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Gross JJ, Zbinden RS, Dohme-Meier F, Bruckmaier RM. Adrenal cortex reactivity in dairy cows differs between lactational stages and between different feeding levels. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 102:e309-e315. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. J. Gross
- Veterinary Physiology; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - R. S. Zbinden
- Veterinary Physiology; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - F. Dohme-Meier
- Agroscope; Institute for Livestock Sciences; Posieux Switzerland
| | - R. M. Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
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2
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Ollier S, Beaudoin F, Vanacker N, Lacasse P. Effect of reducing milk production using a prolactin-release inhibitor or a glucocorticoid on metabolism and immune functions in cows subjected to acute nutritional stress. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:9949-9961. [PMID: 27743662 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
When cows are unable to consume enough feed to support milk production, they often fall into severe negative energy balance. This leads to a weakened immune system and increases their susceptibility to infectious diseases. Reducing the milk production of cows subjected to acute nutritional stress decreases their energy deficit. The aim of this study was to compare the effects on metabolism and immune function of reducing milk production using quinagolide (a prolactin-release inhibitor) or dexamethasone in feed-restricted cows. A total of 23 cows in early/mid-lactation were fed for 5 d at 55.9% of their previous dry matter intake to subject them to acute nutritional stress. After 1 d of feed restriction and for 4 d afterward (d 2 to 5), cows received twice-daily i.m. injections of water (control group; n=8), 2mg of quinagolide (QN group; n=7), or water after a first injection of 20mg of dexamethasone (DEX group; n=8). Feed restriction decreased milk production, but the decrease was greater in the QN and DEX cows than in the control cows on d 2 and 3. As expected, feed restriction reduced the energy balance, but the reduction was lower in the QN cows than in the control cows. Feed restriction decreased plasma glucose concentration and increased plasma nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentrations. The QN cows had higher glucose concentration and lower BHB concentration than the control cows. The NEFA concentration was also lower in the QN cows than in the control cows on d 2. Dexamethasone injection induced transient hyperglycemia concomitant with a reduction in milk lactose concentration; it also decreased BHB concentration and decreased NEFA initially but increased it later. Feed restriction and quinagolide injections did not affect the blood concentration or activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), whereas dexamethasone injection increased PMN blood concentration but decreased the proportion of PMN capable of inducing oxidative burst. Incubation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in serum harvested on d 2 of the restriction period reduced their ability to react to mitogen-induced proliferation, and injection of quinagolide or dexamethasone could not alleviate this effect. This experiment shows that prolactin-release inhibition could be an alternative to dexamethasone for reducing milk production and energy deficit in cows under acute nutritional stress, without disturbing immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ollier
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - F Beaudoin
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - N Vanacker
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8; Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1K 2R1
| | - P Lacasse
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8.
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van der Kolk JH, Fouché N, Gross JJ, Gerber V, Bruckmaier RM. A comparison between the equine and bovine hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2016; 56 Suppl:S101-11. [PMID: 27345307 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we address the function of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis with special emphasis on the comparison between the bovine and equine species. The pars intermedia of the pituitary gland is particularly well developed in horses and cattle. However, its function is not well appreciated in cattle yet. The Wulzen's cone of the adenohypophysis is a special feature of ruminants. Total basal cortisol concentration is much higher in horses than that in cows with similar free cortisol fractions. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) concentrations in equine pituitary venous blood are lower compared with other species, whereas plasma ACTH concentrations in cows are higher than those in horses. A CRF challenge test induced a more pronounced cortisol response in horses compared with cattle, whereas regarding ACTH challenge testing, the opposite seems true. Based on data from literature, the bovine species is characterized by relatively high basal blood CRF and ACTH and low cortisol and glucose concentrations. Obviously, further lowering of blood cortisol in cattle is easily prevented by the high sensitivity to ACTH, and as a consequence, subsequent increased gluconeogenesis prevents imminent hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia is less likely in horses given their high muscle glycogen content and their relatively high cortisol concentration. When assessing HPA axis reactivity, response patterns to exogenous ACTH or CRH might be used as a reliable indicator of animal welfare status in cows and horses, respectively, although it is emphasized that considerable caution should be exercised in using measures of HPA activity solely to assess animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H van der Kolk
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute for Equine Medicine (ISME), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern and Agroscope, Bern 3012, Switzerland.
