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Ortiz-Ramírez JA, Cuéllar-Cruz M, López-Romero E. Cell compensatory responses of fungi to damage of the cell wall induced by Calcofluor White and Congo Red with emphasis on Sporothrix schenckii and Sporothrix globosa. A review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:976924. [PMID: 36211971 PMCID: PMC9539796 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.976924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell wall (CW) of fungi exhibits a complex structure and a characteristic chemical composition consisting almost entirely of interacting crystalline and amorphous polysaccharides. These are synthesized by a number of sugar polymerases and depolymerases encoded by a high proportion of the fungal genome (for instance, 20% in Saccharomyces cerevisiae). These enzymes act in an exquisitely coordinated process to assemble the tridimensional and the functional structure of the wall. Apart from playing a critical role in morphogenesis, cell protection, viability and pathogenesis, the CW represents a potential target for antifungals as most of its constituents do not exist in humans. Chitin, β-glucans and cellulose are the most frequent crystalline polymers found in the fungal CW. The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) is critical for CW elaboration. Also known as the Leloir pathway, this pathway ends with the formation of UDP-N-GlcNAc after four enzymatic steps that start with fructose-6-phosphate and L-glutamine in a short deviation of glycolysis. This activated aminosugar is used for the synthesis of a large variety of biomacromolecules in a vast number of organisms including bacteria, fungi, insects, crustaceans and mammalian cells. The first reaction of the HBP is catalyzed by GlcN-6-P synthase (L-glutamine:D-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase; EC 2.6.1.16), a critical enzyme that has been considered as a potential target for antifungals. The enzyme regulates the amount of cell UDP-N-GlcNAc and in eukaryotes is feedback inhibited by the activated aminosugar and other factors. The native and recombinant forms of GlcN-6-P synthase has been purified and characterized from both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms and demonstrated its critical role in CW remodeling and morphogenesis after exposure of some fungi to agents that stress the cell surface by interacting with wall polymers. This review deals with some of the cell compensatory responses of fungi to wall damage induced by Congo Red and Calcofluor White.
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Maes E, Sadovskaya I, Lévêque M, Elass-Rochard E, Payré B, Grard T, Théodorou V, Guérardel Y, Mercier-Bonin M. Structure and biological activities of a hexosamine-rich cell wall polysaccharide isolated from the probiotic Lactobacillus farciminis. Glycoconj J 2019; 36:39-55. [PMID: 30637506 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-018-09854-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacillus farciminis CIP 103136 is a bacterial strain with recognized probiotic properties. However, the mechanisms underlying such properties have only been partially elucidated. In this study, we isolated and purified a cell-wall associated polysaccharide (CWPS), and evaluated its biological role in vitro. The structure of CWPS and responses from stimulation of (i) human macrophage-like THP-1 cells, (ii) human embryonal kidney (HEK293) cells stably transfected with Toll-like receptors (TLR2 or TLR4) and (iii) human colonocyte-like T84 intestinal epithelial cells, upon exposure to CWPS were studied. The structure of the purified CWPS from L. farciminis CIP 103136 was analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), MALDI-TOF-TOF MS, and methylation analyses in its native form and following Smith degradation. It was shown to be a novel branched polysaccharide, composed of linear backbone of trisaccharide repeating units of: [→6αGlcpNAc1 → 4βManpNAc1 → 4βGlcpNAc1→] highly substituted with single residues of αGlcp, αGalp and αGlcpNAc. Subsequently, the lack of pro- or anti-inflammatory properties of CWPS was established on macrophage-like THP-1 cells. In addition, CWPS failed to modulate cell signaling pathways dependent of TLR2 and TLR4 in transfected HEK-cells. Finally, in T84 cells, CWPS neither influenced intestinal barrier integrity under basal conditions nor prevented TNF-α/IFN-γ cytokine-mediated epithelium impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Maes
- CNRS UMR 8576, UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Univ Lille, 59 000, Lille, France
| | - Irina Sadovskaya
- Equipe Biochimie des Produits Aquatiques BPA, Institut Régional Charles Violette EA 7394, USC Anses-ULCO, Université du Littoral-Côte d'Opale, Bassin Napoléon, 62327, Boulogne-sur-mer cedex, France
| | - Mathilde Lévêque
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Elisabeth Elass-Rochard
- CNRS UMR 8576, UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Univ Lille, 59 000, Lille, France
| | - Bruno Payré
- Faculté de Médecine Rangueil, Centre de Microscopie Electronique Appliquée à la Biologie (CMEAB), Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Thierry Grard
- Equipe Biochimie des Produits Aquatiques BPA, Institut Régional Charles Violette EA 7394, USC Anses-ULCO, Université du Littoral-Côte d'Opale, Bassin Napoléon, 62327, Boulogne-sur-mer cedex, France
| | - Vassilia Théodorou
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Yann Guérardel
- CNRS UMR 8576, UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Univ Lille, 59 000, Lille, France
| | - Muriel Mercier-Bonin
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
