PPT (°C), MPT (°C), DPT (°C) and OcT (°C) values during high THI (>80.88; <0.05) period were higher as compared to medium THI period (70.06-80.88) and during low THI period (<70.06). Temperature gradient (TG) of the testes was significantly (P < 0.05) higher during low THI period (4.50 ± 0.06 °C) as compared to medium THI (2.38 ± 0.03 °C) and high THI (1.61 ± 0.05 °C). Season of the year had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on the SST and OcT. During the rainy season, PPT (34.50 ± 0.09 °C), MPT (33.44 ± 0.12 °C) and DPT (32.11 ± 0.15 °C) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher as compared to winter and summer seasons. Age of the bulls had non-significant effect on SST and OcT but had a marked influence on thermal profile of scrotum. It could be concluded semen station, season, temperature humidity index, housing system and timing of observations had a significant influence on scrotal surface temperature. The monitoring of scrotal surface temperature by infrared thermography was found to be useful in evaluating the effects of thermal stress on physiology and health of buffalo bulls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneesh Kumar Ahirwar
- Livestock Production Management, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute Southern Regional Station Bangalore, Bangalore, India.
| | - Mukund Amritrao Kataktalware
- Livestock Production Management, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute Southern Regional Station Bangalore, Bangalore, India
| | - Kerekoppa Puttaiah Ramesha
- Livestock Production Management, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute Southern Regional Station Bangalore, Bangalore, India
| | - Heartwin Amaladhas Pushpadass
- Livestock Production Management, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute Southern Regional Station Bangalore, Bangalore, India
| | - Sakthivel Jeyakumar
- Livestock Production Management, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute Southern Regional Station Bangalore, Bangalore, India
| | - Deginal Revanasiddu
- Livestock Production Management, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute Southern Regional Station Bangalore, Bangalore, India
| | - Reen Jagish Kour
- Livestock Production Management, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute Southern Regional Station Bangalore, Bangalore, India
| | - Sapna Nath
- Livestock Production Management, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute Southern Regional Station Bangalore, Bangalore, India
| | - Anand Kumar Nagaleekar
- Livestock Production Management, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute Southern Regional Station Bangalore, Bangalore, India
| | - Sayyad Nazar
- Livestock Production Management, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute Southern Regional Station Bangalore, Bangalore, India
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Labeur L, Villiers G, Small A, Hinch G, Schmoelzl S. Infrared thermal imaging as a method to evaluate heat loss in newborn lambs. Res Vet Sci 2017; 115:517-522. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ponnampalam EN, Hopkins DL, Bruce H, Li D, Baldi G, Bekhit AED. Causes and Contributing Factors to “Dark Cutting” Meat: Current Trends and Future Directions: A Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2017; 16:400-430. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric N. Ponnampalam
- Agriculture Research; Agriculture Victoria (DEDJTR); Attwood Victoria Australia
| | | | - Heather Bruce
- Dept. of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science; Univ. of Alberta; Edmonton Canada
| | - Duo Li
- Inst. of Nutrition & Health; Qingdao Univ.; Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Gianluca Baldi
- Agriculture Research; Agriculture Victoria (DEDJTR); Attwood Victoria Australia
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12
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Assessing Consistency in Radiated Thermal Output of Beef Steers by Infrared Thermography. J Imaging 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/jimaging2030021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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13
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George WD, Godfrey RW, Ketring RC, Vinson MC, Willard ST. Relationship among eye and muzzle temperatures measured using digital infrared thermal imaging and vaginal and rectal temperatures in hair sheep and cattle. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:4949-55. [PMID: 25253816 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Digital infrared thermal imaging (DITI) using a thermal camera has potential to be a useful tool for the production animal industry. Thermography has been used in both humans and a wide range of animal species to measure body temperature as a method to detect injury or inflammation. The objective of these experiments was to compare the temperature of the eye (EYE) or muzzle (MUZ) measured using DITI to vaginal (VT) and rectal temperature (RT) as measures of core body temperature in hair sheep and beef cattle. In Exp.1 EYE, VT and RT were measured in lactating, multiparous hair sheep ewes (St. Croix White, n = 10, and Dorper × St. Croix White, n = 10) in a non-febrile state 5 times over a 48-h period. Data loggers were used to measure VT and a digital veterinary thermometer was used to measure RT. There was a high correlation (P < 0.001) between VT and RT (r = 0.95), EYE and RT (r = 0.76) and EYE and VT (r = 0.77). In Exp. 2 EYE, MUZ, VT and RT were measured in multiparous, lactating ewes (St. Croix White, n = 2, and Barbados Blackbelly, n = 12) at -12, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h after being administered lipopolysaccharide (LPS; n = 7; 0.2 µg/kg BW, i.v.) or saline (n = 7; 0.5 mL, i.v.). Data loggers were used to measure VT and a digital veterinary thermometer was used to measure RT. When data were combined across treatments (LPS