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Elgendy AM, Tufail M, Mohamed AA, Takeda M. A putative direct repeat element plays a dual role in the induction and repression of insect vitellogenin-1 gene expression. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 234:1-8. [PMID: 31022468 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile hormones (JH) regulate wide-ranging physiological and developmental processes in insects. However, molecular mechanisms underlying JH signaling remain to be determined. Vitellogenin (Vg) is primarily an egg-yolk protein, but recently proposed to serve many functions in insects. In the female American cockroach (Periplaneta americana), vitellogenin (Vg) genes are activated by JH III and suppressed by 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) via cis-regulatory elements in a dose-dependent manner. In the present study, the upstream promoter region (935 bp) of Vg1 was cloned to elucidate the action of these hormones. A luciferase reporter assay identified an 81 bp region in the promoter region of Vg1 (-120 to -39 bp) that we found to be critical for JH III activation and 20E suppression. This 81 bp region contains a direct repeat separated by a 2-nucleotide spacer-designated Vg1HRE- that is similar to the Drosophila ecdysone response element direct repeat 4. Moreover, nuclear proteins isolated from nymphs, males, females, and Sf9 cells successfully bound to Vg1HRE, while binding was outcompeted by a 100-fold excess of cold probe or dephosphorylated nuclear protein extracts. In addition, binding was outcompeted by other ecdysone and JH response elements with similar half-site sequences (direct repeats) but to varying extents. Ultimately, we postulate that JH III indirectly activates Vg expression by interfering with or inhibiting the phosphorylation of nuclear proteins bound to Vg1HRE. Involvement of JH III in both induction of Vg1 and control of nuclear proteins binding to Vg1HRE suggest the latter to play an important role in JH signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza M Elgendy
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, PO Box 12613, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Muhammad Tufail
- Economic Entomology Research Unit, Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Amr A Mohamed
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, PO Box 12613, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Makio Takeda
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Hyogo, Japan.
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Li Q, Wang D, Lv S, Zhang Y. Comparative proteomics and expression analysis of five genes in Epicauta chinensis larvae from the first to fifth instar. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89607. [PMID: 24586908 PMCID: PMC3931803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Blister beetle is an important insect model for both medicinal and pure research. Previous research has mainly focused on its biology and biochemistry, but very little data is yet available in the molecular biology. This study uses differential proteomics technology to analyze the soluble proteins extracted from each of the 5 instars larvae of Epicauta chinensis. 42 of the differentially-expressed proteins were identified successfully by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. Some of these proteins' function and their expression profiles are analyzed. Our analysis revealed dynamics regulation of the following proteins: Axin-like protein pry-1 (APR-1), dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (DLD), vitellogenin (Vg) and lysozyme C (Lmz-S). APR-1 negatively regulates the Wnt signaling pathway. Its overexpression could result in embryo, leg, eye and ovary ectopica or malformation. DLD catalyzes the pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, the latter is the starting material of juvenile hormone (JH) and ipsdienol biosynthesis through the MVA pathway in insects. While Vg synthesis can be regulated by JH and stimulated by food factors. So DLD may affect the synthesis of JH, ipsdienol and Vg indirectly. The activity of lysozyme is an indicator of the immunity. Nutrition/food should be taken into account for its potential role during the development of larva in the future. Among the five genes and their corresponding proteins' expression, only hsc70 gene showed a good correspondence with the protein level. This reflects the fluctuating relationship between mRNA and protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiurong Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources & Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Dun Wang
- Institute of Entomology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Shumin Lv