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Guruvayoorappan C, Kuttan G. Effect of Amentoflavone on the Inhibition of Pulmonary Metastasis Induced by B16F-10 Melanoma Cells in C57BL/6 Mice. Integr Cancer Ther 2016; 6:185-97. [PMID: 17548797 DOI: 10.1177/1534735407302345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was an investigation of the antimetastatic activity of amentoflavone using B16F-10 melanoma—induced experimental lung metastasis in C57BL/6 mice. Amentoflavone treatment significantly reduced tumor nodule formation accompanied by reduced lung collagen hydroxyproline, hexosamine, and uronic acid levels. Serum sialic acid and γglutamyl transpeptidase levels were also significantly inhibited after amentoflavone treatment. Amentoflavone treatment up-regulated the lung tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-1 and tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-2 expression. The cytokine profile and growth factors such as interleukin-1β , interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, granulocyte monocyte— colony stimulating factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukin-2, and tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-1 in the serum of these animals were markedly altered after amentoflavone treatment. This altered level of cytokines after amentoflavone treatment was also accompanied by enhanced natural killer cell antibody—dependent cellular cytotoxicity. The study reveals that amentoflavone treatment could alter proinflammatory cytokine production and could inhibit the activation and nuclear translocation of p65, p50, c-Rel subunits of nuclear factor—κB, and other transcription factors such as c-fos, activated transcription factor—2, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element—binding protein in B16F-10 melanoma cells.
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Wang H, Gauthier M, Kelly JR, Miller RJ, Xu M, O'Brien WD, Cheng J. Targeted Ultrasound-Assisted Cancer-Selective Chemical Labeling and Subsequent Cancer Imaging using Click Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:5452-6. [PMID: 27010510 PMCID: PMC4918225 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201509601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic sugar labeling followed by the use of reagent-free click chemistry is an established technique for in vitro cell targeting. However, selective metabolic labeling of the target tissues in vivo remains a challenge to overcome, which has prohibited the use of this technique for targeted in vivo applications. Herein, we report the use of targeted ultrasound pulses to induce the release of tetraacetyl N-azidoacetylmannosamine (Ac4 ManAz) from microbubbles (MBs) and its metabolic expression in the cancer area. Ac4 ManAz-loaded MBs showed great stability under physiological conditions, but rapidly collapsed in the presence of tumor-localized ultrasound pulses. The released Ac4 ManAz from MBs was able to label 4T1 tumor cells with azido groups and significantly improved the tumor accumulation of dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO)-Cy5 by subsequent click chemistry. We demonstrated for the first time that Ac4 ManAz-loaded MBs coupled with the use of targeted ultrasound could be a simple but powerful tool for in vivo cancer-selective labeling and targeted cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - Marianne Gauthier
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jamie R Kelly
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Rita J Miller
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - William D O'Brien
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA.
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Abdel Rahman AM, Pawling J, Ryczko M, Caudy AA, Dennis JW. Targeted metabolomics in cultured cells and tissues by mass spectrometry: method development and validation. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 845:53-61. [PMID: 25201272 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics is the identification and quantitation of small bio-molecules (metabolites) in biological samples under various environmental and genetic conditions. Mass spectrometry provides the unique opportunity for targeted identification and quantification of known metabolites by selective reaction monitoring (SRM). However, reproducibility of this approach depends on careful consideration of sample preparation, chemical classes, and stability of metabolites to be evaluated. Herein, we introduce and validate a targeted metabolite profiling workflow for cultured cells and tissues by liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. The method requires a one-step extraction of water-soluble metabolites and targeted analysis of central metabolites that include glycolysis, amino acids, nucleotides, citric acid cycle, and the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway. The sensitivity, reproducibility and molecular stability of each targeted metabolite were assessed under experimental conditions. Quantitation of metabolites by peak area ratio was linear with a dilution over a 4 fold dynamic range with minimal deviation R(2)=0.98. Inter- and intra-day precision with cells and tissues had an average coefficient of variation <15% for cultured cell lines, and somewhat higher for mouse liver tissues. The method applied in triplicate measurements readily distinguished immortalized cells from malignant cells, as well as mouse littermates based on their hepatic metabolic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas M Abdel Rahman
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue R988, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Judy Pawling
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue R988, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Michael Ryczko
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue R988, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Amy A Caudy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Canada; The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - James W Dennis
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue R988, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Toronto, Canada.