| | - N Fouché
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute for Equine Medicine (ISME), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern and Agroscope, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - J J Gross
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - V Gerber
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute for Equine Medicine (ISME), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern and Agroscope, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - R M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
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Pulina G, Nudda A, Battacone G, Dimauro C, Mazzette A, Bomboi G, Floris B. Effects of short-term feed restriction on milk yield and composition, and hormone and metabolite profiles in mid-lactation Sarda dairy sheep with different body condition score. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2012.e28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Gross JJ, Wellnitz O, Bruckmaier RM. Cortisol secretion in response to metabolic and inflammatory challenges in dairy cows1. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:3395-401. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-8903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Catanese F, Obelar M, Villalba JJ, Distel RA. The importance of diet choice on stress-related responses by lambs. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Ababneh MM, Obeidat IN, Husein MQ, Talafha AQ. Effect of acute bull exposure around the time of artificial insemination on serum oxytocin and progesterone concentrations and pregnancy rates in dairy cows. Reprod Domest Anim 2012; 48:223-30. [PMID: 22712677 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02136.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of acute bull exposure around the time of artificial insemination (AI) on oxytocin and progesterone concentrations, and pregnancy rates in dairy cows. Ninety six dairy cows, stratified according to parity into primiparous and pluriparous, were divided into three groups; short bull exposure (SBE; 10 min, n = 32), long bull exposure (LBE; 4 h, n = 32) or no bull exposure (NBE; n = 32). On day 45 post-partum, all cows were treated with PGF2α on three occasions 11-14 days apart to synchronize oestrus. They were submitted to fixed time AI 80 h after the third PGF2α injection. Cows in the SBE and LBE groups were artificially inseminated 5 min after the introduction of the bull. From a subset of cows (n = 6 per group; three primiparous and three pluriparous), blood samples were collected once every 5 min starting 15 min before AI until 15 min after AI and analysed for oxytocin concentrations. Additional blood samples were collected for measurements of progesterone (P4) concentrations once daily for 4 days starting on the day of AI and once every 3 days thereafter until day 22. The effects of bull exposure, time, parity, difficulty of AI, and pregnancy on oxytocin and P4 concentrations were analysed using the mixed linear model procedure. Mean oxytocin concentrations or change in oxytocin concentrations after bull exposure or AI were not different among groups. Pregnancy rates for the NBE, SBE and LBE groups were 55.5%, 33.3% and 44.4%, respectively, and were not different among groups. In conclusion, acute bull exposure around the time of AI did not affect oxytocin and progesterone concentrations and did not improve pregnancy rates in dairy cattle under these farms conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Ababneh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
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Sejian V, Maurya VP, Naqvi SMK. Effect of walking stress on growth, physiological adaptability and endocrine responses in Malpura ewes in a semi-arid tropical environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2012; 56:243-252. [PMID: 21455731 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-011-0420-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Sheep in hot semi-arid environments are mostly reared using extensive systems. In addition to thermal stress and feed scarcity, the animals need to walk long distances for grazing in this ecological zone. A study was conducted to assess the effect of long-distance walking on adaptive capability in terms of physiological, biochemical and endocrine responses in Malpura ewes. Fourteen adult Malpura non-pregnant ewes weighing between 33 and 35 kg were used in the study. The ewes were randomly allocated into two groups of seven animals each: GI (n = 7; Control), and GII (n = 7; walking stress). The animals were stall-fed with a diet consisting of 70% roughage and 30% concentrate. Both GI and GII ewes had uniform access to feed and water. The walking stress group (GII) ewes were made to walk 14 km in two spans between 0900 and 1500 hours with 1 h 30 min for each span (7 km) of walking. The ewes subjected to walking stress (GII) were prevented from grazing by applying a face mask made of cotton thread. The study was conducted for a period of two estrous cycles (35 days) during the autumn season (October-November). Physiological responses were recorded twice daily at 0800 and 1400 hours at weekly intervals. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein at weekly intervals to study the effects of walking stress on blood biochemical and endocrine parameters. The results indicate that walking stress had significant (P < 0.05) influence on body weight, average daily gain, respiration rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), plasma glucose, calcium, phosphorus, aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), tri-iodo-thyronine (T(3)), thyroxin (T(4)), and cortisol. However, walking stress did not influence the reproductive hormone levels. The significant changes in RR, RT, plasma cortisol, T(3) and T(4) show that Malpura ewes have the capability to adapt to long-distance walking, and that adrenal and thyroid gland hormones play a significant role in such adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerasamy Sejian
- Adaptation physiology Laboratory, Division of Physiology & Biochemistry, Central Sheep & Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Via-Jaipur, Rajsthan, 304501, India.
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González LA, Correa LB, Ferret A, Manteca X, Ruíz-de-la-Torre JL, Calsamiglia S. Intake, water consumption, ruminal fermentation, and stress response of beef heifers fed after different lengths of delays in the daily feed delivery time. J Anim Sci 2009; 87:2709-18. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-1709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Veissier I, Andanson S, Dubroeucq H, Pomiès D. The motivation of cows to walk as thwarted by tethering1. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:2723-9. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Svennersten-Sjaunja K, Olsson K. Endocrinology of milk production. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2005; 29:241-58. [PMID: 15876512 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2005.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2005] [Revised: 03/23/2005] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The physiology of lactation includes development of the mammary gland from the foetal to the adult stage, further development during pregnancy and onset of lactation, with the accompanying metabolic and behavioural adaptation. At the onset of pregnancy the endocrine system undergoes dramatic changes. The growth of the mammary gland is stimulated by growth hormone and prolactin, adrenocortical steroids, oestrogens and progesterone, and that of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract by gastrin, CCK and secretin. The onset of lactation is accompanied by increases in the blood volume, cardiac output, mammary blood flow and blood flow through the GI-tract and liver, aiming to provide the udder with nutrients and hormones for regulation of milk synthesis. Food intake and distribution of nutrients to the mammary gland are partially regulated by hormones as well as the repartitioning of nutrients away from body stores towards the udder. To improve milk production, administration of growth hormone has been practised, but also much discussed. Besides central mechanisms, local mechanisms within the mammary gland regulate initiation of lactation, maintenance, regulation of blood flow and mammary gland cell apoptosis. Most of the milk in a filled dairy cow udder is stored in the alveolar compartments. The milk ejection reflex must be activated to gain access to the udder milk, i.e. oxytocin contracts the myoepithelial cells. Recent studies show that vasopressin may also elicit milk ejection. More efficient oxytocin release is achieved if the cows are fed during milking. Beyond milk let down, oxytocin influences maternal behaviour and metabolism. Furthermore, it has been indicated that suckling or milking activates a vagal reflex, which may link the milk production to the endocrine system of the GI-tract. The question has been raised whether the mammary gland is a supporting or consuming organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Svennersten-Sjaunja
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 753 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Oxytocin, prolactin and somatostatin in lactating sows: associations with mobilisation of body resources and maternal behaviour. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-6226(03)00114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Changes in metabolism and milk production during and after feed deprivation in primiparous cows selected for different milk fat content. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-6226(03)00096-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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Fisher A, Verkerk G, Morrow C, Matthews L. The effects of feed restriction and lying deprivation on pituitary–adrenal axis regulation in lactating cows. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-6226(01)00246-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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