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources & Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yalin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources & Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Hepat R, Lee D, Kim Y. Juvenile hormone regulates an expression of a late gene encoded in a polydnavirus, Cotesia plutellae bracovirus. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2013; 165:214-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Transcriptional regulation of juvenile hormone-mediated induction of Krüppel homolog 1, a repressor of insect metamorphosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:11729-34. [PMID: 22753472 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1204951109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Krüppel homolog 1 gene (Kr-h1) has been proposed to play a key role in the repression of insect metamorphosis. Kr-h1 is assumed to be induced by juvenile hormone (JH) via a JH receptor, methoprene-tolerant (Met), but the mechanism of induction is unclear. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of Kr-h1 induction, we first cloned cDNAs encoding Kr-h1 (BmKr-h1) and Met (BmMet1 and BmMet2) homologs from Bombyx mori. In a B. mori cell line, BmKr-h1 was rapidly induced by subnanomolar levels of natural JHs. Reporter assays identified a JH response element (kJHRE), comprising 141 nucleotides, located ∼2 kb upstream from the BmKr-h1 transcription start site. The core region of kJHRE (GGCCTCCACGTG) contains a canonical E-box sequence to which Met, a basic helix-loop-helix Per-ARNT-Sim (bHLH-PAS) transcription factor, is likely to bind. In mammalian HEK293 cells, which lack an intrinsic JH receptor, ectopic expression of BmMet2 fused with Gal4DBD induced JH-dependent activity of an upstream activation sequence reporter. Meanwhile, the kJHRE reporter was activated JH-dependently in HEK293 cells only when cotransfected with BmMet2 and BmSRC, another bHLH-PAS family member, suggesting that BmMet2 and BmSRC jointly interact with kJHRE. We also found that the interaction between BmMet2 and BmSRC is dependent on JH. Therefore, we propose the following hypothesis for the mechanism of JH-mediated induction of BmKr-h1: BmMet2 accepts JH as a ligand, JH-liganded BmMet2 interacts with BmSRC, and the JH/BmMet2/BmSRC complex activates BmKr-h1 by interacting with kJHRE.
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Niewiadomska-Cimicka A, Schmidt M, Ożyhar A, Jones D, Jones G, Kochman M. Juvenile hormone binding protein core promoter is TATA-driven with a suppressory element. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2011; 1809:226-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bearfield JC, Box CD, Keeling CI, Young S, Blomquist GJ, Tittiger C. Isolation, endocrine regulation and transcript distribution of a putative primary JH-responsive gene from the pine engraver, Ips pini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 38:256-267. [PMID: 18207085 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2007.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2007] [Revised: 11/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We isolated a cDNA of unknown function from a juvenile hormone III (JH III)-treated male midgut cDNA library prepared from the pine engraver beetle, Ips pini, and examined its genomic structure. The gene, tentatively named "Ipi10G08", encoded a 410 amino acid translation product that shared 26-37% identity with unannotated matches from several insects. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis of Ipi10G08 following application of a 10 microg dose of JH III demonstrated an early induction for both male and female beetles, with transcripts being detectable after 45 min. An expression profile of male midgut tissue indicated Ipi10G08 transcript levels reach a maximum induction of approximately 22.5-fold control levels at 4h post-treatment. Tissue distribution studies displayed a large induction of Ipi10G08 mRNA in the alimentary canal of JH III-treated beetles, especially in males. A dose curve from both sexes suggested there may be a difference in the ability to respond to lower levels of JH III and immunoblot analysis indicated that although JH III highly induces transcript levels in females, protein levels are not similarly induced, while protein levels are induced in males. Ipi10G08 is likely a primary JH response gene and may provide insight into how this hormone exerts its actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Bearfield
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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Li Y, Zhang Z, Robinson GE, Palli SR. Identification and characterization of a juvenile hormone response element and its binding proteins. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:37605-17. [PMID: 17956872 PMCID: PMC3556787 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m704595200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile hormones (JH) regulate a wide variety of developmental and physiological processes in insects. Comparison of microarray data on JH-induced genes in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, L57 cells and in the honey bee, Apis mellifera, identified 16 genes that are induced in both species. Analysis of promoter regions of these 16 D. melanogaster genes identified DmJHRE1 (D. melanogaster JH response element 1). In L57 cells, the reporter gene regulated by DmJHRE1 was induced by JH III. Two proteins (FKBP39 and Chd64) that bind to DmJHRE1 were identified. FKBP39 and Chd64 double-stranded RNA inhibited JH III induction of a reporter gene regulated by DmJHRE1. FKBP39 and Chd64 proteins expressed in yeast bound to DmJHRE1. Two-hybrid and pull-down assays showed that these two proteins interact with each other as well as with ecdysone receptor, ultraspiracle, and methoprene-tolerant protein. Developmental expression profiles and JH induction of mRNA for FKBP39 and Chd64 proteins and their interaction with proteins known to be involved in both JH (methoprene-tolerant protein) and ecdysteroid action (ecdysone receptor and ultraspiracle) suggest that these proteins probably play important roles in cross-talk between JH and ecdysteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Li