and saline) there was a high correlation (P < 0.001) between VT and RT (r = 0.96), EYE and RT (r = 0.82), MUZ and RT (r = 0.72), and EYE and VT (r = 0.93). In Exp. 3 EYE, MUZ, VT and RT were measured in multiparous, non-lactating, pregnant Senepol cattle (n = 44) between 0900 and 1200 h on a single day. A digital veterinary thermometer was used to measure both VT and RT. There was a high correlation (P < 0.001) between VT and RT (r = 0.78), a moderate correlation (P < 0.001) between VT and EYE (r = 0.52), RT and EYE (r = 0.58) and EYE and MUZ (r = 0.48). There was no correlation (P > 0.10) between RT or VT and MUZ. The findings of these three studies indicate that temperature of the eye, measured using DITI, can be used as an indicator of core body temperature in hair sheep and beef cattle as an alternative to using vaginal or rectal temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D George
- Agricultural Experiment Station, University of the Virgin Islands, St. Croix, 00850 VI
| | - R W Godfrey
- Agricultural Experiment Station, University of the Virgin Islands, St. Croix, 00850 VI
| | - R C Ketring
- Agricultural Experiment Station, University of the Virgin Islands, St. Croix, 00850 VI
| | - M C Vinson
- Agricultural Experiment Station, University of the Virgin Islands, St. Croix, 00850 VI
| | - S T Willard
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, & Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville 39762
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Pascual-Alonso M, Miranda-de la Lama GC, Aguayo-Ulloa L, Ezquerro L, Villarroel M, Marín RH, Maria GA. Effect of postweaning handling strategies on welfare and productive traits in lambs. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2014; 18:42-56. [PMID: 25105466 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2014.941107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Postweaning management strategies that include an element of social enrichment may reduce weaning stress and improve welfare and productive performance. We analyzed the effect of postweaning handling strategies on welfare and production traits in lambs. After weaning, 36 lambs were assigned to 3 experimental groups with 12 lambs each (control [C], fattening with gentle human female contact [H], and fattening with 2 adult ewes [E]). The average daily gain (ADG) was estimated. Blood samples were taken, and infrared thermography was used to estimate stress variables. There were significant differences among treatments (in favor of alternative strategies) regarding production and stress variables (cortisol, glucose, and creatine kinase). The results suggest that the lambs handled gently during the fattening were less reactive and better able to modulate their physiological stress. The E group adapted better to acute stress than the C group but was less efficient in modulating chronic stress. Both treatments showed higher slaughter live weights and better ADGs compared with the control. The use of social enrichment at weaning, especially to establish a positive human-nonhuman animal bond, alleviates lamb weaning stress and improves welfare and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Pascual-Alonso
- a Department of Animal Production & Food Science , University of Zaragoza , Zaragoza , Spain
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15
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Bejaei M, Cheng KM. A survey of current ostrich handling and transport practices in North America with reference to ostrich welfare and transportation guidelines set up in other countries. Poult Sci 2014; 93:296-306. [PMID: 24570450 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriate management of an ostrich's exposure to stressors during preslaughter handling and transport practices can improve its well-being and product quality. Because of the lack of information about ostrich farming and transportation in North America and lack of developed Codes of Practice for ratite transport in Canada and the United States, the first objective of our research was to identify current preslaughter handling and transport practices of the ostrich industry in Canada and the United States, and to identify potential welfare issues based on the current practices. The second objective of this research was to review ostrich transport welfare standards and guidelines from Australia, European Union, New Zealand, and South Africa to investigate if those guidelines are applicable to Canadian and American ostrich production systems. Preliminary producer interviews, on-farm visits, and literature review information sources were used to design a producer questionnaire that was used to survey producers by Internet and mail surveying methods to identify existing ostrich transport norms in Canada and the United States. Based on the results of our producer survey and review of the transport standards and guidelines, we conclude that following factors are potential ostrich handling and transport welfare issues in Canada and the United States: lack of scientific information about welfare of ostriches during handling and transport; unfamiliarity of handlers and birds with handling and transport practices; not considering birds' social bounds, sex, behavior, and physical state in mixing them during handling and transport process; lack of an established specific maximum water and feed withdrawal duration for ostrich transport in Canada and the United States; lack of a specific vehicle designed for ratite transportation in Canada and the United States considering different physical body characteristics of ostriches compared with other species; exposure of birds to natural light during transport inside the trailer; overcrowding; and long transportation in Canada and the United States. Results of this research will contribute toward developing Codes of Practice for preslaughter handling, transportation, and slaughter of ostriches in Canada and the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bejaei