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Hofstad T. An anaerobic oral filamentous organism possibly related to Leptotrichia buccalis. 2. Composition of cell walls. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 2009; 70:461-8. [PMID: 6083389 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1967.tb01314.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Hofstad T, Kristoffersen T. Preparation and chemical characteristics of endotoxic lipopolysaccharide from three strains of Sphaerophorus necrophorus. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand B Microbiol Immunol 2009; 79:385-90. [PMID: 4997133 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1971.tb00077.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Hofstad T, Kristoffersen T. Lipopolysaccharide from Bacteroides melaninogenicus isolated from the supernatant fluid after ultracentrifugation of the water phase following phenol-water extraction. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand B Microbiol Immunol 2009; 79:12-8. [PMID: 5280416 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1971.tb00027.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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van Eijk HG, van Dijk JP, van Noort WL, Leijnse B, Monfoort CH. Isolation and analysis of transferrins from different species. Scand J Haematol 2009; 9:267-70. [PMID: 4626631 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1972.tb00939.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Lorenzen I. The effects of the glucocorticoids on connective tissue. Acta Med Scand Suppl 2009; 500:17-21. [PMID: 4246863 DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1969.tb16718.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Abstract
A comparison is made of the four main components of an homozygous variant (A or D2D2) of bovine serum transferrin. These are designated I-IV in order of increasing mobility in electrophoresis at pH 7.5. Components I, II, III and IV have 2,2,3 and 3 residues of sialic acid per transferrin molecule and appear to correspond to components 2a, 2b, 3a and 3b respectively of Stratil & Spooner (1971). The difference between components I and II and between III and IV does not reside in sialic acid differences. On the basis of peptide maps of reduced carboxamidomethylated components, urea-starch gel electrophoresis and quantitative sequence studies, it is concluded that components II and IV have a scission in the peptide chain. By homology with the sequency of MacGillivray et al. (1977) for human serum transferrin it is suggested that the scission occurs between residues 55 and 54 from the C-terminus and this portion of the chain has a 'molecular' weight of ca. 6000. The implications are briefly discussed.
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Relander A. Carbohydrates in erythrocyte stroma. II. Thin layer chromatographic study of acid hydrolysates of human, bovine, pig and horse erythrocyte stroma. Scand J Haematol 2009; 5:321-4. [PMID: 5707209 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1968.tb01754.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Abstract
Five subfractions were isolated on DEAE-cellulose from samples of a commercially available human transferrin preparation and their carbohydrate composition was analysed. Hexosamine, galactose and total hexose were determined in four subfractions and sialic acid in all five. The data obtained indicate that the excess number of electrophoretic bands observed in transferrin from this source is due to the loss of carbohydrates which only affects sialic acid and none of the other sugar types. The availability of the penultimate galactose residues as the terminal residues in the subfractions deficient in sialic acid was also confirmed by a biological test utilizing the rat liver. The reason for the gradual loss of sialic acid from transferrin is unknown. Freezing-thawing and lyophilization did not detectably affect the sialic acid content of purified transferrin. However, free sialic acid did appear in some preparations on storage. It is concluded that similar changes in the carbohydrate composition of other plasma glycoproteins before, during, or after purification can be expected to exert an adverse effect on their usefulness as metabolic tracers.
