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Oncoprotein 18 is necessary for malignant cell proliferation in bladder cancer cells and serves as a G3-specific non-invasive diagnostic marker candidate in urinary RNA. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229193. [PMID: 32614890 PMCID: PMC7332083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Urine-based diagnostics indicated involvement of oncoprotein 18 (OP18) in bladder cancer. In cell culture models we investigated the role of OP18 for malignant cell growth. Methods We analyzed 113 urine samples and investigated two human BCa cell lines as a dual model: RT-4 and ECV-304, which represented differentiated (G1) and poorly differentiated (G3) BCa. We designed specific siRNA for down-regulation of OP18 in both cell lines. Phenotypes were characterized by cell viability, proliferation, and expression of apoptosis-related genes. Besides, sensitivity to cisplatin treatment was evaluated. Results Analysis of urine samples from patients with urothelial BCa revealed a significant correlation of the RNA-ratio OP18:uroplakin 1A with bladder cancer. High urinary ratios were mainly found in moderately to poorly differentiated tumors (grade G2-3) that were muscle invasive (stage T2-3), whereas samples from patients with more differentiated non-invasive BCa (G1) showed low OP18:UPK1A RNA ratios. Down-regulation of OP18 expression in ECV-304 shifted its phenotype towards G1 state. Further, OP18-directed siRNA induced apoptosis and increased chemo-sensitivity to cisplatin. Conclusions This study provides conclusive experimental evidence for the link between OP18-derived RNA as a diagnostic marker for molecular staging of BCa in non-invasive urine-based diagnostics and the patho-mechanistic role of OP18 suggesting this gene as a therapeutic target.
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Vujotić L, Matić S, Borković-Mitić S, Stojsavljević A, Mutić J, Baščarević V, Joković M, Pavlović S. Association between oxidative stress biomarkers and concentrations of some metal ions in the blood of patients with brain tumors and hydrocephalus. Arch Med Sci 2020; 16:811-819. [PMID: 32542082 PMCID: PMC7286330 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2019.87409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Any substance that induces production of free radicals can be a potential cause of brain damage. The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between some metal ions and oxidative stress biomarkers in the blood of patients with brain tumor and hydrocephalus. MATERIAL AND METHODS Our study included 27 control subjects, 24 patients with brain tumor and 21 patients with hydrocephalus. The activities of superoxide dismutase (CuZn SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and acetyl cholinesterase (AChE), as well as concentrations of reduced glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxides (TBARS) and sulfhydryl groups (SH) were analyzed in the plasma and red blood cells (RBCs) of patients. We also determined the concentrations of Mn, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, Hg and Fe. RESULTS The higher activity of SOD and concentration of GSH in both investigated groups could indicate higher oxidative stress. We also observed decreased levels of SH groups in both groups of patients. In both groups of patients we detected decreased concentrations of Ni, Co, Zn and Fe (and Mn in brain tumor patients) and increased concentrations of As, Se and Cd in the blood. Interestingly, we observed a higher concentration of Cd in both plasma and RBCs of hydrocephalus patients compared to the patients with brain tumor. CONCLUSIONS There are strong correlations between some metal ion concentrations and certain oxidative stress biomarkers in the blood of patients, which supports our hypothesis, but the observed trend needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljiljana Vujotić
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinical Center of Serbia, Neurosurgery Division, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Siniša Matić
- Clinical Center of Serbia, Neurosurgery Division, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slavica Borković-Mitić
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Corresponding author: Dr Slavica Borković-Mitić, Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research, “Siniša Stanković”, University of Belgrade Bulevar despota, Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia, Phone: +381 11 2078 341, E-mail:
| | | | - Jelena Mutić
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Baščarević
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinical Center of Serbia, Neurosurgery Division, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miloš Joković
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinical Center of Serbia, Neurosurgery Division, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slađan Pavlović
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Wahafu W, Gai J, Song L, Ping H, Wang M, Yang F, Niu Y, Xing N. Increased H 2S and its synthases in urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder, and enhanced cisplatin-induced apoptosis following H 2S inhibition in EJ cells. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:8484-8490. [PMID: 29928321 PMCID: PMC6004664 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
