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de Lima RMT, Dos Reis AC, de Menezes AAPM, Santos JVDO, Filho JWGDO, Ferreira JRDO, de Alencar MVOB, da Mata AMOF, Khan IN, Islam A, Uddin SJ, Ali ES, Islam MT, Tripathi S, Mishra SK, Mubarak MS, Melo-Cavalcante AADC. Protective and therapeutic potential of ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract and [6]-gingerol in cancer: A comprehensive review. Phytother Res 2018; 32:1885-1907. [PMID: 30009484 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural dietary agents have attracted considerable attention due to their role in promoting health and reducing the risk of diseases including cancer. Ginger, one of the most ancient known spices, contains bioactive compounds with several health benefits. [6]-Gingerol constitutes the most pharmacologically active among such compounds. The aim of the present work was to review the literature pertaining to the use of ginger extract and [6]-gingerol against tumorigenic and oxidative and inflammatory processes associated with cancer, along with the underlying mechanisms of action involved in signaling pathways. This will shed some light on the protective or therapeutic role of ginger derivatives in oxidative and inflammatory regulations during metabolic disturbance and on the antiproliferative and anticancer properties. Data collected from experimental (in vitro or in vivo) and clinical studies discussed in this review indicate that ginger extract and [6]-gingerol exert their action through important mediators and pathways of cell signaling, including Bax/Bcl2, p38/MAPK, Nrf2, p65/NF-κB, TNF-α, ERK1/2, SAPK/JNK, ROS/NF-κB/COX-2, caspases-3, -9, and p53. This suggests that ginger derivatives, in the form of an extract or isolated compounds, exhibit relevant antiproliferative, antitumor, invasive, and anti-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosália Maria Tôrres de Lima
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
- Laboratory of Genetical Toxicology, Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Antonielly Campinho Dos Reis
- Laboratory of Genetical Toxicology, Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Ag-Anne Pereira Melo de Menezes
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
- Laboratory of Genetical Toxicology, Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - José Victor de Oliveira Santos
- Laboratory of Genetical Toxicology, Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - José Williams Gomes de Oliveira Filho
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
- Laboratory of Genetical Toxicology, Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - José Roberto de Oliveira Ferreira
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology, Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinícius Oliveira Barros de Alencar
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
- Laboratory of Genetical Toxicology, Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Oliveira Ferreira da Mata
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
- Laboratory of Genetical Toxicology, Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Ishaq N Khan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Amirul Islam
- Pharmacy Discipline, School of Life Sciences, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Shaikh Jamal Uddin
- Pharmacy Discipline, School of Life Sciences, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Eunüs S Ali
- Gaco Pharmaceuticals and Research Laboratory, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Muhammad Torequl Islam
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Swati Tripathi
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Siddhartha Kumar Mishra
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences (Zoology), Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, India
| | | | - Ana Amélia de Carvalho Melo-Cavalcante
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
- Laboratory of Genetical Toxicology, Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
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Barakat A, Islam MS, Ghawas HM, Al-Majid AM, El-Senduny FF, Badria FA, Elshaier YAM, Ghabbour HA. Substituted spirooxindole derivatives as potent anticancer agents through inhibition of phosphodiesterase 1. RSC Adv 2018; 8:14335-14346. [PMID: 35540737 PMCID: PMC9079959 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra02358a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Spirooxindole is a promising chemo therapeutic agent. Possible targets include cancers of the liver, prostate, lung, stomach, colon, and breast. Here, we demonstrate a one-pot three-component reaction via a [3 + 2] cycloaddition/ring contraction sequence of a dipolarophile (activated alkene) with in situ-generated azomethine ylide (1,3-dipoles) without the use of any catalyst. The reaction provides efficient access to synthetically useful and biologically important spirooxindoles in high yield (69–94%) with high diastereoselectivity. The synthesized compounds were subjected to cytotoxicity evaluation using colorectal cancer (HCT-116), hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), and prostate cancer (PC-3) cells. Compounds 4i, 4j, and 4k showed potent cytotoxic activity and high selectivity against HCT-116 cells when compared to cisplatin. Meanwhile compound 4d retained high cytotoxic activity and selectivity against HepG2 and PC-3 cells in comparison to cisplatin. The mechanism of compound 4d was further studied using phosphodiesterase 1 enzyme and showed 74.2% inhibitory activity. A possible binding mode for compound 4d to PDE-1 was investigated by molecular modeling using OpenEye software. Pose predictions for the active compounds were demonstrated by ROCS alignments. Compound 4d has a special geometry and differs from other active compounds. Spirooxindole is a promising chemo therapeutic agent. Possible targets include cancers of the liver, prostate, lung, stomach, colon, and breast.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Assem Barakat
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- King Saud University
- Riyadh 11451
- Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hussien Mansur Ghawas
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- King Saud University
- Riyadh 11451
- Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Farid A. Badria
- Department of Pharmacognosy
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Mansoura University
- Mansoura 35516
- Egypt
| | - Yaseen A. M. M. Elshaier
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Al-Azhar University
- Assuit 71524
- Egypt
| | - Hazem A. Ghabbour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh 11451
- Saudi Arabia
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El-Naggar MH, Mira A, Abdel Bar FM, Shimizu K, Amer MM, Badria FA. Synthesis, docking, cytotoxicity, and LTA 4 H inhibitory activity of new gingerol derivatives as potential colorectal cancer therapy. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:1277-1285. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Ayyad SEN, Abdel-Lateff A, Alarif WM, Patacchioli FR, Badria FA, Ezmirly ST. In vitro and in vivo study of cucurbitacins-type triterpene glucoside from Citrullus colocynthis growing in Saudi Arabia against hepatocellular carcinoma. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 33:245-251. [PMID: 22245841 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Chromatographic investigation of fruits obtained from Citrullus colocynthis, growing in Saudi Arabia, led to isolation of two compounds; Cucurbitacin E glucoside (Cu E, 1), and Cucurbitacin I glucoside (Cu I, 2). The chemical structures of 1 and 2, were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses include; 1D ((1)H and (13)C) and 2D (COSY, HMQC and HMBC) NMR and ESI-MS spectroscopy. The in vitro cytotoxic activity against hepatoma cell line (HepG2) and mice-bearing tumor of Ehrlich's ascites carcinoma (EAC) of the compounds were estimated. Both compounds had potent inhibitory activity on HepG2 with IC(50) 3.5 and 2.8 nmol/mL, respectively. In addition to these activities, the in vivo study employing EAC, showed the capability of both compounds to prolong the survival time, life span and normalize the biochemical parameters of the infected mice with EAC.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/isolation & purification
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Chromatography, Thin Layer
- Citrullus/chemistry
- Cucurbitacins/isolation & purification
- Cucurbitacins/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Fruit
- Hep G2 Cells
- Humans
- Inhibitory Concentration 50
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
- Male
- Mice
- Molecular Structure
- Plants, Medicinal
- Saudi Arabia
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
- Time Factors
- Triterpenes/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Seif-Eldin N Ayyad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Tanaka M, Yamada M, Toida T, Iwatsuki K. Safety evaluation of supercritical carbon dioxide extract of Aloe vera gel. J Food Sci 2011; 77:T2-9. [PMID: 22260137 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The gel of the Aloe vera plant has been used safely for oral and external applications. Previously, we found phytosterols derived from an extract of Aloe vera gel obtained with an organic solvent to have hypoglycemic and antiobesity effects. While developing of functional foods using Aloe vera gel, we produced an active Aloe vera gel extract (AVGE) using a supercritical carbon dioxide (CO₂) extraction procedure. In this study, we tested the safety of AVGE in vitro and in vivo. In an acute oral toxicological test in which AVGE was administered to rats at a dose of 150 mg/kg body weight, there were no deaths or apparent abnormalities at necropsy. In a 90-d toxicity test in which rats were continuously administrered AVGE at 30 or 150 mg/kg, euthanized, and subjected to pathological examinations, no abnormalities attributable to the AVGE were found. AVGE was nonmutagenic in the Ames test and a chromosomal aberration test at concentrations of up to 5000 μg/plate and 1600 μg/plate, respectively, and in an in vivo bone marrow micronucleus test at up to 150 mg/kg/d. PRACTICAL APPLICATION AVGE can be safely used as a functional food material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Tanaka
