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Srere PA. The enzymology of the formation and breakdown of citrate. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 43:57-101. [PMID: 1106128 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122884.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Szczepankowska D, Nałecz KA. Palmitoylcarnitine modulates palmitoylation of proteins: implication for differentiation of neural cells. Neurochem Res 2003; 28:645-51. [PMID: 12675156 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022802229921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
[3H]Palmitic acid accumulates in neuroblastoma NB-2a cells, being incorporated in lipids (90%) and proteins (10%) fractions. Addition of palmitoylcarnitine, known to modulate activity of protein kinase C and to promote differentiation of neurons, was observed to decrease incorporation of palmitic acid to sphingomyelin, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylcholine, with a parallel increase of palmitic acid bound to proteins through a thioester bond (palmitoylation). In the presence of palmitoylcarnitine, one of the palmitoylated proteins expressed at growing neural cones, GAP-43, was observed to co-localize with caveolin-1, what was correlated with the beginning of differentiation. A new function of palmitoylcarnitine in controlling palmitoylation of proteins and their targeting to cholesterol-rich domains has been proposed.
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Chen MC, Song Y, Song WO. Fetal growth retardation and death in pantothenic acid-deficient rats is due to imparired placental function. J Nutr Biochem 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0955-2863(96)00078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ayala CA. Stimulation of choline acetyl transferase activity by l- and d-carnitine in brain areas of neonate rats. J Neurosci Res 1995; 41:403-8. [PMID: 7563233 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490410313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Acetyl-CoA supply to the cytosol and its regulatory influence on acetylcholine biosynthesis is still an unsolved question. Acetylcarnitine through the carnitine acetyl transferase (CarAT) system has been proposed to be the acetyl donor in this process. Carnitine isomers were injected into rat developing brains every day for 14 days after birth. Results showed that carnitine and its associated forms produced a choline acetyl transferase (ChAT) activity increase in the striatum and the hippocampus. Carnitine acetyl transferase activity was stimulated by the treatment of l-carnitine in the hippocampus but it remained unchanged in the striatum and the cerebral cortex. These results suggest that ChAT and CarAT activities might be modulated by Acetyl-CoA derived preferentially from acetylcarnitine. It is suggested that ChAT activity enhancement depends on intrinsic and extrinsic cholinergic afferents to these brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Ayala
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Nueva Granada, Caracas
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Tucek S. Short-term control of the synthesis of acetylcholine. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1993; 60:59-69. [PMID: 8480028 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(93)90013-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Tucek
- Institute of Physiology, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague
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Abstract
Synthesis of [3H]acetylcholine from [3H]acetyl-L-carnitine was demonstrated in vitro by coupling the enzyme systems choline acetyltransferase and carnitine acetyltransferase. Likewise, both [3H] and [14C] labeled acetylcholine were produced when [3H]acetyl-L-carnitine and D-[U-14C] glucose were incubated with synaptosomal membrane preparations from rat brain. Transfer of the acetyl moiety from acetyl-L-carnitine to acetylcholine was dependent on concentration of acetyl-L-carnitine and required the presence of coenzyme A, which is normally produced as an inhibitory product of choline acetyltransferase. These results provide further evidence for a role of mitochondrial carnitine acetyltransferase in facilitating transfer of acetyl groups across mitochondrial membranes, thus regulating the availability in the cytoplasm of acetyl-CoA, a substrate of choline acetyltransferase. They are also consistent with a possible utility of acetyl-L-carnitine in the treatment of age-related cholinergic deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L White
- Division of Pharmacology, Wellcome Research Laboratories, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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Chapter 46 The synthesis of acetylcholine: twenty years of progress. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)60928-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Tuček S, Doležal V, Ričny J. Regulation of acetylcholine synthesis in presynaptic endings of cholinergic CNS neurons. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01052700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Tucek S. Problems in the organization and control of acetylcholine synthesis in brain neurons. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1984; 44:1-46. [PMID: 6385131 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(84)90011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Gibson GE, Peterson C. Acetylcholine and oxidative metabolism in septum and hippocampus in vitro. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)33170-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Rícný J, Tucek S. Acetylcoenzyme A and acetylcholine in slices of rat caudate nuclei incubated with (-)-hydroxycitrate, citrate, and EGTA. J Neurochem 1982; 39:668-73. [PMID: 6808088 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1982.tb07944.