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Abstract
A simple and valid thin-layer chromatographic method for the separation and quantitative determination of valienamine and validamine is described. The two compounds are separated using a Silica gel G plate as the stationary phase and a mixture of 1-PrOH-AcOH-H2O (4:1:1, v/v/v) as the mobile phase. The plate is developed for 1 h at 25 degrees C and dried by a hairdrier, then immersed in 0.1% ninhydrin aqueous solution and heated for 5 min at 121 degrees C. The reacted spots are scanned with a single wavelength at 420 nm in the measurement mode of absorption. The limits of detection of the two compounds are both 0.4 microg. The responses of the densitometry are highly correlated with the amounts of valienamine and validamine in the range of 0.4-2.8 pg. Moreover, the method shows good accuracy and high precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ping Xue
- Institute of Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
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Rajasekar P, Balasaraswathi K, Anuradha CV. Effects of L-carnitine on RBC membrane composition and function in hyperinsulinemic rats. Ital J Biochem 2007; 56:53-60. [PMID: 17511355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of L-carnitine (CA) on the susceptibility of erythrocyte (RBC) to peroxide-induced lipid oxidation, RBC membrane composition, ATPases activity and oxidative stress in fructose-fed hyperinsulinemic rats. The rats were subjected to experimental hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia by feeding a high fructose diet (60 g/100 g) for 6 weeks. The rats showed significant alterations in the RBC membrane composition. The protein content was lower than control animals, while cholesterol, phospholipids and free fatty acids were higher in fructose-fed animals. Significant differences in the total carbohydrate and relative proportions of hexose, hexosamine, sialic acid and fucose of membranes were observed. In these rats, membrane-bound ATPases (total ATPase, Na+, K+ ATPase, Mg2+ and Ca2+ ATPases) were significantly lower while thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and lipid hydroperoxides (LHP) in RBC membrane were significantly higher than those of control rats. The red cells were more susceptible to peroxide-induced oxidative stress that correlated with reduced levels of vitamin E found RBC membrane. When fructose-diet fed rats were treated simultaneously with CA (300 mg/kg b.w/day, i.p.), such alterations in membrane composition and enzyme activities did not occur. Effects of fructose loading on lipid peroxidation was also alleviated by CA. These findings suggest that high levels of dietary fructose is detrimental to RBC membrane integrity and that CA may have membrane stabilizing effects in this diet-induced model of type 2-diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rajasekar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India
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Jiménez I, Fierro R, González-Márquez H, Mendoza-Hernández G, Romo S, Betancourt M. Carbohydrate affinity chromatography indicates that arylsulfatase-A from capacitated boar sperm has mannose and N-acetylglucosamine/sialic acid residues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 52:455-62. [PMID: 17050327 DOI: 10.1080/01485010600694690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate residues on membrane proteins from sperm are important in gamete interaction. In recent years, Arylsulfatase A (AS-A) has been acquiring an important role from the various putative gamete interaction responsibles in sperm. The aim of this study was to determine if the capacitated boar sperm Arylsulfatase-A (AS-A), contains D-mannose, N-acetylglucosamine and/or sialic acid residues by its purification using affinity chromatography with Concanavalia ensiformis Agglutinin(Con-A) or Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA) as ligands. Sperm samples were capacitated in TALP-HEPES medium. Protein extract was added to the affinity columns. Sequencing of retained proteins was done after SDS-PAGE. Total capacitated sperm proteins electrophoresis showed molecular masses between 14 kDa and 102 kDa. A major band of 68 kDa, and 2 minor bands of 52 kDa and 47 kDa were observed. They were AS-A, hyaluronidase and lactadherin, respectively. The Con-A-retained proteins (RP) pattern showed bands from 14 to 98 kDa. After sequencing and BLAST analysis, the 62 kDa band corresponded to Arylsulfatase-A. The WGA RP fraction showed bands from 14 to 100 kDa. The 65 kDa band corresponded to AS-A. This study showed that AS-A has mannose, N-acetylglucosamine and/or sialic acid residues as part of its glycosilation. In this study AS-A was isolated from boar capacitated sperm by affinity chromatography using separately Con-A and WGA, indicating that there are mannose, N-acetylglucosamine and/or sialic acid residues in its glycosilation. AS-A is a membrane protein of capacitated sperm. Further investigation is needed to fully characterize the glycosidic residues bore by AS-A and to determine its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Jiménez
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, México
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Senthilnathan P, Padmavathi R, Magesh V, Sakthisekaran D. Chemotherapeutic efficacy of paclitaxel in combination with Withania somnifera on benzo(a)pyrene-induced experimental lung cancer. Cancer Sci 2006; 97:658-64. [PMID: 16827807 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2006.00224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death in the world and is notoriously difficult to treat effectively. In the present study, male Swiss albino mice were divided into five groups of six animals each: group I animals received corn oil orally and served as a control; group II cancer-induced animals received benzo(a)pyrene (50 mg/kg bodyweight dissolved in corn oil, orally) twice weekly for four successive weeks; group III cancer-bearing animals (after 12 weeks of induction) were treated with paclitaxel (33 mg/kg bodyweight, i.p.) once weekly for 4 weeks; group