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546
| | - Zhaolin Zhang
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546
| | - Gene E. Robinson
- Department of Entomology and Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Subba R. Palli
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546
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Cieslak A, Vogler AP, Lafranchi-Tristem N, Dunn MJ, Westbrook JA. Investigation of hormone activity in butterfly imaginal wing discs by protein expression pattern changes. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:535-44. [PMID: 17226756 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In a proteomic approach using 2-DE, the changes in protein expression patterns in wing imaginal discs induced by hormone treatment have been studied. Here we show the response of butterfly imaginal wing disc tissue taken from late fifth instar larvae of the African-Mocker swallowtail Papilio dardanus (Lepidoptera) to the insect hormones 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE) and juvenile hormone (JH). The tissues were cultured in the presence of one hormone or a combination of both and their protein expression was compared to the pattern obtained from untreated wing discs. All the treatments resulted in changes in the expression pattern distinct from the uninduced control, indicating a distinct protein regulation induced by the hormones. The treatment with both of the hormones, which are known to have antagonistic physiological effects, did show a unique pattern, presumably the result, in part, of synergistic effects on protein expression mediated by the combined effects of both the hormones. The extent of the interaction between JH and 20-HE indicates a complex molecular regulation, far beyond a simple antagonistic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Cieslak
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biologia Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, Spain.
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Zhou S, Tejada M, Wyatt GR, Walker VK. A DNA-binding protein, tfp1, involved in juvenile hormone-regulated gene expression in Locusta migratoria. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 36:726-34. [PMID: 16935221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2006.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2005] [Revised: 05/31/2006] [Accepted: 06/22/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A partially palindromic 15-nt. sequence upstream from a juvenile hormone-regulated gene (jhp21) was previously identified in the African migratory locust, Locusta migratoria. This sequence was proposed as a juvenile hormone (JH) response element (JHRE), and a protein that bound to it, as a transcription factor (TF). A yeast strain was constructed containing four tandem copies of the JHRE and after transfection with a cDNA library made to fat bodies from vitellogenic females, yeast one-hybrid experiments yielded sequences for four putative binding proteins. One of these sequences, corresponding to a transcript that was present in fat body irrespective of JH stimulation, encodes a 35kDa protein. This was designated tfp1 and appears to have a leucine zipper motif and a lipid-binding motif. Recombinant tfp1 bound to JHRE in electrophoretic mobility shift experiments and addition of tfp1 antibody in the binding reaction resulted in the disappearance or shift of TF. We suggest that JH induces the association of pre-existing proteins, including tfp1, to form an active complex, which binds to the JHRE upstream from jhp21 and regulates its transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zhou
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
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Gorr TA, Rider CV, Wang HY, Olmstead AW, LeBlanc GA. A candidate juvenoid hormone receptor cis-element in the Daphnia magna hb2 hemoglobin gene promoter. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2006; 247:91-102. [PMID: 16406259 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2005.