- Functional Food Research Department, Food Science & Technology Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., Zama-City, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Williams LD, Burdock GA, Shin E, Kim S, Jo TH, Jones KN, Matulka RA. Safety studies conducted on a proprietary high-purity aloe vera inner leaf fillet preparation, Qmatrix. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 57:90-8. [PMID: 20096744 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aloe vera plant has a long history of safe use for oral and topical applications. This publication describes safety studies conducted on a proprietary high-purity aloe vera inner leaf fillet preparation, Qmatrix. In a 13-week study in rats, Qmatrix was administered via gavage at 0, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg body weight (bw)/day. There were no significant changes in food or water consumption, body weight, serum biochemistry or hematology at any of the doses tested. Sporadic, significant increases were observed in some of the measured urinalysis parameters; however, these variations were not treatment-related, as most were observed only in one sex, not dose-dependent and within historical control values. Organ weights were unaffected, except for a statistically significant, though not dose-dependent, increase in absolute and relative weights of the right kidney in males at 500 and 2000 mg/kg bw/day, respectively. Histopathological analysis revealed no abnormal signs. Qmatrix was non-mutagenic in an Ames test and a chromosomal aberration test at concentrations up to 10,000 microg/plate, and in an in vivo bone marrow micronucleus test at doses up to 5000 mg/kg bw/day. Based on these results, Qmatrix is not genotoxic in vitro or in vivo and; has an oral NOAEL greater than 2000 mg/kg bw/day following 90 days of oral exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lonnie D Williams
- Burdock Group, 801 N. Orange Ave., Suite 710, Orlando, FL 32801, USA
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Burdock GA, Carabin IG. Safety assessment of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) essential oil as a food ingredient. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 47:22-34. [PMID: 19032971 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Revised: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Coriander essential oil is used as a flavor ingredient, but it also has a long history as a traditional medicine. It is obtained by steam distillation of the dried fully ripe fruits (seeds) of Coriandrum sativum L. The oil is a colorless or pale yellow liquid with a characteristic odor and mild, sweet, warm and aromatic flavor; linalool is the major constituent (approximately 70%). Based on the results of a 28 day oral gavage study in rats, a NOEL for coriander oil is approximately 160 mg/kg/day. In a developmental toxicity study, the maternal NOAEL of coriander oil was 250 mg/kg/day and the developmental NOAEL was 500 mg/kg/day. Coriander oil is not clastogenic, but results of mutagenicity studies for the spice and some extracts are mixed; linalool is non-mutagenic. Coriander oil has broad-spectrum, antimicrobial activity. Coriander oil is irritating to rabbits, but not humans; it is not a sensitizer, although the whole spice may be. Based on the history of consumption of coriander oil without reported adverse effects, lack of its toxicity in limited studies and lack of toxicity of its major constituent, linalool, the use of coriander oil as an added food ingredient is considered safe at present levels of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Burdock
- Burdock Group, 801 N Orange Ave, Suite 710, Orlando, FL 32801, USA.
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Final report on the safety assessment of AloeAndongensis Extract, Aloe Andongensis Leaf Juice,aloe Arborescens Leaf Extract, Aloe Arborescens Leaf Juice, Aloe Arborescens Leaf Protoplasts, Aloe Barbadensis Flower Extract, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Extract, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice,aloe Barbadensis Leaf Polysaccharides, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Water, Aloe Ferox Leaf Extract, Aloe Ferox Leaf Juice, and Aloe Ferox Leaf Juice Extract. Int J Toxicol 2008; 26 Suppl 2:1-50. [PMID: 17613130 DOI: 10.1080/10915810701351186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Plant materials derived from the Aloe plant are used as cosmetic ingredients, including Aloe Andongensis Extract, Aloe Andongensis Leaf Juice, Aloe Arborescens Leaf Extract, Aloe Arborescens Leaf Juice, Aloe Arborescens Leaf Protoplasts, Aloe Barbadensis Flower Extract, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Extract, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Polysaccharides, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Water, Aloe Ferox Leaf Extract, Aloe Ferox Leaf Juice, and Aloe Ferox Leaf Juice Extract. These ingredients function primarily as skin-conditioning agents and are included in cosmetics only at low concentrations. The Aloe leaf consists of the pericyclic cells, found just below the plant's skin, and the inner central area