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The effects of (-)-hydroxycitrate (OHC) and citrate on the concentration of acetylcoenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) and acetylcholine (ACh) in the tissue and on the release of ACh into the medium were investigated in experiments on slices of rat caudate nuclei incubated in media with 6.2 or 31.2 mM K+, 0 or 2.5 mM Ca2+, and 0, 1, or 10 mM EGTA. OHC diminished the concentration of acetyl-CoA in the slices under all conditions used; in experiments with 2.5 mM OHC, the concentration of acetyl-CoA was lowered by 25-38%. Citrate, in contrast, had no effect on the level of acetyl-CoA in the tissue. Although both OHC and citrate lowered the concentration of ACh in the slices during incubations with 6.2 mM K+ and 1 mM EGTA, they had different effects on the content of ACh during incubations in the presence of Ca2+. The concentration of ACh in the slices was increased by citrate during incubations with 2.5 mM Ca2+ and 31.2 or 6.2 mM K+, but it was lowered or unchanged by OHC under the same conditions. The release of ACh into the medium was lowered or unchanged by OHC and lowered, unchanged, or increased by citrate. It is concluded that most effects of OHC on the metabolism of ACh can be explained by the inhibition of ATP-citrate lyase; with glucose as the main metabolic substrate, ATP-citrate lyase appears to provide about one-third of the acetyl-CoA used for the synthesis of ACh. Experiments with citrate indicate that an increased supply of citrate may increase the synthesis of ACh. The inhibitory effect of citrate on the synthesis of ACh, observed during incubations without Ca2+, is interpreted to be a consequence of the chelation of intracellular Ca2+; this interpretation is supported by the observation of a similar effect caused by 10 mM EGTA.
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O'Regan S. The synthesis, storage, and release of propionylcholine by the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata. J Neurochem 1982; 39:764-72. [PMID: 7097283 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1982.tb07958.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the specificity of the mechanisms involved in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine for the acetyl moiety. To test this, blocks of tissue from the electric organ of Torpedo were incubated with either [1-14C]acetate or [1-14C]propionate, and the synthesis, storage, and release of [14C]acetylcholine and [14C]propionylcholine were compared. To obtain equivalent amounts of the two labeled choline esters, a 50-fold higher concentration of propionate than of acetate was needed. Following subcellular fractionation, similar proportions of [14C]acetylcholine and [14C]propionylcholine were recovered with synaptosomes and with synaptic vesicles. Furthermore, both labeled choline esters were protected to a similar extent from degradation during homogenization of tissue in physiological medium, indicating that the two choline esters were equally well incorporated into synaptic vesicles. Yet depolarization of tissue blocks by 50 mM KCl released much less [14C]propionylcholine than [14C]acetylcholine. During field stimulation of the tissue blocks, the difference between the releasibility of the two choline esters was less marked, but acetylcholine was still released in preference to propionylcholine. Evidence for specificity of the release mechanism was also obtained when the release of the two choline esters in response to field stimulation was compared in tissue blocks preincubated with both [3H]choline and [14C]propionate.
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Dolezal V, Tucek S. Effects of choline and glucose on atropine-induced alterations of acetylcholine synthesis and content in the caudate nuclei of rats. Brain Res 1982; 240:285-93. [PMID: 7104690 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(82)90223-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Tucek S, Dolezal V, Sullivan AC. Inhibition of the synthesis of acetylcholine in rat brain slices by (-)-hydroxycitrate and citrate. J Neurochem 1981; 36:1331-7. [PMID: 6790670 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1981.tb00570.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Dolezal V, Tucek S. Utilization of citrate, acetylcarnitine, acetate, pyruvate and glucose for the synthesis of acetylcholine in rat brain slices. J Neurochem 1981; 36:1323-30. [PMID: 6790669 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1981.tb00569.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Slices of rat caudate nuclei were incubated in saline media containing choline, paraoxon, unlabelled glucose, and [1,5-14C] citrate, [1-14C-acetyl]carnitine, [1-14C]acetate, [2-14C]pyruvate, or [U-14C]glucose. The synthesis of acetyl-labelled acetylcholine (ACh) was compared with the total synthesis of ACh. When related to the utilization of unlabelled glucose (responsible for the formation of unlabelled ACh), the utilization of labelled substrates for the synthesis of the acetyl moiety of ACh was found to decrease in the following order: [2-14C]pyruvate greater than [U-14C]glucose greater than [1-14C-acetyl]carnitine greater than [1,5-14C]citrate greater than [1-14C]acetate. The utilization of [1,5-14C]citrate and [1-14C]acetate for the synthesis of [14C]ACh was low, although it was apparent from the formation of 14CO2 and 14C-labelled lipid that the substrates entered the cells and were metabolized. The utilization of [1,5-14C]citrate for the synthesis of [14C]ACh was higher when the incubation was performed in a medium without calcium (with EGTA); that of glucose did not change, whereas the utilization of other substrates for the synthesis of ACh decreased. The results indicate that earlier (indirect) evidence led to an underestimation of acetylcarnitine as a potential source of acetyl groups for the synthesis of ACh in mammalian brian; they do not support (but do not disprove) the view that citrate is the main carrier of acetyl groups from the intramitochondrial acetyl-CoA to the extramitochondrial space in cerebral cholinergic neurons.