H2S, synthesized by cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MPST), functions as a signalling molecule in mammalian cells. H2S serves complex functions in physiological and pathological processes, including in bladder cancer. In the present study, H2S production, the expression of the associated enzymes and the effect of H2S on human urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) tissue and cell lines were evaluated, and whether decreasing H2S levels influenced cell viability and tumour growth following treatment with cisplatin (CDDP) was assessed in UCB cells in vitro and in vivo. H2S production and the expression of CBS, CSE and MPST in bladder tissue specimens and the UCB cell lines 5637, EJ and UM-UC-3 were analysed using a sulfur-sensitive electrode and western blotting. UCB cells were subjected to different treatments, and viability and protein expression were determined. H2S production was inhibited to examine its influence on EJ cell tumour growth following CDDP treatment in vivo. It was identified that CBS, CSE and MPST protein were up-regulated in UCB tissues and cells. The H2S production and enzyme expression levels were the highest in UCB tissue and EJ cells. The inhibition of endogenous H2S biosynthesis decreased EJ cell viability and tumour growth in response to CDDP treatment. H2S levels and the associated biosynthetic enzymes were increased in human UCB tissue and cells compared with adjacent tissue and normal cells, which may have increased the resistance to CDDP-induced apoptosis in UCB. Therefore, H2S and its production may be an alternative therapeutic target for UCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasilijiang Wahafu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao Yang Hospital, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Junwei Gai
- Department of Urology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300191, P.R. China
| | - Liming Song
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao Yang Hospital, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Hao Ping
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao Yang Hospital, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Mingshuai Wang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao Yang Hospital, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Feiya Yang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao Yang Hospital, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Yinong Niu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao Yang Hospital, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Nianzeng Xing
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao Yang Hospital, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
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Gai JW, Qin W, Liu M, Wang HF, Zhang M, Li M, Zhou WH, Ma QT, Liu GM, Song WH, Jin J, Ma HS. Expression profile of hydrogen sulfide and its synthases correlates with tumor stage and grade in urothelial cell carcinoma of bladder. Urol Oncol 2016; 34:166.e15-20. [PMID: 26847849 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2015.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a newly discovered gas transmitter. It is synthesized by cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MPST). Endogenous hydrogen sulfide has never been studied in bladder cancer. PURPOSE We evaluated H2S production and its synthases expression levels in transitional cell carcinoma (urothelial cell carcinoma of bladder [UCB]) of human bladder tissue and cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunostaining was performed in urothelial cell lines and bladder specimens from 94 patients with UCB of different stages/grades. The expression levels/activities of CBS, CSE, and MPST of specimens and cell lines were analyzed by image semiquantity assay, western blot, and a sulfur-sensitive electrode. We tried to find the correlation between hydrogen sulfide and its synthases with tumor stage in UCB. All experiments were repeated at least 3 times. RESULTS Immunoreactivity for CBS, CSE, and MPST was detected in malignant uroepithelium and muscular layer of all tissues examined and cultured cells. The expression levels of CBS, CSE, and MPST were associated with UCB stage/grade. Muscle-invasive bladder cancer samples showed the highest production of H2S (52.6±2.91 nmol/[mg·min]) among all tested samples and EJ cells (transitional cell carcinoma, grade IIIshowed the highest production of H2S among all tested cell lines (53.3±7.02nmol/[mg·min]). CONCLUSIONS Protein levels and catalytic activities of CBS, CSE, and MPST increased with the increase of malignant degrees in human bladder tissues and human UCB cell lines. Our findings may promote the application of these novel enzymes to UCB diagnosis or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Wei Gai
- Department of Urology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Wei Qin
- Department of orthopedics, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Xiangyang, P.R. China
| | - Miao Liu
- Hedong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Feng Wang
- Department of Urology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, P.R. China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Urology, The People׳s Hospital of Nanpi Country, Nanpi, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Hui Zhou
- Department of Urology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Qin-Tong Ma
- Department of Urology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Ming Liu
- Department of Urology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Hui Song
- Department of Urology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Jie Jin
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, The Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Shun Ma
- Department of Urology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China.