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2005] [Revised: 11/11/2005] [Accepted: 11/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hemoglobin levels are significantly elevated in the crustacean Daphnia magna by juvenoid hormones. The present study was undertaken to identify the specific globin (hb) genes that are induced by juvenoids and to identify putative juvenoid response elements (JREs) that may mediate this induction. Gene product of globin 2 (hb2), but not globin 1 and globin 3, was robustly elevated following juvenoid treatment of daphnids. A candidate JRE, located in the promoter of hb2, bound activated factor(s) in response to juvenoid treatment of daphnids. This hormone-induced protein:JRE interaction was robust when daphnids were reared at high oxygen tension but was inhibited when daphnids were reared under low pO2, implying that hypoxia might act to disrupt juvenoid-mediated endocrine signaling. The candidate JRE consists of a steroid/retinoid-response element-like core adjacent to a 5' AT-rich extension and thus bears resemblance to response elements that bind monomeric nuclear receptors. The induction of hb2 mRNA levels by juvenoid treatment occurred rapidly (within 4 h of exposure) and was not attenuated by treatment of daphnids with cycloheximide. In contrast, cycloheximide treatment did block hormone-mediated elevations in hemoglobin protein levels. Thus, induction of hb2 by juvenoids was not dependent upon the synthesis of secondary transcription factors that bound the JRE but was likely due to activation of the gene directly by the juvenoid-receptor complex. Affinity pull-down experiments with nuclear proteins extracted from juvenoid-treated daphnids using the JRE as bait yielded a 52kDa candidate for a monomeric nuclear receptor in D. magna that may mediate the regulatory activity of juvenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Gorr
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Kethidi DR, Perera SC, Zheng S, Feng QL, Krell P, Retnakaran A, Palli SR. Identification and characterization of a juvenile hormone (JH) response region in the JH esterase gene from the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:19634-42. [PMID: 14990570 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m311647200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a differential display of mRNA technique we discovered that the juvenile hormone (JH) esterase gene (Cfjhe) from Choristoneura fumiferana is directly induced by juvenile hormone I (JH I), and the JH I induction is suppressed by 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). To study the mechanism of action of these two hormones in the regulation of expression of this gene, we cloned the 1270-bp promoter region of the Cfjhe gene and identified a 30-bp region that is located between -604 and -574 and is sufficient to support both JH I induction and 20E suppression. This 30-bp region contains two conserved hormone response element half-sites separated by a 4-nucleotide spacer similar to the direct repeat 4 element and is designated as a putative juvenile hormone response element (JHRE). In CF-203 cells, a luciferase reporter placed under the control of JHRE and a minimal promoter was induced by JH I in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, 20E suppressed this JH I-induced luciferase activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Nuclear proteins isolated from JH I-treated CF-203 cells bound to JHRE and the binding was competed by a 100-fold excess of the cold probe but not by 100-fold excess of double-stranded oligonucleotides of unrelated sequence. JH I induced/modified nuclear proteins prior to their binding to JHRE and 20E suppressed this JH I induction/modification. These results suggest that the 30-bp JHRE identified in the Cfjhe gene promoter is sufficient to support JH induction and 20E suppression of the Cfjhe gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damodar R Kethidi
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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Nishiura JT, Ho P, Ray K. Methoprene interferes with mosquito midgut remodeling during metamorphosis. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2003; 40:498-507. [PMID: 14680117 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585-40.4.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Many juvenile hormone analogs interfere with insect metamorphosis, a property that makes them useful in insect control and as investigatorial tools with which to study metamorphic mechanisms. We report that one such analog, methoprene, interferes with mosquito metamorphic midgut remodeling. Methoprene treated Aedes aegypti (L.), Aedes albopictus (Skuse), and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) fourth instars pupate, but the pupal midguts are morphologically similar to larval midguts. The degree of midgut remodeling is affected by the dose of methoprene applied and the extent of fourth instar development when methoprene exposure is initiated. DNA staining indicates that high methoprene concentrations interfere with diploid cell division and programmed death of polytene cells. Lower methoprene concentrations do not interfere with diploid cell division but the removal of polytene cells is incomplete. The effect of methoprene dose on the extent of midgut remodeling correlates well with its effect on pupal and adult survival. Metamorphic midgut remodeling offers a mosquito system with which to study the effect of ecdysone, juvenile hormone and juvenile hormone analogs on metamorphosis. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which methoprene affects mosquito metamorphosis might lead to the development of more effective mosquito control chemicals having fewer deleterious environmental effects and to genetic strategies by which mosquito populations might be controlled.