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Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis and release from isolated superfused retina of the teleost Eugerres plumieri has been studied under different physiological conditions. The retinas were superfused with Krebs-Ringer solutions containing [14C]choline and the extracellular space of 32% was determined by [3H]inulin. The retina accumulates choline (Ch) from the superfusion medium and this process is mediated by a high affinity transport system with a Km of 1.82 microM. The incorporated Ch is mainly utilized for the synthesis of ACh. The ACh content of the light-adapted retina is not significantly different from that of a dark-adapted one. However, the release of [14C]ACh from the light-adapted retina was 52% higher as compared to the release from the dark-adapted retina. Flicker stimulation induced a larger increase in ACh release, than from either light or dark adapted retina, proportional to flicker frequency. The results suggest that changes in ACh utilization were related to the function of cellular units responsible for light changes transduction rather than light detection.
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Abstract
The activities of five enzymes involved in acetyl-CoA synthesis, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, ATP citrate lyase, carnitine acetyltransferase, acetyl-CoA synthetase, and citrate synthase, were determined in normal nucleus interpeduncularis and nucleus interpeduncularis in which cholinergic terminals were removed following lesion of the habenulointerpeduncular tract. The activities of aspartate transaminase, fumarase, and GABA transaminase also were determined to compare the effect of lesion on other mitochondrial enzymes which are not linked to the biosynthesis of ACh. In normal nucleus interpeduncularis the activities of carnitine acetyltransferase and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex were higher than the activity of ChAT (choline acetyltransferase), whereas the activities of acetyl-CoA synthetase and citrate synthase were considerably lower than that of ChAT. The effect of the lesion separated the enzymes into two groups: the activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, carnitine acetyltransferase, fumarase and aspartate transaminase decreased by 30--40%, whereas the activities of the other enzymes descreased 5--15%. ChAT activity was in all cases less than 15% of normal. It could be concluded that none of the acetyl-CoA synthesizing enzymes decreased to the degree that ChAT did. Only pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and carnitine acetyltransferase seem to be localized in cholinergic terminals to a significant degree. ATP citrate lyase as well as acetyl-CoA synthetase seem to have less significance in supporting acetyl-CoA formation in cholinergic nerve terminals.
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Lefresne P, Beaujouan JC, Glowinski J. Origin of the acetyl moiety of acetylcholine in rat striatal synaptosomes: a specific pyruvate dehydrogenase involved in ACh synthesis? Biochimie 1978; 60:479-87. [PMID: 698287 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(78)80863-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Sacchi O, Ladinsky H, Prigioni I, Consolo S, Peri G, Perri V. Acetylcholine turnover in the thiamine-depleted superior cervical ganglion of the rat. Brain Res 1978; 151:609-14. [PMID: 667635 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(78)91095-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Lefresne P, Beaujouan JC, Glowinski J. Evidence for extramitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase involved in acetylcholine synthesis in nerve endings. Nature 1978; 274:497-500. [PMID: 672978 DOI: 10.1038/274497a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Lefresne P, Hamon M, Beaujouan JC, Glowinski J. Origin of the acetyl moiety of acetylcholine synthesized in rat striatal synaptosomes. Biochimie 1977; 59:197-215. [PMID: 870085 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(77)80291-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The subcellular localization of the AcCoA compartment supplying the cytoplasmic choline acetyltransferase (ChAc, EC 2.3.1.6) was investigated using a purified preparation of rat striatal synaptosomes (B fraction). It was first demonstrated that the SRA of the [14C]ACh synthesized during a 10 min incubation period was equal to the SRA of the [2-14C] and the [3-14C]pyruvate added to the isolated nerve terminal suspension. The experimental results can be summarised as follows: (i) No modification in the amount of [14C]ACh synthesized from [2-14C]pyruvatetion in the amount of [14C]ACh synthesized from [2-13C]pyruvate could be detected after the addition of high concentrations of either carnitine, acetylcarnitine or acetyl phosphate to the synaptosomal suspension. (ii) Under experimental conditions in which the amount of [1,5-14C]citrate taken up by passive diffusion into the cholinergic nerve endings would allow detection of the possible formation of the labelled ester, no [14C]ACh could be recovered. (iii) The SRA's of the individual carbon atoms of the Krebs cycle intermediary compounds when the cycle is fed with [2-14C] and [3-14C]pyruvate were calculated as a function of the STA's of each of these two