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Postnatal development of rat cerebellum: Glycosaminoglycan changes related to variation in water content, cell formation and organ growth. Int J Dev Neurosci 2003; 3:245-56. [DOI: 10.1016/0736-5748(85)90029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/1984] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Normand G, Vitiello F, Clos J, Gombos G. Developing rat cerebellum--II. Effects of abnormal thyroid states and undernutrition on hyaluronic acid. Int J Dev Neurosci 1989; 7:329-34. [PMID: 2773668 DOI: 10.1016/0736-5748(89)90054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The early postnatal pattern of hyaluronic acid (HA) deposition in rat cerebellum is affected by thyroid deficiency, thyroxine treatment and undernutrition. The modification of HA ontogenesis apparently reflects the smaller number of cells formed in undernourished rats, or alterations of cell maturation (accelerated in thyroxine-treated and slowed down in thyroid-deficient rats). The developmentally regulated loss of tissue water is also affected in the three conditions; this can be correlated with the roughly simultaneous disappearance of extracellular, but not of total, HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Normand
- Institut de Chimie Biologique de la Faculté de Médecine, Université Louis Pasteur, France
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Werz W, Schachner M. Adhesion of neural cells to extracellular matrix constituents. Involvement of glycosaminoglycans and cell adhesion molecules. Brain Res 1988; 471:225-34. [PMID: 3179750 DOI: 10.1016/0165-3806(88)90101-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Single cell suspensions of early postnatal mouse cerebellum adhere to substrate-bound culture supernatants of the teratocarcinoma cell line PF-HR9 and can be inhibited to adhere by antibodies to the neural cell adhesion molecules L1 and N-CAM. Adhesion can also be inhibited by the glycosaminoglycans heparin and heparan sulfate, and less by chondroitin sulfate or hyaluronic acid. Heparinase treatment of cells, but not of HR9 substrate, reduces adhesion. Adhesion does not appear to be mediated by laminin, a constituent of HR9 extracellular matrix, since L1 and N-CAM antibodies do not interfere with cell adhesion on EHS sarcoma laminin as substrate and since antibodies to EHS sarcoma laminin partially inhibit adhesion to HR9 extracellular matrix which contains laminin. Of the other extracellular matrix constituents analysed in HR9 culture supernatants (collagen type IV, a heparan sulfate proteoglycan and fibronectin) none could be shown to promote adhesion, when coated as substrate, suggesting that yet unidentified compounds are responsible for L1- or N-CAM-mediated cell adhesion. These experiments show for the first time that extracellular matrix constituents can act as binding partners for the neural cell adhesion molecules L1 and N-CAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Werz
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Heidelberg, F.R.G
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Isolation and characterization of the heparan sulfate proteoglycans of brain. Use of affinity chromatography on lipoprotein lipase-agarose. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)89234-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Werz W, Fischer G, Schachner M. Glycosaminoglycans of rat cerebellum: I. Quantitative analysis of the main constituents at postnatal day 6. J Neurochem 1985; 44:900-6. [PMID: 3919153 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1985.tb12901.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Isolated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were quantified biochemically in the cerebella of 6-day-old rats. 14C-Labeled hyaluronic acid (HA) and chondroitin-4-sulfate (C-4-S), added prior to isolation of GAGs from tissue, served as internal standards to allow correction for unknown losses during the purification procedure and exact quantification of GAGs in the intact tissue. Three main constituents--HA, chondroitin sulfate (CS), and heparan sulfate (HS)--were found at concentrations of 1.82, 1.52, and 0.76 micrograms/mg protein amounting to 44%, 37%, and 19% of the total GAG fraction, respectively. Incorporation of [3H]glucosamine precursor into GAGs was higher for HS (56% of incorporated precursor) and lower for HA (29%) and CS (15%). The specific activities of individual GAGs were 64.7 nCi/micrograms for HS, 14.2 for HA, and 8.3 for CS.