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Multiwall carbon nanotube paste electrode with 3,4-dihydroxy-cinnamic acid as mediator for the determination of glutathione in pharmaceutical and urine samples. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(12)60661-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Mazloum-Ardakani M, Sheikh-Mohseni MA, Mirjalili BF. Selective and Simultaneous Voltammetric Determination of Glutathione, Uric Acid and Penicillamine by a Modified Carbon Nanotube Paste Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201300151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Narang J, Chauhan N, Jain P, Pundir C. Silver nanoparticles/multiwalled carbon nanotube/polyaniline film for amperometric glutathione biosensor. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 50:672-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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8
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Selenoproteins in bladder cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 413:847-54. [PMID: 22349600 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Selenoproteins with genetically encoded selenium (Se) are very important in response to oxidative stress, redox balance and regulation of various metabolic and developmental processes. Although increased circulating Se has been associated with 33% risk reduction of bladder cancer, there are little data on selenoprotein expression at the protein and genetic level from both human and animal studies. Data from the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC) Project clearly showed that highest mRNA expression in human urinary epithelium for TRXR1 (thioredoxin reductase 1), GPX1 (glutathione peroxidase 1), SEP15 (15 kDa selenoprotein), SELT (selenoprotein T) and SEPW1 (selenoprotein W1). Although bladder tumor has been characterized by increased Se, GPX and TRXR activity, circulating Se and GPX was interestingly decreased in these cancer patients. As such, selenoprotein expression in urinary epithelium may be involved in bladder cancer (development, progression and recurrence) and may play a significant role in chemotherapeutic intervention. Despite these findings, the role of selenoproteins in bladder cancer has rarely been investigated and the significance of selenoproteins in normal and malignant uroepithelium remains poorly understood.
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Bayraktar N, Kilic S, Bayraktar MR, Aksoy N. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities in cancerous bladder tissue and their relation with bacterial infection: a controlled clinical study. J Clin Lab Anal 2010; 24:25-30. [PMID: 20087949 PMCID: PMC6647705 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that antioxidants and reactive oxygen species play an important role in carcinogenesis. In this study, we attempted to evaluate antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation levels in cancerous bladder tissue and to determine their relationship with bacterial infection. Bacterial culture was made from all urine samples using Blood and Eosin Methylene Blue agars for checking the presence of bacterial infections. We measured thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) and activities of xanthine oxidase (XO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and catalase (CAT) in cancerous tissues of 25 bladder cancer patients, in noncancerous adjacent bladder tissues of 13 out of these 25 patients, and in control bladder tissues of 15 patients with a non-neoplastic genitourinary disease. TBARs levels increased and XO, SOD, GSH-PX, and CAT activities decreased significantly in cancerous bladder tissues. TBARS, XO, and SOD levels were not significantly different between noncancerous adjacent tissue and control bladder tissue. Statistically significantly lower GSH-PX and higher CAT activities were observed in noncancerous adjacent bladder tissue compared with cancerous tissue. GSH-PX level of tumor tissue was correlated significantly with tumor grade (r=-0.425, P=0.034). Results suggested that pathway activity of free radicals were accelerated in the cancerous human bladder tissues via increased TBARs levels and decreased enzyme activities of XO, SOD, GSH-PX, and CAT, which implicated a severe exposure of cancerous tissues to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihayet Bayraktar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Turgut Ozal Medical Center, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey.