IV cancer-bearing animals were treated with paclitaxel along with Withania somnifera (400 mg/kg bodyweight) orally once weekly for 4 weeks; and group V animals constituted the drug control treated with paclitaxel along with W. somnifera. The serum, lung and liver were investigated biochemically for aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, 5'-nucleotidase, lactate dehydrogenase and protein-bound carbohydrate components (hexose, hexosamine and sialic acid). These enzyme activities were increased significantly in cancer-bearing animals compared with control animals. The elevation of these in cancer-bearing animals was indicative of the persistent deteriorating effect of benzo(a)pyrene in cancer-bearing animals. Our data suggest that paclitaxel, administered with W. somnifera, may extend its chemotherapeutic effect through modulating protein-bound carbohydrate levels and marker enzymes, as they are indicators of cancer. The combination of paclitaxel with W. somnifera could effectively treat the benzo(a)pyrene-induced lung cancer in mice by offering protection from reactive oxygen species damage and also by suppressing cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palaniyandi Senthilnathan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, ALM Postgraduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai 600-113, India
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Malhotra R, Singh B. Ethanol-induced changes in glycolipids of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2006; 128:205-13. [PMID: 16632881 DOI: 10.1385/abab:128:3:205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2005] [Revised: 09/07/2005] [Accepted: 09/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Total glycolipid content of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells increased in ethanol-treated yeast cells. Sialic acid and hexosamine contents of glycolipids from ethanol-treated cells decreased, whereas those of hexoses increased. Increased sialidase activity in the presence of ethanol may be responsible for the decrease in sialic acid content of glycolipids. The saccharide moieties of glycolipids of S. cerevisiae consisted of fucose, mannose, galactose, and glucose. Ethanol treatment of yeast cells caused an increase in glucose and a decrease in galactose content of glycolipids. The changes in glucose content can be related to changes in beta-glucosidase activity under alcohol stress. The content of cerebrosides, sulfatides, and monoglucosyldiglycerides was enhanced following ethanol treatment. An increase in cerebroside as well as in sulfatide content during alcohol stress might play an important role in stabilizing the membrane both physically and structurally. Such variations in glycolipid content and composition of S. cerevisiae cells may represent an adaptive response to ethanol stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka Malhotra
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India 143005.
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Gupta A, Kumar R, Pal K, Singh V, Banerjee PK, Sawhney RC. Influence of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) flavone on dermal wound healing in rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 290:193-8. [PMID: 16633732 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-006-9187-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2005] [Accepted: 03/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present investigation was undertaken to determine the efficacy of topical administration of flavone of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) on cutaneous wound healing in rats. Four full-thickness excision wounds were created on the back of rat and 1.0% w/v flavone prepared in propylene glycol was applied topically. Control animals received the vehicle alone in an identical manner. The healing of the wound was assessed by the rate of wound contraction, period of epithelialization, hydroxyproline, hexosamine, antioxidants estimation and histopathology of the granulation tissue. The sea buckthorn flavone promoted the wound healing activity as indicated by improved rate of wound contraction, decreased time taken for epithelialization (16.3 days versus 24.8 days in controls) and significant increase in hydroxyproline (26.0%) and hexosamine (30.0%) content. These findings were also confirmed by histopathological examinations. In addition, it was observed that sea buckthorn flavone possesses potent antioxidant properties as evidenced by significant increase in reduced glutathione (55.0%), vitamin C (70.0%) and catalase (20.0%) activities in wound granulation tissue. The flavone treatment also resulted in significant decrease in lipid peroxide levels (39.0%). The results suggest that the sea buckthorn flavone promotes wound healing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asheesh Gupta
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India.
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Jang JH, Hia HC, Ike M, Inoue C, Fujita M, Yoshida T. Acid hydrolysis and quantitative determination of total hexosamines of an exopolysaccharide produced by Citrobacter sp. Biotechnol Lett 2005; 27:13-8. [PMID: 15685413 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-004-6305-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2004] [Accepted: 11/04/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
During the hydrolysis of an exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by Citrobacter sp., the maximum liberation of hexosamine was obtained with 6 M HCl at 115 degrees C in an autoclave for 1 h. The glycosidic bond energy and degree of acetylation of the hexosamine in EPS were approximately 77 kJ mol(-1) and 61%, respectively. Thermal destruction of the hexosamines and the effect of salt on the hexosamine determination could be minimized under the optimized hydrolytic conditions. Using a modified Elson-Morgan method, maximum total hexosamine concentration was determined to be 3.2 g l(-1) (29% of crude EPS) after 96 h of fed-batch culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ho Jang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Japan.