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Bertolotto A, Magrassi ML. Cellulose acetate electrophoresis of glycosaminoglycans in the central nervous system. Electrophoresis 1984. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150050207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Alvarado MV, Castejón HV. Histochemical demonstration of cytoplasmic glycosaminoglycans in the macroneurons of the human central nervous system. J Neurosci Res 1984; 11:13-26. [PMID: 6708130 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490110103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The presence of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) has been histochemically demonstrated in the CNS of various mammalian species. They have been related with some nerve functions as neurotransmitters storage and synaptic transmission. In the present paper, the histochemical properties of nerve cell cytoplasmic GAG were studied in several regions of adult human CNS. Samples of brain cortex, pons, upper medulla, and cerebellar cortex obtained by autopsy from subjects not dying after neurological diseases were fixed by immersion in glutaraldehyde, dehydrated with ethanol, and embedded in paraffin. The sections were stained with Alcian blue solutions adjusted to pH 2.5, 4.0, and 5.7. To the latter solution MgCl2 was added in increasing concentration from 0.05 to 1.2 M. Testicular hyaluronidase, neuraminidase, and ribonuclease were applied on simultaneous sections with their respective controls. The sequence of these reactions allowed us to demonstrate the presence of hyaluronic acid along chondroitin-4- and/or 6-sulphate in the cytoplasm of most nerve cells. The sulphated GAG showed certain variability in the various regions studied related specially with their grade of sulphation.
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Bertolotto A, Giordana MT, Magrassi ML, Mauro A, Schiffer D. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in human cerebral tumors. Part 1. Biochemical findings. Acta Neuropathol 1982; 58:115-9. [PMID: 6817587 DOI: 10.1007/bf00691651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Cells selected for high tumorigenicity or transformed by simian virus 40 synthesize heparan sulfate with reduced degree of sulfation. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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White CJ, Appleby JA. The influence of pre- and perinatal malnutrition on sulphated glycosaminoglycans in rat brain. RESEARCH IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR DIE GESAMTE EXPERIMENTELLE MEDIZIN EINSCHLIESSLICH EXPERIMENTELLER CHIRURGIE 1979; 174:153-8. [PMID: 424655 DOI: 10.1007/bf01851327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pre- and perinatal malnutrition of rats was achieved by restricting the intake of food to 50% during lactation and pregnancy. After 40 days offspring were injected with Na2(35)SO4 before being killed. Lipid-free brain material was now hydrolysed with papain and glycosaminoglycan samples chromatographed on DEAE-cellulose. After chemical characterisation studies 2.5 times more chondroitin sulphate was detected in tissue from the ill-fed animals. Little variation in heparan sulphate content was observed. The marked increase in the concentration as well as qualitative changes in sulphated glycosaminoglycans during pre- and perinatal malnutrition as compared to the normal are discussed in relation to brain maturation.
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Glimelius B, Norling B, Westermark B, Wasteson A. Composition and distribution of glycosaminoglycans in cultures of human normal and malignant glial cells. Biochem J 1978; 172:443-56. [PMID: 687354 PMCID: PMC1185718 DOI: 10.1042/bj1720443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The glycosaminoglycans of human cultured normal glial and malignant glioma cells were studied. [35S]Sulphate or [3H]glucosamine added to the culture medium was incorporated into glycosaminoglycans; labelled glycosaminoglycans were isolated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography or gel chromatography. A simple procedure was developed for measurement of individual sulphated glycosaminoglycans in cell-culture fluids. In normal cultures the glycosaminoglycans of the pericellular pool (trypsin-susceptible material), the membrane fraction (trypsin-susceptible material of EDTA-detached cells) and the substrate-attached material consisted mainly of heparan sulphate. The intra- and extra-cellular pools showed a predominance of dermatan sulphate. The net production of hyaluronic acid was low. The accumulation of 35S-labelled glycosaminoglycans in the extracellular pool was essentially linear with time up to 72h. The malignant glioma cells differed in most aspects tested. The total production of glycosaminoglycans was much greater owing to a high production of hyaluronic acid and hyaluronic acid was the major cell-surface-associated glycosaminoglycan in these cultures. Among the sulphated glycosaminoglycans chondroitin sulphate, rather than heparan sulphate, was the predominant species of the pericellular pool. This was also true for the membrane fraction and substrate-attached material. Furthermore, the accumulation of extracellular 35S-labelled glycosaminoglycans was initially delayed for several hours and did not become linear with time until after 24 h of incubation. The glioma cells produced little dermatan sulphate and the dermatan sulphate chains differed from those of normal cultures with respect to the distribution of iduronic acid residues. The observed differences between normal glial and malignant glioma cells were not dependent on cell density; rather they were due to the malignant transformation itself.