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Oğuztüzün S, Sezgin Y, Yazıcı S, Fırat P, Ozhavzalı M, Ozen H. Expression of glutathione-S-transferases isoenzymes and p53 in exfoliated human bladder cancer cells. Urol Oncol 2009; 29:538-44. [PMID: 19926314 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigates the usefulness of glutathione-S-transferases (GST) isoenzymes and p53 immunostaining as a marker of malignancy in urinary cytology, and evaluates their potential effect in increasing diagnostic accuracy in a series of urine cytologic samples. They are also correlated with cytopathology diagnosis and histopathologic diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, the slides from 124 bladder carcinoma patients prepared by the cytocentrifugation method were observed. The cytomorphologic properties of these cancer cells were determined. Moreover, the immunocytochemical distributions of GST alpha (GSTA), pi (GSTP), mu (GSTM4), theta (GSTT1) isoenzymes and p53 protein were studied for the patients. RESULTS The urothelial cancer cells had small cytoplasm and rough nuclear membrane. The chromatin granules were heterogeneously distributed in each malignant cell's nucleus. There was a pleomorphism of the malignant cells' nuclei. According to immunocytopathologic observations, the urothelial cancer cells had stronger staining intensity than the benign cells had in 48% of cases for GSTA, 46% of cases for GSTP, 38% of cases for GSTM4, and 42% of cases for GSTT1. For all papillary cases, the malignant cells were stained negative, while the benign cells were positive. For 83% of patients, the malignant cells were stained positive for p53. There was a significant difference in GSTA (P = 0.006), GSTT1 (P = 0.004), GSTP (P = 0.000) and p53 (P = 0.000) expressions for benign cells whereas, a non-statistical difference in the malignant cells for GSTA, GSTT1, GSTP, GSTM4, and p53 expressions (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS GST isoenzymes and p53 immunostaining were not found to be markers of malignancy in urinary cytology.
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Hempel N, Ye H, Abessi B, Mian B, Melendez JA. Altered redox status accompanies progression to metastatic human bladder cancer. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 46:42-50. [PMID: 18930813 PMCID: PMC2630461 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in bladder cancer progression remains an unexplored field. Expression levels of enzymes regulating ROS levels are often altered in cancer. A search of publicly available microarray data reveals that expression of mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (Sod2), responsible for the conversion of superoxide (O(2)(-)) to hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), is consistently increased in high-grade and advanced-stage bladder tumors. We aimed to identify the role of Sod2 expression and ROS in bladder cancer. Using an in vitro human bladder tumor model we monitored the redox state of both nonmetastatic (253J) and highly metastatic (253J B-V) bladder tumor cell lines. 253J B-V cells displayed significantly higher Sod2 protein and activity levels compared to their parental 253J cell line. The increase in Sod2 expression was accompanied by a significant decrease in catalase activity, resulting in a net increase in H(2)O(2) production in the 253J B-V cell line. Expression of the prometastatic and proangiogenic factors matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and vascular endothelial-derived growth factor (VEGF), respectively, was upregulated in the metastatic line. Expression of both MMP-9 and VEGF was shown to be H(2)O(2)-dependent, as removal of H(2)O(2) by overexpression of catalase attenuated their expression. Similarly, expression of catalase effectively reduced the clonogenic activity of 253J B-V cells. These findings indicate that metastatic bladder cancer cells display an altered antioxidant expression profile, resulting in a net increase in ROS production, which leads to the induction of redox-sensitive protumorigenic and prometastatic genes such as VEGF and MMP-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Hempel
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, NY 12208, USA
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12
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Determination of glutathione in hemolysed erythrocyte by flow injection analysis with chemiluminescence detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 48:140-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Revised: 04/25/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Shao J, Gu M, Zhang Z, Xu Z, Hu Q, Qian L. Genetic variants of the cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferase associated with risk of bladder cancer in a south-eastern Chinese population. Int J Urol 2008; 15:216-21. [PMID: 18304215 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2007.01915.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between genetic polymorphisms of CYP2E1 RsaI and GSTM1 and development of bladder cancer in a south-eastern Han Chinese population. METHODS We hypothesized that the CYP2E1-1019T>A and GSTM1 polymorphisms were associated with risk of bladder cancer. In a hospital-based case-control study of 202 case patients with newly diagnosed bladder transitional cell carcinoma and 272 cancer-free controls frequency-matched by the age and sex, we genotyped these two polymorphisms using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. RESULTS We found that the GSTM1 null genotype was associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.17-2.56) compared with those with the non-null genotype, but the CYP2E1-1019T>A polymorphisms did not show any association. In the stratification analysis of the GSTM1 polymorphism, we found that the increased risk was more pronounced among subgroups aged < or =60 years (OR = 2.02, 95% CI = 1.08-3.77), smokers (OR = 1.94, 95% CI = 1.11-3.38) and non-drinkers (OR = 3.86, 95% CI = 1.28-11.60). CONCLUSION GSTM1 polymorphism (but not CYP2E1 RsaI polymorphism) appears to contribute to the etiology of bladder cancer in a south-eastern Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Shao