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Chen X, Zheng Y, Shen Y. Quantitative analysis of valienamine in the microbial degradation of validamycin A after derivatization with p-nitrofluorobenzene by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 824:341-7. [PMID: 16095986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2005] [Revised: 07/25/2005] [Accepted: 07/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for the quantitative analysis of valienamine in the microbial degradation of validamycin A, using a procedure for pre-column derivatization of valienamine with p-nitrofluorobenzene is described. Valienamine in the broth was first isolated with the ion-exchange method. The optimized conditions for the derivatization were the reaction time 30 min and reaction temperature 100 degrees C. With the mobile phases consisting of acetonitrile-water (12:88) (eluent A) and methanol (eluent B), the gradient was carried out with 100% of A for 15 min and then 100% of B for another 10 min. The parameters in the process were the flow rate of the mobile phase 1.0 ml/min, the injection volume 20 microl, the column temperature 40 degrees C and wavelength of ultraviolet detection 398 nm in all runs. A good linearity was found in the range of 0.5-150.0 microg/ml. Both intra- and inter-day precisions of valienamine, expressed as the relative standard deviation, were less than 9.4%. Accuracy, expressed as the relative error, range from -0.5 to 2.7%. The mean absolute recovery of valienamine at three different concentrations was 94.2%. The method was proved suitable for the study on the process of microbial degradation of validamycin A to produce valienamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Chen
- Institute of Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, Zhejiang, PR China.
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24
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Abstract
An efficient synthesis of valienamine is described. Valienamine was synthesized starting from commercially available 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-D-glucose in nine steps, using ring-closing metathesis of (4S,5S,6S)-4,5,6-tribenzyloxy-7-(benzyloxymethyl)octa-1,7-dien-3-ol as a key step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Kil Chang
- Center for Bioactive Molecular Hybrids and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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Abstract
This review provides a chronological survey of over fifty fluorescent chemosensors for carbohydrates from the period between 1992 to the present. The survey contains only those sensors that are synthetic or chemosensory, utilize boronic acids and display a fluorescence response in the form of intensity changes or shifts in wavelength. With each compound listed, a description of the saccharide probe is given with regard to concentration, excitation and emission wavelengths, pH and solvent mixture proportions. In addition, the selectivity of each chemosensor is provided as well as the trends in binding constants. Where possible, a description of the fluorescence signaling mechanism is given as well as commentary on the probe's unique features within this class of sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haishi Cao
- New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, USA
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26
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Rogalski JC, Kast J. Specific detection of O-linked N-acetylhexosamine modified peptides using multiple precursor ion scans. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2005; 19:77-78. [PMID: 15573367 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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Nagaveni V, Prabhakar S, Vairamani M. Differentiation of Underivatized Diastereomeric Hexosamine Monosaccharides and Their Quantification in a Mixture Using the Kinetic Method under Electrospray Ionization Conditions. Anal Chem 2004; 76:3505-9. [PMID: 15228317 DOI: 10.1021/ac049829c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A simple method to differentiate underivatized diastereomeric hexosamine monosaccharides, glucosamine, galactosamine, and mannosamine is reported by applying the kinetic method using N-acetylhexosamines or naturally occurring amino acids as reference bases under electrospray ionization conditions. The observed differences to distinguish the diastereomeric hexosamines are found mainly due to the proton affinity (PA) differences between the analyte and the reference base. The PA values of the hexosamines are not available in the literature, and hence, we estimated them by the kinetic method using N-acetylhexosamines as reference bases. The determined PA values are 223.97 kcal/mol for glucosamine, 224.99 kcal/mol for mannosamine, and 224.71 kcal/mol for galactosamine. The similar PA values were also obtained by using amino acids as reference bases. We have applied the same methodology to quantify these hexosamines in a mixture following the three-point calibration method suggested in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Nagaveni
- National Center for Mass Spectrometry, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007, India
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Gul A, Rahman MA. Changes in glycosylated proteins in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with and without cardiovascular complications. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2003; 12:277-81. [PMID: 14505990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to find the changes in glycoprotein composition in both diabetic and non-diabetic patients with and without cardiovascular complications. The study was carried out in Ziauddin Medical University Karachi, Pakistan. Eighty-three patients and control subjects were selected. Among them twenty-one were diabetic patients without any clinical evidence of chronic diabetic complications, twenty-one were diabetic patients with cardiovascular complications, twenty were non-diabetic patients with cardiovascular complications and twenty-one apparently normal, age, sex and weight matched control subjects were investigated. All these patients were selected on clinical grounds from National Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Karachi. Fasting plasma glucose was increased in all diabetic patients and correlated significantly with and without cardiovascular complications. Fasting plasma glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, glycosylated plasma proteins, serum fructosamine, sialic acid, hexosamine and total serum protein and its fractions were increased in diabetic patients with and without cardiovascular complications. Fasting plasma glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, glycosylated plasma proteins, serum fructosamine, sialic acid and hexosamine were not different in diabetic patients with cardiovascular complications and diabetic patients without chronic complications as compared with control subjects. In conclusion, fasting plasma glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, glycosylated plasma proteins, serum fructosamine, sialic acid, hexosamine and total serum proteins and its fractions were increased in diabetic patients with and without complications, but these parameters remained within normal limits in non-diabetic patients with cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjuman Gul