- Avian Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z4
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Schaefer AL, Cook NJ, Bench C, Chabot JB, Colyn J, Liu T, Okine EK, Stewart M, Webster JR. The non-invasive and automated detection of bovine respiratory disease onset in receiver calves using infrared thermography. Res Vet Sci 2011; 93:928-35. [PMID: 22055252 PMCID: PMC7111736 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRD) causes considerable economic loss and biosecurity cost to the beef industry globally and also results in significant degradation to the welfare of affected animals. The successful treatment of this disease depends on the early, timely and cost effective identification of affected animals. The objective of the present study was to investigate the use of an automated, RFID driven, noninvasive infrared thermography technology to determine BRD in cattle. Sixty-five calves averaging 220 kg were exposed to standard industry practices of transport and auction. The animals were monitored for BRD using conventional biometric signs for clinical scores, core temperatures, haematology, serum cortisol and infrared thermal values over 3 weeks. The data collected demonstrated that true positive animals for BRD based on a gold standard including core temperature, clinical score, white blood cell number and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio displayed higher peak infrared thermal values of 35.7±0.35 °C compared to true negative animals 34.9±0.22 °C (P<0.01). The study also demonstrated that such biometric data can be non-invasively and automatically collected based on a system developed around the animal's water station. It is concluded that the deployment of such systems in the cattle industry would aid animal managers and practitioners in the identification and management of BRD in cattle populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Schaefer
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C and E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1.
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ÖNENÇ ALPER. THE EFFECT OF POST-TRANSPORT ELECTROLYTE-GLUCOSE SOLUTION WHILE IN LAIRAGE ON CARCASS AND MEAT QUALITY OF YOUNG BULLS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4573.2009.00181.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Parker AJ, Dobson GP, Fitzpatrick LA. Physiological and metabolic effects of prophylactic treatment with the osmolytes glycerol and betaine on Bos indicus steers during long duration transportation. J Anim Sci 2007; 85:2916-23. [PMID: 17644781 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2006-193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological and metabolic effects of prophylactic treatment with osmolytes were investigated using twenty-four 2.5-yr-old Bos indicus steers. Animals were allocated to 1 of 4 treatment groups: 1) control, feed and water deprived for 48 h (n = 6); 2) transported, transported for 48 h (n = 6); 3) glycerol, dosed with glycerol (2 g/kg of BW) and then transported for 48 h (n = 6); and 4) betaine, dosed with betaine (0.25 g/kg of BW) then transported for 48 h (n = 6). Body water, electrolytes, blood pH and gases, plasma lactate, glucose, albumin, total protein, anion gap, strong ion difference, total weak acids, and BW were determined at the conclusion of 24 and 48 h of transportation. The glycerol group had greater body water volumes than the control (P = 0.05) and transported (P = 0.02) groups. The glycerol, transported, and betaine groups had lower (P = 0.02) plasma Mg concentrations than the control group at 24 h, whereas the glycerol group maintained lower (P = 0.04) plasma concentrations of Ca than the control group. The betaine group had lower (P = 0.04) hematocrit than the control group at 24 and 48 h. Plasma bicarbonate and pCO2 were 13 and 17% greater (P = 0.01 and 0.04, respectively) in the glycerol group at 24 h compared with control and transported groups. However, the ratio of [HCO3]/[CO2] in the glycerol group did not differ from the other groups and thereby maintained pH. The glycerol group maintained a 30% greater (P < 0.001) plasma concentration of glucose than the control group, and 14% greater (P = 0.05) than the transported and betaine groups. In contrast, betaine had little effect on increasing blood glucose compared with glycerol. Glycerol-linked hyperhydration at 24 h may not only help to conserve water loss during long distance transportation, but the increased blood glucose may have an important protein-sparing effect due, in part, to greater insulin concentrations inhibiting the breakdown of muscle proteins, thus, countering the amino-acid mobilizing effect of cortisol after 24 h. Therefore, the osmolyte glycerol shows promise as a prophylactic treatment for attenuating the effects of long distance transportation by maintaining body water, decreasing the energy deficit, and preserving health and muscle quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Parker
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Queensland, Australia
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MCCAFFERTY DOMINICJ. The value of infrared thermography for research on mammals: previous applications and future directions. Mamm Rev 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2907.2007.00111.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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King DA, Schuehle Pfeiffer CE, Randel RD, Welsh TH, Oliphint RA, Baird BE, Curley KO, Vann RC, Hale DS, Savell JW. Influence of animal temperament and stress responsiveness on the carcass quality and beef tenderness of feedlot cattle. Meat Sci 2006; 74:546-56. [PMID: 22063059 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2006.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Revised: 05/01/2006] [Accepted: 05/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Three groups of steers (A, B, C) were used to study the effect of temperament (Calm, Intermediate, and Excitable) on meat quality. Temperament was based on exit velocity, pen scores, and chute scores. Temperament traits were consistent across evaluations, and values decreased (P<0.05) in magnitude over time. Increasing excitability was associated with higher (P<0.05) serum cortisol concentrations. Carcasses from cattle with calm temperaments had higher (P<0.05) 0.5h postmortem pH values than those from Intermediate and Excitable cattle (0.1 and 0.2 units, respectively). Group C Excitable steers had higher (P<0.05) WBS values than the calmer Group C steers. This trend was observed in Group A steers, although the values were not statistically different. Correlations were highest between temperament values and tenderness after 21d. Temperament influences tenderness, although the mechanism is not clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A King