- Department of Urological Surgery, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
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14
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Simic T, Mimic-Oka J, Savic-Radojevic A, Opacic M, Pljesa M, Dragicevic D, Djokic M, Radosavljevic R. Glutathione S-transferase T1-1 activity upregulated in transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder. Urology 2005; 65:1035-40. [PMID: 15882759 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2005.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2004] [Revised: 12/13/2004] [Accepted: 01/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To perform a systematic functional investigation of different glutathione S-transferase (GST) classes, including GST class Theta (GSTT) member GSTT1-1, in transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) and the surrounding normal uroepithelium of the same individuals. Recently, it was suggested that GSTT1-1 might be an important risk modulator for TCC. METHODS Tumor samples and surrounding normal uroepithelium were obtained from 24 patients with TCC of urinary bladder. The following substrates with differential specificities were used: 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene for overall GST activity; 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole for GST Alpha; 1,2-dichloro-4-nitro-benzene for GST Mu; 4-vinylpyridine for GST Pi 1-1(GSTP1-1); and 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane for GSTT1-1. RESULTS GSTP1-1 and GSTT1-1 activities were demonstrated in all uroepithelial and TCC samples, and GST Mu activity was detectable in 11 of 24 patients. In the tumor specimens, significant upregulation of all expressed GST subtypes was observed. The mean GSTP1-1 and GSTT1-1 level in TCC was increased 2-fold and 3.6-fold, respectively, compared with the mean level in the normal uroepithelium (P <0.001). Tumor GSTT1-1 activities correlated statistically significantly with the tumor stage (P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS In tumors and adjacent normal uroepithelium of patients with TCC, three major cytosolic GST classes, Mu, Pi, and Theta, were expressed. Although the GST isoenzyme pattern in TCC was similar to that of the corresponding normal uroepithelium, during cancer progression a clear tendency toward an increase in all the GST subtypes expressed was noted. For the first time, distinct GSTT1-1 activity levels were demonstrated in human uroepithelium, as well as its pronounced upregulation in TCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Simic
- Institute of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro.
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15
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Chico DE, Listowsky I. Diverse expression profiles of glutathione-S-transferase subunits in mammalian urinary bladders. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005; 435:56-64. [PMID: 15680907 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2004.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2004] [Revised: 11/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The hGSTM1 null genotype has been associated with increased susceptibility to urinary bladder cancer. However, the extent to which the GSTM1 subunit actually contributes to GST activities in mammalian urinary bladders is not clear. For adult mice, urinary bladders exhibited GST activity which was among the highest observed in the tissues tested. The mouse bladder GST activity with the 1-chloro 2,4-dinitrobenzene substrate was also more than 10-fold greater than that of rat and human bladders. A large increase in mouse bladder GST activity occurs during early development with the sharpest increase between 7 and 17 days of age. Subunit compositions of GSTs in adult mouse, human, and rat bladders are also markedly different. The mGSTM1 subunit is by far the predominant GST in mouse bladder, with increases in mGSTM1 between 7 and 17 days accounting for the sharp rise in GST activity during maturation. By contrast, Pi class GSTs predominate in both human and rat bladders. Investigators seeking to establish direct connections between susceptibility to bladder cancer and the hGSTM1 gene deletion should take into account the fact that the hGSTM1 subunit, even when present, represents a very minor fraction of the GST protein in human bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane E Chico