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Godlewski J, Kłudkiewicz B, Grzelak K, Beresewicz M, Cymborowski B. Hormonal regulation of the expression of two storage proteins in the larval fat body of the greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 49:551-559. [PMID: 12804714 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1910(03)00026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
During larval development of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella, genes of storage proteins LHP76 and LHP82 are tissue- and stage-specifically expressed. In this study, hormonal regulation of this expression has been investigated in vivo. Messenger RNAs of the juvenile hormone (JH-suppressible) Lhp82 gene are present only during the feeding period of the final larval instar, suggesting that a high level of JH during earlier stages prevents its expression and that a small rise in JH titer observed on day 8 of the final larval instar is responsible for the rapid shut-off of its transcription. Application of 1micro g of JH analog (fenoxycarb) specifically inhibits expression of Lhp82, whereas Lhp76 mRNAs remain at the same level. 20-hydroxyecdysone (20HE) does not exert any inhibitory effects on transcription of Lhp genes when injected in a dose of 0.5 or 1.5 micro g per individual, regardless of larval age. However, the same dose of 20HE significantly lowers the rate of LHPs synthesis within the fat body and completely blocks secretion of LHPs into the hemolymph. Therefore, we propose that 20HE inhibits the synthesis of storage proteins and their secretion without altering the level of mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Godlewski
- Warsaw University, Department of Invertebrate Physiology, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland.
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Zhou S, Zhang J, Fam MD, Wyatt GR, Walker VK. Sequences of elongation factors-1 alpha and -1 gamma and stimulation by juvenile hormone in Locusta migratoria. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2002; 32:1567-1576. [PMID: 12530224 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(02)00077-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Two cDNAs encoding the alpha and gamma subunits of translation elongation factor-1 (EF-1) have been cloned and sequenced from the African migratory locust, Locusta migratoria. Southern blotting and real-time PCR analyses indicated that these sequences represent single copy genes. Comparison with sequences from other species indicated greater conservation for EF-1 alpha than for EF-1 gamma. The developmental profiles for EF-1 alpha and -1 gamma mRNA expression in the fat body paralleled reported changes in the hemolymph juvenile hormone (JH) titer in the fifth instar and were elevated during early reproductive maturation in the female adult. In maturing adults, there was a greater accumulation of EF-1 alpha and -1 gamma transcripts in females than in males. The levels of both transcripts were greatly increased by an enriched diet, previously shown to elevate JH titers and accelerate vitellogenin production. Treating JH-deprived adult females with the JH analog, methoprene, resulted in more than doubling of transcript levels of both genes, supporting the hypothesis that JH could stimulate the accumulation of LmEF-1 alpha and -1 gamma transcripts. We suggest that production of elongation factors, increased by JH, may contribute to the massive protein synthesis required for egg production.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zhou
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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Seybold SJ, Tittiger C. Biochemistry and molecular biology of de novo isoprenoid pheromone production in the Scolytidae. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2002; 48:425-453. [PMID: 12460936 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.48.091801.112645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent application of biochemical and molecular techniques to study the genesis of scolytid aggregation pheromones has revealed that bark beetles are primarily responsible for the endogenous synthesis of widely occurring pheromone components such as ipsenol, ipsdienol, and frontalin. Because many of the chemical signals are isoprenoids, the roles of the mevalonate biosynthetic pathway and the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase (HMG-R) have been investigated. This has led to the identification of endothelial cells in the anterior midgut as the site of synthesis and to the concept that de novo pheromone biosynthesis is regulated in part by the positive effect of juvenile hormone III (JHIII) on gene expression for HMG-R. Both the pronounced regulation by JHIII and the expression pattern of eukaryotic HMG-R argue against synthesis of these pheromones by prokaryotes. As the mevalonate pathway and its regulation have been studied in few other insects, broader issues addressed through the study of scolytid pheromone biosynthesis include major step versus coordinate regulation of the pathway and a genomics approach to elucidating the entire pathway and the mode of action of JHIII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Seybold
- Department of Entomology, 219 Hodson Hall, 1980 Folwell Avenue, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108-6125, USA.