- Department of Biochemistry, Ziauddin Medical University, Shahrah-e- Ghalib, Clifton, Karachi, Pakistan 75600
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29
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Abstract
Human vitreous gel is a special type of extracellular matrix, in which interpenetrating networks of collagen fibrils and hyaluronan are found. In this study, we report that apart from significant amounts of collagen, hyaluronan and sialylated glycoproteins, it was found that the human vitreous gel also contained low amounts of versican-like proteoglycan. The concentration of versican-like proteoglycan in the whole vitreous is 0.06 mg protein/ml of vitreous gel and represents a small percentage (about 5%) of the total protein content. The versican-like proteoglycan has a molecular mass of 380 kDa, as estimated by gel chromatography. Its core protein is substituted by chondroitin sulphate side chains (average molecular weight 37 kDa), in which 6-sulphated disaccharides predominated. According to the physicochemical data, the number of chondroitin sulphate chains is likely to be 5-7 per molecule. These proteoglycan monomers form large aggregates with endogenous hyaluronan. Versican, which is able to bind lectins via its C-terminal region, may bridge or interconnect various constituents of the extracellular matrix via its terminal domains in order to stabilize large supramolecular complexes at the vitreous, contributing towards the integrity and specific properties of the tissue.
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30
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Tamegai H, Eguchi T, Kakinuma K. First identification of Streptomyces genes involved in the biosynthesis of 2-deoxystreptamine-containing aminoglycoside antibiotics--genetic and evolutionary analysis of L-glutamine:2-deoxy-scyllo-inosose aminotransferase genes. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2002; 55:1016-8. [PMID: 12546424 DOI: 10.7164/antibiotics.55.1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the influence of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on glycoprotein biosynthesis in portal hypertensive (PHT) gastric mucosa. Portal-vein ligation (PVL) for a period of 4 weeks was applied to 40 male Wistar rats to produce experimental portal hypertension. The rats were subdivided into four groups. Human EGF was administrated to these four groups of animals at a does of 0, 10, 25, and 50 microg/kg/day for 7 days. An additional group of 10 rats without PVL and EGF pretreatment was employed as a control. The severity of gross gastric mucosal lesions was evaluated macroscopically by a gross ulcer index. Glycoprotein biosynthesis of the gastric mucosa was determined by the incorporation rate of [(3)H]glucosamine. Quantitative changes of gastric mucosal hexosamines were also used for mucosal glycoproteins analyses. The gross mucosal damage was considerably greater in the PVL group without EGF pretreatment than in the EGF-pretreated groups (p <.05). The incorporation rate of [(3)H]glucosamine was significantly higher in the control group and the EGF-pretreated groups than in the PVL group without EGF pretreatment (p <.05). Moreover, the incorporation rate of [(3)H]glucosamine and the gastric mucosal hexosamine content were closely relevant to administration does of human EGF (p <.001). In addition, the reduction of glycoprotein biosynthesis was closely related to the increase in portal pressure (p =.001) and the severity of portal hypertensive gastropathy (p <.001). Our current study shows that the rate of incorporation of glucosamine is decreased in the PHT gastric mucosa and that EGF significantly stimulated glycoprotein synthesis in the PHT gastric mucosa. Accordingly, these findings may be helpful to explain the protective effect of EGF on the PHT gastric mucosa via increased glycoprotein biosynthesis in the stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Ming Chen
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University and Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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32
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Giuliani M, Antuzzi D, Lajolo C, Vitaioli L, Tommasoni D, Ricci R. Lysosomal glycosidases and their natural substrates in major salivary glands of hamsters treated with 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2002; 133:135-42. [PMID: 12223221 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(02)00120-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oro-maxillofacial diseases may influence structure and function of salivary glands. In this study, 32 hamsters were treated with topical application of 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) on the buccal pouch. After 16 weeks, the animals were killed and the major salivary glands extracted. The activities of some lysosomal glycosidases and their natural substrates were measured to understand how the carcinogenetic stress and the inflammatory reaction could influence the physiology of the salivary glands. Large differences were observed in lysosomal activities among treated and untreated animals. Similarly, large differences were shown in the concentration of natural substrates, including sialic acids. These results suggest that inflammation and/or tumors induce profound changes in the biology of the salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Giuliani
- Dental School, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, School of Dentistry, Largo A Gemelli 8, Rome, Italy.