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Raijmakers MT, Steegers EA, Peters WH. Glutathione S-transferases and thiol concentrations in embryonic and early fetal tissues. Hum Reprod 2001; 16:2445-50. [PMID: 11679536 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/16.11.2445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are important in intracellular binding and transport of numerous compounds, and play a central role in human detoxification processes. Human GSTs mainly consist of class Pi (GSTP), Mu (GSTM), Alpha (GSTA) and Theta (GSTT) enzymes, each subdivided into one or more isoenzymes. They catalyse the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) to toxic compounds, resulting in more water-soluble and less biologically active products that may be easily excreted. The reactive -SH group in GSH is provided by cysteine, an important amino acid in GSH synthesis. METHODS GST expression, enzyme activity and concentrations of cysteine and GSH in cytosolic fractions of organs from an embryo and a fetus at 8 and 13 weeks gestational age respectively were investigated. RESULTS GSTP1 was predominantly present in all tissues of both the embryo and fetus. GSTA (GSTA1 + GSTA2) concentrations were moderate as compared with GSTP1, whereas GSTM1 was present in only low amounts. GSTT1 was not detected in any tissue. GST activity was highest in organs exposed directly to amniotic fluid. In all embryonic and fetal organs, considerable amounts of GSH and cysteine were detected, with higher GSH concentrations in organs where lower cysteine concentrations were demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that in embryonic and early fetal development cysteine, GSH and GSTs are present in high amounts, and that GSTP1 is the most important GST isoform at these developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Raijmakers
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital St Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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17
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Rover L, Kubota LT, Höehr NF. Development of an amperometric biosensor based on glutathione peroxidase immobilized in a carbodiimide matrix for the analysis of reduced glutathione from serum. Clin Chim Acta 2001; 308:55-67. [PMID: 11412817 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(01)00394-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of an amperometric biosensor for the reduced glutathione determination in serum is described. The biosensor is based on glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px, EC 1.11.1.9) immobilized onto a pyrolytic graphite-working electrode using carbodiimide as enzymatic condensing reagent. This resulted in an amperometric biosensor with good sensitivity and stability. The reduced glutathione (GSH) was enzymatically converted to glutathione disulfide (GSSG) in the presence of hydroperoxide, which was monitored amperometrically by its electrooxidation at +0.65 V vs. SCE (saturated calomel electrode). Glutathione measurement was carried out by maintaining the ratio between GSH and hydrogen peroxide at 2:1 (25 degrees C). The amperometric response of the biosensor was linearly proportional to the GSH concentration between 1.9x10(-5) and 1.4x10(-4) mol/l, in 0.1 mol/l phosphate buffer (pH=7.8), containing 0.1 mol/l KCl and 0.5 mmol/l Na(2)H(2)EDTA, as the supporting electrolyte. In presence of interfering compounds, the recoveries ranged between 97.2% and 110.7%. The biosensor useful lifetime was at least 2 months when it was evaluated after continuous use. Serum samples analyzed by this biosensor showed a good correlation with the results from the spectrophotometric method (Ellman's reagent) used as reference, presenting relative deviations lower than 7.0%. The low apparent Michaelis-Menten constant value, K(M)(app)=1.6 mmol/l, demonstrated that GSH-Px immobilized on pyrolytic graphite exhibited a high affinity to GSH, without loss of enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rover
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas-UNICAMP, Departamento de Patologia Clinica P.O. Box 6111, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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18
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Abou Ghalia AH, Fouad IM. Glutathione and its metabolizing enzymes in patients with different benign and malignant diseases. Clin Biochem 2000; 33:657-62. [PMID: 11166013 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9120(00)00181-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evaluation of glutathione (GSH) system in different tumors to reveal its potential usefulness in a clinical setting. DESIGN AND METHODS In addition to 10 normal controls, blood and tissue samples (85 benign and 109 malignant) from patients with breast, ovarian, prostatic, and liver neoplasms were investigated. The GSH concentration, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activities were biochemically measured. RESULTS Whereas all the components of the GSH system increased in patients with breast tumors, few components were significantly changed in patients with malignant ovarian, prostatic as well as metastatic liver diseases. GSH had the highest Z scores in ovarian and breast tumors. It was correlated (p < 0.05) with both glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase in breast cancer and with glutathione S-transferase only in prostate cancer. No correlation could be found in the expression of the GSH system in the blood and tissues of the same group of patients. CONCLUSION This work revealed that measurement of some and/or all components of the GSH system might be of clinical value in some malignant cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Abou Ghalia
- Biochemistry Department, Ain Shams Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt.