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Zhou S, Zhang J, Hirai M, Chinzei Y, Kayser H, Wyatt GR, Walker VK. A locust DNA-binding protein involved in gene regulation by juvenile hormone. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2002; 190:177-85. [PMID: 11997191 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(01)00602-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although juvenile hormone (JH) has essential roles in insect development and reproduction, the molecular mechanisms of gene regulation by JH remain an enigma. In Locusta migratoria, the partially palindromic 15-nt sequence, GAGGTTCGAG(A)/(T)CCT(T)/(C), found upstream of a JH-induced gene, jhp21, was designated as a putative juvenile hormone response element (JHRE). When JH-deprived adult female locusts were treated with the active JH analog, methoprene, a fat body nuclear factor that bound specifically to JHRE appeared after 24 h. Binding exhibited a preference for an inverted repeat with GAGGTTC in the left half-site, a single nucleotide spacer, and a right half-site in which some variation is acceptable. Binding to JHRE was abolished by phosphorylation catalyzed by a C-type protein kinase present in the nuclear extracts. The DNA-binding protein is thus believed to be a transcription factor, which is brought to an active state through the action of JH and then participates in the regulation of certain JH-dependent genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zhou
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ont., Canada K7L 3N6
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Gilbert LI, Granger NA, Roe RM. The juvenile hormones: historical facts and speculations on future research directions. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2000; 30:617-644. [PMID: 10876106 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(00)00034-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L I Gilbert
- Department of Biology, Campus Box #3280 Coker Hall, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA.
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Restifo LL, Wilson TG. A juvenile hormone agonist reveals distinct developmental pathways mediated by ecdysone-inducible broad complex transcription factors. DEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS 2000; 22:141-59. [PMID: 9581286 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-6408(1998)22:2<141::aid-dvg4>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile hormone (JH) is an important regulator of insect development that, by unknown mechanisms, modifies molecular, cellular, and organismal responses to the molting hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). In dipteran insects such as Drosophila, JH or JH agonists, administered at times near the onset of metamorphosis, cause lethality. We tested the hypothesis that the JH agonist methoprene acts by interfering with function of the Broad Complex (BRC), a 20E-regulated locus encoding BTB/POZ-zinc finger transcription factors essential for metamorphosis of many tissues. We found that methoprene, administered by feeding or by topical application, disrupts the metamorphic reorganization of the central nervous system, salivary glands, and musculature in a dose-dependent manner. As we predicted, methoprene phenocopies a subset of previously described BRC defects; it also phenocopies Deformed and produces abnormalities not associated with known mutations. Interestingly, methoprene specifically disrupts those metamorphic events dependent on the combined action of all BRC isoforms, while sparing those that require specific isoform subsets. Thus, our data provide independent pharmacological evidence for the model, originally based on genetic studies, that BRC proteins function in two developmental pathways. Mutations of Methoprene-tolerant (Met), a gene involved in the action of JH, protect against all features of the "methoprene syndrome." These findings have allowed us to propose novel alternative models linking BRC, juvenile hormone, and MET.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Restifo
- ARL Division of Neurobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721-0077, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Juvenile hormone (JH) exerts pleiotropic functions during insect life cycles. The regulation of JH biosynthesis by neuropeptides and biogenic amines, as well as the transport of JH by specific binding proteins is now well understood. In contrast, comprehending its mode of action on target organs is still hampered by the difficulties in isolating specific receptors. In concert with ecdysteroids, JH orchestrates molting and metamorphosis, and its modulatory function in molting processes has gained it the attribute "status quo" hormone. Whereas the metamorphic role of JH appears to have been widely conserved, its role in reproduction has been subject to many modifications. In many species, JH stimulates vitellogenin synthesis and uptake. In mosquitoes, however, this function has been transferred to ecdysteroids, and JH primes the ecdysteroid response of developing follicles. As reproduction includes a variety of specific behaviors, including migration and diapause, JH has come to function as a master regulator in insect reproduction. The peak of pleiotropy was definitely reached in insects exhibiting facultative polymorphisms. In wing-dimorphic crickets, differential activation of JH esterase determines wing length. The evolution of sociality in Isoptera and Hymenoptera has also extensively relied on JH. In primitively social wasps and bumble bees, JH integrates dominance position with reproductive status. In highly social insects, such as the honey bee, JH has lost its gonadotropic role and now regulates division of labor in the worker caste. Its metamorphic role has been extensively explored in the morphological differentiation of queens and workers, and in the generation of worker polymorphism, such as observed in ants.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hartfelder
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.