precursors (a and a' respectively), of the number of 14CO2 dpm produced in the Krebs cycle from each of these two labelled compounds (D2 and D3 respectively), and as the function of the rate y of exchanges of molecules between the tricarboxylic acid cycle and other metabolic compartments. The experimental value obtained from a 10 min incubation, after the nerve endings had reached a steady metabolic activity, indicate that if the acetyl moiety of ACh was derived from some Krebs cycle intermediary compounds, its SRA could never exceed 55 per cent that of the [2-14C]pyruvate from which it is produced, (iv) No correlation could be found between the rate of [14C]ACh formation and changes in the Krebs cycle activity induced by sodium cyanide, 2-4 dinitrophenol and Ca2+ free medium. (v) The lack of significant [14C]ACh synthesis from [1-14C]acetate in striatal synaptosomes is consistent with the failure of fluoroacetate to modify the amounts of 14CO2 as well as of [14C]ACh formed from [2-14C]pyruvate. These results were interpreted as a confirmation of the presence of a low AcCoA synthetase activity in the nerve terminals. To reconcile all these data, it is proposed that pyruvate is transformed into AcCoA outside the mitochondria by the action of some cytoplasmic pyruvate dehydrogenase-like enzyme.
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Csillik B. Synaptochemistry of acetylcholine metabolism in a cholinergic neuron. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1975; 18:69-140. [PMID: 173665 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(08)60034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Tucek S, Cheng SC. Provenance of the acetyl group of acetylcholine and compartmentation of acetyl-CoA and Krebs cycle intermediates in the brain in vivo. J Neurochem 1974; 22:893-914. [PMID: 4853931 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1974.tb04314.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Szutowicz A, Stepień M, Angielski S. The inhibition of rat brain ATP: citrate oxaloacetate-lyase by L-glutamate. J Neurochem 1974; 22:85-91. [PMID: 4818875 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1974.tb12182.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Heinrich CP, Stadler H, Weiser H. The effect of thiamine deficiency on the acetylcoenzyme A and acetylcholine levels in the rat brain. J Neurochem 1973; 21:1273-81. [PMID: 4761708 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1973.tb07581.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Lefresne P, Guyenet P, Glowinski J. Acetylcholine synthesis from (2- 14 C)pyruvate in rat striatal slices. J Neurochem 1973; 20:1083-97. [PMID: 4697871 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1973.tb00079.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Sacchi O, Perri V. Quantal mechanism of transmitter release during progressive depletion of the presynaptic stores at a ganglionic synapse. The action of hemicholinium-3 and thiamine deprivation. J Gen Physiol 1973; 61:342-60. [PMID: 4689622 PMCID: PMC2203453 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.61.3.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present experiments we interfered with the mechanism of acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis in the rat superior cervical ganglion by impairing the supply of either the choline group (hemicholinium no. 3 [HC-3]treatment) or the acetyl group (thiamine deprivation). Under both conditions stimulation causes in the ganglion a progressive decline in ACh output associated with a depletion of transmitter tissue content. ACh release from the terminals of a single preganglionic fiber was estimated from the quantum content value of the evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP's) recorded intracellularly in the ganglion neuron under test. The present observations indicate that Poisson statistics describe transmitter release at either low or high release levels. Furthermore, the progressive decline in the rate of ACh output occurring during repetitive stimulation is shown to correspond to a progressive decrease in the number of transmitter quanta released per impulse and not to any modification in the size of individual quanta. Some 8,000 transmitter quanta proved to represent the presynaptic transmitter store initially present in those terminals on a neuron that are activated by stimulation of a single preganglionic fiber. Speculations are considered about synaptic efficacy and nerve connections in rat autonomic ganglia. It is suggested that six preganglionic fibers represent the mean input to a ganglion neuron.
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White HL, Wu JC. Kinetics of choline acetyltransferases (EC 2.3.1.6) from human and other mammalian central and peripheral nervous tissues. J Neurochem 1973; 20:297-307. [PMID: 4698281 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1973.tb12129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Cheng SC. Pyruvate metabolism in the lobster nerve as affected by the partial pressure of carbon dioxide: observations on the synthesis of acetylcholine and on metabolic compartmentation. J Neurochem 1972; 19:461-71. [PMID: 4334500 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1972.tb01355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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