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19
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Abstract
Erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes were analysed in 100 patients with intracranial neoplasm and in 47 controls. There was a significant decrease in RBC glutathione reductase (GRx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in most types of brain tumor cases. Patients with acoustic neurinoma showed a significant reduction in selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GPx) activity. A decrease in catalase (CT) activity was seen in most of the brain tumor patients but remained statistically insignificant when compared to controls. A significant increase in plasma ceruloplasmin concentration was observed in patients with glioma. These enzymes were also studied in 27 post-treatment cases. GRx activity returned to normal levels in these patients. RBC SOD and plasma ceruloplasmin levels showed a tendency to return to normal. Hence, a marked decrease in the antioxidant enzymes may have a role in the genesis of considerable oxidative stress in patients with brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India
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20
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Prevention of chemical carcinogenesis using glutathine S-transferase-pi (GST-pi). CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03182702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Sarto C, Frutiger S, Cappellano F, Sanchez JC, Doro G, Catanzaro F, Hughes GJ, Hochstrasser DF, Mocarelli P. Modified expression of plasma glutathione peroxidase and manganese superoxide dismutase in human renal cell carcinoma. Electrophoresis 1999; 20:3458-66. [PMID: 10608715 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2683(19991101)20:17<3458::aid-elps3458>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE) is a powerful tool to separate thousands of polypeptides and to highlight the modification of protein expression in malignant diseases. By applying 2-D PAGE to ten normal human kidney and ten homologous renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tissues, we found two peptides in all ten normal tissues but not in RCCs and, conversely, two peptides were detected in all RCCs but not in normal tissues. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and internal sequence analysis, the two first peptides were identified as two isoforms of plasma glutathione peroxidase (GPxP). The two other peptides isolated in all RCCs but not in normal tissues were identified by N-terminal sequence analysis as multimeric forms of manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD). No multimeric Mn-SODs and only two monomeric forms were detected in normal tissues. GPxP and Mn-SOD are metallo-enzymes encoded on chromosome 5q32 and on chromosome 6p25, respectively. Their regions are within the locus 5q21-->qter and 6q21-6q27 on which deletions and translocations are described in some cytogenetic studies of RCC transformation. Therefore, our results might suggest a correlation between the modified expression of GPxP and Mn-SOD in tumor tissues and chromosomal modifications, and that the two proteins may be putative markers for diagnosis of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sarto
- University Department of Clinical Pathology, Desio Hospital, Desio-Milan, Italy.
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22
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Abstract
Understanding molecular mechanisms of chemical toxicity and the potential risks of drugs to man is a pivotal part of the drug development process. With the dramatic increase in the number of new chemical entities arising from high throughput screening, there is an urgent need to develop systems for the rapid evaluation of potential drugs so that those agents which are most likely to be free of adverse effects can be identified at the earliest possible stage in drug development. The complex mechanisms of action of chemical toxins has made it extremely difficult to evaluate the precise toxic mechanism and also the relative role of specific genes in either potentiating or ameliorating the toxic effect. This problem can be addressed by the application of genetic strategies. Such strategies can exploit strain differences in susceptibility to specific toxic agents or, with the rapidly developing technologies, can exploit the use of transgenic animals where specific genes can be manipulated and subsequent effects on chemical toxicity evaluated. Transgenic animals can be exploited in a variety of ways to understand mechanisms of chemical toxicity. For example, a human gene encoding a drug metabolizing enzyme can be directly introduced and the effects on toxic response evaluated. Alternatively, specific genes can be deleted from the mouse genome and the consequences on toxicological response determined. Many toxic chemical agents modulate patterns of gene expression within target cells. This can be used to screen for responses to different types of toxic insult. In such experiments the promotor of a stress-regulated gene can be ligated to a suitable reporter gene, such as lacZ, or green fluorescent protein, and inserted into the genome of an appropriate test species. On administration of a chemical agent, cells which are sensitive to the toxic effects of that chemical will express the reporter, which can then be identified using an appropriate assay system. This latter strategy provides the potential for screening a large number of compounds rapidly for their potential toxic effects and also provides information on tissue and cellular specificity. Experiments using transgenic animals can be complex, and care must be taken to ensure that the results are not affected by background activities within the species being used. For example, the introduction of a specific human cytochrome P450 gene may have no effect on the metabolic disposition of a drug or toxin because of the background activity within the mouse. As the toxicity of a chemical agent is determined by a wide range of different factors including drug uptake, metabolism, detoxification and repair, differences between man and the species being used could potentially generate a toxic response in the animal model whereas no toxicity may be observed in man. In spite of these confounding factors, the application of transgenic animals to toxicological issues has enormous potential for speeding up the drug discovery process and will undoubtedly become part of this process in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Wolf