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Allen WS, Otterbein EC, Wardi AH. Isolation and characterization of the sulfated glycosaminoglycans of the vitreous body. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 498:167-75. [PMID: 884145 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(77)90097-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ester sulfate containing glycosaminoglycans comprising approx. 3% of the total glycosaminoglycan content, have been isolated from protease-digested bovine vitreous body by stepwise fractionation on AG-1X2(Cl-) and gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-300. Two heparan sulfate and two chondroitin-4-sulfate fractions were isolated in nearly pure form. The heparan sulfate fractions were undersulfated and contained the same relative proportions of N- and O-sulfate (1:2), although the total sulfate content differed by approx. 100%. No chondroitin-6-sulfate was present in the isolates, based on evidence obtained from chondroitin ABC lyase experiments.
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Cifonelli JA, King JA. Structural characteristics of heparan sulfates with varying sulfate contents. Biochemistry 1977; 16:2137-41. [PMID: 140700 DOI: 10.1021/bi00629a014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Structural properties of heparan sulfate preparations from hog mucosa and beef lung sources were obtained by application of Smith degradation and nitrous acid reactions. Products formed by these reactions indicated that most of the iduronic acid present in these mucopolysaccharides is ester sulfated, whereas N-sulfated glucosamine residues are ester sulfated much less frequently. Repeating units with sulfated iduronic acid found to occur almost entirely in single sequences. Futhermore, the iduronic acid moieties may be bound to either N-acetylated or N-sulfated glucosamine units, with these occuring at either end of the uronic acid unit.
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Margolis RK, Crockett CP, Kiang WL, Margolis RU. Glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins associated with rat brain nuclei. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 451:465-9. [PMID: 999866 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(76)90141-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The concentration, composition and sulfate labeling of glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins have been studied in purified nuclei isolated in bulk from rat brain. The concentration of total glycosaminoglycans is 0.142 mumol hexosamine/100 mg protein, comprising 57% chondroitin 4-sulfate, 7% chondroitin 6-sulfate, 29% hyaluronic acid and 7% heparan sulfate. Control experiments demonstrated that less than 5% of the sulfated glycosaminoglycans associated with nuclei could be accounted for by the nonspecific adsorption of soluble acidic proteoglycans to basic nuclear proteins. Glycoprotein carbohydrate is present at a level of 206 mug/100 mg protein, and has an average composition of 30% N-acetylglucosamine, 29% mannose, 19% N-acetylneuraminic acid, 15% galactose, 4% N-acetylgalactosamine, and 3% fucose. Labeling studies also indicated the presence of ester sulfate residues on the glycoprotein oligosaccharides.
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Fluharty AL, Davis ML, Trammell DJ, Stevens RL, Kihara H. Mucopolysaccharides synthesized by cultured glial cells derived from a patient with Sanfilippo A syndrome. J Neurochem 1975; 25:429-35. [PMID: 125314 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1975.tb04345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Margolis RU, Margolis RK. Isolation of chondroitin sulfate and glycopeptides from chromaffin granules of adrenal medulla. Biochem Pharmacol 1973; 22:2195-7. [PMID: 4270152 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(73)90118-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Margolis RU, Margolis RK, Atherton DM. Carbohydrate-peptide linkages in glycoproteins and mucopolysaccharides from brain. J Neurochem 1972; 19:2317-24. [PMID: 4266837 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1972.tb01285.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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