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20
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Abstract
Insect hemolymph juvenile hormone binding protein (hJHBP) regulates peripheral titers of its ligands, the juvenile hormones. In larvae of the black (bl) strain of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, treatment with small doses of juvenile hormone I (JH I) can also regulate titers of hJHBP. To further investigate this regulation, responsiveness of hJHBP mRNA expression to JH I was characterized in vivo. RNA analyzes revealed that transcript levels in fat body, the site of hJHBP synthesis, increased fivefold within several hours of treatment with physiological doses of hormone and remained elevated for approximately 16 h. Sensitivity to JH treatment was found to vary temporally. To ensure transcript identity, a wild-type cDNA clone and a bl RT-PCR fragment were sequenced and found to be 99% homologous. Together, these results suggest that JH participates in regulating expression of its transport protein in bl larvae by modifying the in vivo abundance of hJHBP's mRNA transcript.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Orth
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706, USA
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Ashok M, Turner C, Wilson TG. Insect juvenile hormone resistance gene homology with the bHLH-PAS family of transcriptional regulators. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:2761-6. [PMID: 9501163 PMCID: PMC19642 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.6.2761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Juvenile hormone analog (JHA) insecticides are relatively nontoxic to vertebrates and offer effective control of certain insect pests. Recent reports of resistance in whiteflies and mosquitoes demonstrate the need to identify and understand genes for resistance to this class of insect growth regulators. Mutants of the Methoprene-tolerant (Met) gene in Drosophila melanogaster show resistance to both JHAs and JH, and previous biochemical studies have demonstrated a mechanism of resistance involving an intracellular JH binding-protein that has reduced ligand affinity in Met flies. We cloned the Met+ gene by transposable P-element tagging and found reduced transcript level in several mutant alleles, showing that underproduction of the normal gene product can lead to insecticide resistance. Transformation of Met flies with a Met+ cDNA resulted in susceptibility to methoprene, indicating that the cDNA encodes a functional Met+ protein. MET shows homology to the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)-PAS family of transcriptional regulators, implicating MET in the action of JH at the gene level in insects. This family also includes the vertebrate dioxin receptor, a transcriptional regulator known to bind a variety of environmental toxicants. Because JHAs include a diverse array of chemicals with JH activity, a mechanism whereby they can exert effects in insects through a common pathway is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ashok
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Abstract
Genomic clones containing the vitellogenin (Vg) gene from the gypsy moth were isolated from two genomic libraries and characterized. The nucleotide sequence of a 16,132 bp region of the gypsy moth genome was determined which included a 3,666 bp region upstream from the transcription initiation site and 499 bp region downstream from the transcribed region. Primer extension analysis was performed to identify the transcription initiation site. Gene sequence confirmed the sequence of VgmRNA recently reported [Hiremath and Lehtoma, J. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. (1997) 27:27-35] and indicated that the gypsy moth Vg gene contains seven exons interrupted by six introns. Sequence analysis of the promoter region revealed presence of several motifs associated with sex-specific and developmentally regulated genes in other systems. The nucleotide sequence comparison analyses showed that the gypsy moth Vg gene had considerably similarity with the Bombyx mori Vg gene but not with those from Anthonomous grandis and Aedes aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hiremath
- USDA Forest Service Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Delaware, Ohio 43015, USA.
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