of the leaf, i.e., the gel, which is used for cosmetic products. The pericyclic cells produce a bitter, yellow latex containing a number of anthraquinones, phototoxic compounds that are also gastrointestinal irritants responsible for cathartic effects. The gel contains polysaccharides, which can be acetylated, partially acetylated, or not acetylated. An industry established limit for anthraquinones in aloe-derived material for nonmedicinal use is 50 ppm or lower. Aloe-derived ingredients are used in a wide variety of cosmetic product types at concentrations of raw material that are 0.1% or less, although can be as high as 20%. The concentration of Aloe in the raw material also may vary from 100% to a low of 0.0005%. Oral administration of various anthraquinone components results in a rise in their blood concentrations, wide systemic distribution, accumulation in the liver and kidneys, and excretion in urine and feces; polysaccharide components are distributed systemically and metabolized into smaller molecules. aloe-derived material has fungicidal, antimicrobial, and antiviral activities, and has been effective in wound healing and infection treatment in animals. Aloe barbadensis (also known as Aloe vera)-derived ingredients were not toxic in acute oral studies using mice and rats. In parenteral studies, the LD(50) using mice was > 200 mg/kg, rats was > 50 mg/kg, and using dogs was > 50 mg/kg. In intravenous studies the LD(50) using mice was > 80 mg/kg, rats was > 15 mg/kg, and dogs was > 10 mg/kg. The 14-day no observed effect level (NOEL) for the Aloe polysaccharide, acemannan, in the diet of Sprague-Dawley rats, was 50,000 ppm or 4.1 to 4.6 g/kg day(-1). In a 3-month study using mice, Aloe vera (extracted in ethanol) given orally in drinking water at 100 mg/kg produced reproductive toxicity, inflammation, and mortality above that seen in control animals. Aloe vera extracted in methanol and given to mice at 100 mg/kg in drinking water for 3 months caused significant sperm damage compared to controls. Aloe barbadensis extracted with water and given to pregnant Charles Foster albino rats on gestational days (GDs) 0 through 9 was an abortifacient and produced skeletal abnormalities. Both negative and positive results were found in bacterial and mammalian cell genotoxicity assays using Aloe barbadensis-derived material, Aloe Ferox-derived material, and various anthraquinones derived from Aloe. Aloin (an anthraquinone) did not produce tumors when included in the feed of mice for 20 weeks, nor did aloin increase the incidence of colorectal tumors induced with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. Aloe-emodin (an anthraquinone) given to mice in which tumor cells had been injected inhibited growth of malignant tumors. Other animal data also suggest that components of Aloe inhibit tumor growth and improve survival. Various in vitro assays also demonstrated anticarcinogenic activity of aloe-emodin. Diarrhea was the only adverse effect of note with the use of Aloe-derived ingredients to treat asthma, ischemic heart disease, diabetes, ulcers, skin disease, and cancer. Case reports include acute eczema, contact urticaria, and dermatitis in individuals who applied Aloe-derived ingredients topically. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel concluded that anthraquinone levels in the several Aloe Barbadensis extracts are well understood and can conform to the industry-established level of 50 ppm. Although the phototoxicity anthraquinone components of Aloe plants have been demonstrated, several clinical studies of preparations derived from Aloe barbadensis plants demonstrated no phototoxicity, confirming that the concentrations of anthraquinones in such preparations are too low to induce phototoxicity. The characterization of aloe-derived ingredients from other species is not clear. In the absence of well-characterized derivatives, biological studies of these materials are considered necessary. The studies needed are 28-day dermal toxicity studies on Aloe Andongensis Extract, Aloe Andongensis Leaf Juice, Aloe Arborescens Leaf Extract, Aloe Arborescens Leaf Juice, Aloe Ferox Leaf Extract, Aloe Ferox Leaf Juice, and Aloe Ferox Leaf Juice (ingredients should be tested at current use concentrations). In Aloe-derived ingredients used in cosmetics, regardless of species, anthraquinone levels should not exceed 50 ppm. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel advised the industry that the total polychlorobiphenyl (PCB)/pesticide contamination of any plant-derived cosmetic ingredient should be limited to not more than 40 ppm, with not more than 10 ppm for any specific residue and that limits were appropriate for the following impurities: arsenic (3 mg/kg maximum), heavy metals (20 mg/kg maximum), and lead (5 mg/kg maximum).
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Murakami A, Ohigashi H, Koshimizu K. Chemoprevention: Insights into biological mechanisms and promising food factors. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 1999. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129909541194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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