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Biomedical Research Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
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23
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Hassan AA, Tagliabue G, Codegoni AM, D'Incalci M, el-Sewedy SM, Airoldi L. Glutathione S-transferase activity and glutathione content in human bladder carcinoma associated with schistosomiasis: comparison with uninvolved surrounding tissues. Cancer Lett 1997; 121:19-23. [PMID: 9459169 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(97)00314-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH), glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity and GSTpi expression were measured in 10 human bladder tumors and adjacent uninvolved specimens from Egyptian patients with a history of schistosomal infection. GSH was higher in the tumor than in surrounding uninvolved tissue (not significant). Total GST activity per mg tissue protein and GSTpi expression were higher in tumor tissues (P < 0.05) than in uninvolved tissues. There was a positive correlation between GST activity and GSH content and between total GST activity and GSTpi expression in both tumor and uninvolved tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Hassan
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
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24
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Ghazaly GE, Zakahary MM, el-Aziz MA, Mahmoud AA, Carretero P, Lafuente A. Expression of glutathione S-transferase activity and glutathione content in squamous cell carcinoma of bladder associated with schistosomiasis in a population in Egypt. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF UROLOGY AND NEPHROLOGY 1997; 31:43-7. [PMID: 9060083 DOI: 10.3109/00365599709070301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to describe the expression of the glutathione S-transferase/glutathione system in squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder in a population in Egypt. The glutathione-S transferase activity was significantly higher in bladder cancer specimens (n = 40) in comparison with schistosomiasis cystitis tissue (n = 42) (4-fold, p = 1 x 10(-12)) and with healthy control samples (n = 9) (10-fold, p = 1 x 10(-6)). The glutathione content was also significantly higher in bladder cancer than in cystitis tissue (2-fold, p = 8 x 10(-6)) and in control samples (6-fold, 8 x 10(-6)). When control mucosa and cystitis samples were compared, 2-fold increased values were obtained for glutathione-S transferase (p = 4 x 10(-3)) and glutathione (p = 1 x 10(-3)) in schistosomiasis bladder tissue. Results describe an over-expression of glutathione-S transferase and glutathione levels in squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder, and indicate a possible role in chemoresistance to pharmacological therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Ghazaly
- Urology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt
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25
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Lafuente A, Zakahary MM, el-Aziz MA, Ascaso C, Lafuente MJ, Trias M, Carretero P. Influence of smoking in the glutathione-S-transferase M1 deficiency--associated risk for squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder in schistosomiasis patients in Egypt. Br J Cancer 1996; 74:836-8. [PMID: 8795591 PMCID: PMC2074697 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1996.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we show an effect of the glutathione-S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) null phenotype on the risk for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the bladder among male smokers in Egypt, with an adjusted odds ratio of 4.8 (95% confidence interval: 1.06-21.77). However, no overall effect of the GSTM1 null phenotype on the risk for bladder SCC was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lafuente
- Institut de Salut Pública, University of Barcelona, Spain
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- M L O'Brien
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19111, USA
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27
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Di Ilio C, Sacchetta P, Angelucci S, Zezza A, Tenaglia R, Aceto A. Glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities in cancerous and non-cancerous human kidney tissues. Cancer Lett 1995; 91:19-23. [PMID: 7750090 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(95)03710-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Selenium-dependent (Se-GSH-Px), selenium-independent (non-Se-GSH-Px) glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase (GSSG-Rx) activities have been determined in cancerous and non-cancerous human adult kidney. Large inter-individual variation in the activities of all enzymes tested were found in both tumour and non-tumour specimens. In general a significant decrease in the activities of the three enzymes was found in tumours. When a comparison was made between cancerous and non-cancerous tissues of the same individual, Se-GSH-Px activity was found to be lower in tumour in 17 cases out of 29, and the non-Se-GSH-Px activity in 20. In 20 cases out of 29 GSSG-Rx was found to be lower in tumour. It was concluded that changes in the factors involved in the anti-oxidative protection actually occur in human kidney tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Di Ilio
- Istituto di Scienze Biochimiche, Facoltà di Medicina, Università G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
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