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, 2471 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
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Infrared thermography as a non-invasive tool to study animal welfare. Anim Welf 2005. [DOI: 10.1017/s096272860002964x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AbstractGrowing public concern regarding animal welfare and consumer demand for humanely produced products have placed pressure on the meat, wool and dairy industries to improve and confirm the welfare status of their animals. This has increased the need for reliable methods of assessing animal welfare during commercial farm practices. The measurement of the stress caused by commercial farm practices is a major component of animal welfare assessment. However, a major issue for animal welfare science is that many of the techniques used to measure stress involve invasive procedures, such as blood sampling, which may themselves cause a stress response and therefore affect the measurement of interest. To reduce this problem, a number of non-invasive or minimally invasive methods and devices have been developed to measure stress. These include the measurement of cortisol concentrations in saliva and faeces, and remote devices for recording body temperature, heart rate and the collection of blood samples. This review describes the benefits and limitations of some of these methods for measuring stress. In particular, the review focuses on recent advances and current research in the use of infrared thermography (IRT) for measuring stress. Specific applications for IRT in the dairy and beef industries are also described including an automated, non-invasive system for early diagnosis of infection in cattle. It is essential that non-invasive measures of acute and chronic stress are developed for reliable assessment of animal welfare during standard farm management practices and IRT may be a useful tool for this purpose. IRT may offer advantages over many other non-invasive systems as it appears to be capable of measuring different components of the stress axis, including acute sympathetic and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical responses.
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Parker AJ, Hamlin GP, Coleman CJ, Fitzpatrick LA. Quantitative analysis of acid-base balance in Bos indicus steers subjected to transportation of long duration. J Anim Sci 2003; 81:1434-9. [PMID: 12817490 DOI: 10.2527/2003.8161434x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a lack of information pertaining to the effects of transport stress on the acid-base physiology of ruminants. The effect of transportation and/or feed and water deprivation on acid-base balance was studied using 19 2-yr-old Bos indicus steers. The steers were allocated to one of three groups: 1) control, offered ad libitum access to feed and water (n = 8); 2) water and feed deprived, offered no feed or water for 60 h (n = 6); and 3) transported, offered no feed or water for 12 h, and then transported for 48 h (n = 5). Blood gases, electrolytes, lactate, total protein, albumin, anion gap, strong ion difference, and total weak acids were determined at the conclusion of transportation. Arterial blood pH did not differ among the experimental groups. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) was lower for the water and feed deprived (P = 0.023) group than for the control group. Plasma total protein, albumin and total weak acid concentrations were higher for the transported (P = 0.001, P = 0.03, P = 0.01) and water- and feed-deprived (P = 0.000, P = 0.003, P = 0.001) groups, respectively, compared with the control group. Transported animals had a lower plasma concentration of potassium (P = 0.026) compared with the control animals. This study demonstrates that although blood pH remains within normal values in transported and fasted steers, the primary challenge to a transported or feed- and water-deprived animal is a mild metabolic acidosis induced by elevated plasma proteins, which may be the result of a loss of body water. The loss of electrolytes had little effect on the acid-base balance of the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Parker
- Australian Institute of Tropical Veterinary and Animal Science, School of Biomedical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia
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Influence of repeated restraint and isolation stress and electrolyte administration on carcass quality and muscle electrolyte content of sheep. Meat Sci 1993; 35:191-203. [DOI: 10.1016/0309-1740(93)90049-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/1992] [Revised: 08/29/1992] [Accepted: 09/15/1992] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Schaefer A, Jones S, Tong A, Young B, Murray N, Lepage P. Effects of post-transport electrolyte supplementation on tissue electrolytes, hematology, urine osmolality and weight loss in beef bulls. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0301-6226(92)90042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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