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33
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Tsara ME, Theocharis AD, Theocharis DA. Compositional and structural alterations of proteoglycans in human rectum carcinoma with special reference to versican and decorin. Anticancer Res 2002; 22:2893-8. [PMID: 12530013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
This study indicated that human normal rectum (HNR) and human rectum carcinoma (HRC) contained three populations of proteoglycans (PGs). About 63% of the HNR PGs, in terms of uronic acid, were heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) of M(r) 500,000 with HS side-chains of M(r) 35,000. The other two populations were versican (29%) and decorin (8%) of M(r) 715,000 and 90,000, respectively, bearing mainly dermatan sulfate (DS) (73%) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) (27%) chains of M(r) 24-26,000 and 20-22,000, respectively. In contrast, in terms of uronic acid, HRC contained 2-fold amounts of PGs. The majority of these PGs (87%) were versican and decorin of lower hydrodynamic size (500,000 and 70,000, respectively) than in HNR, with CS as prominent GAG (70%) in both types of PG. The M(r) of CS and DS chains in these PGs was 12-14,000 and 14-16,000, respectively. The remaining portion (13%) of PG was HSPGs of lower hydrodynamic size (300,000) with smaller HS chains (29,000) than HSPGs of HNR. Moreover, the molar concentrations of versican and decorin estimated from PG-derived protein contents represented a significant, but disproportionate increase, about 5-fold and 8-fold, respectively. The sulfation pattern of rectum carcinoma-associated versican and decorin was significantly altered mainly in containing (62%) 6-sulfated disaccharides and a significant proportion (10%) of non-sulfated disaccharides. DS chains of the tumor-associated versican and decorin contained decreased amounts of iduronic acid. On the metabolic level, the abnormally high production of versican and decorin in this malignant tumor suggests a dramatic modification in their biosynthetic steps at both translational and posttranslational levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina E Tsara
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 261 10 Greece
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Parildar Z, Uslu R, Tanyalcin T, Doganavsargil E, Kutay F. The urinary excretion of glycosaminoglycans and heparan sulphate in lupus nephritis. Clin Rheumatol 2002; 21:284-8. [PMID: 12189454 DOI: 10.1007/s100670200075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Renal involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) affects the disease outcome. In order to advance the diagnosis and the initiation of therapy, non-invasive diagnostic techniques are required. In this study, urinary glycosaminoglycans (GAG) and heparan sulphate (HS) were measured in 26 patients with biopsy-proven lupus nephritis and compared to 16 healthy controls. Uronic acid as a representative of GAGs in urine was determined spectrophotometrically with the meta-hydroxydiphenyl, following acid treatment. HS was determined as hexosamine by the method of Smith and Gilkerson. The median values of GAG (3.99 mg/g crea./day) and HS (2.41 mg/g crea./day) in patients were significantly ( P = 0.001) higher than in the control group (1.98 and 0.87, respectively). There was a positive correlation between GAG and HS values ( P = 0.000, r = 0.924) in SLE patients. There were no differences in HS excretion, microalbuminuria and SLE-DAI scores between different classes of lupus nephritis. However, GAG values in class 3 nephritis were significantly ( P = 0.033) higher than from both class 2 and class 4 lupus nephritis. There were no differences in all the measured parameters between normoalbuminuric, microalbuminuric and macroproteinuric patients. Furthermore, there were no correlations between GAG, HS excretions and SLE-DAI scores or microalbuminuria. These results suggest that urinary GAG and HS may serve as useful, independent and non-invasive markers of lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Parildar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
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35
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Kishimoto M, Yanai H, Okazaki Y, Matsui H, Yoshida T, Okita K. Characteristics of gastric mucus in elderly patients with gastric ulcers. Hepatogastroenterology 2001; 48:1594-8. [PMID: 11813581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Studies of the most important defensive factor, gastric mucus, in the treatment of gastric ulcers in elderly patients have been lacking. Therefore we focused on the changes in gastric mucus during the ulcer-healing process in elderly patients. METHODOLOGY Twenty elderly patients (> or = 65 years old), and 20 younger patients (< 65 years old) with gastric ulcers were administered antisecretory agents for 24 weeks. Biopsies were taken from the antrum and body of the stomach, and the levels of gastric mucosal hexosamine and periodic acid-Schiff-positive gastric mucus were measured. RESULTS In both groups, the hexosamine levels in the specimens from the body of the stomach declined during the healing process. The decrease was more marked in the elderly, and the recovery of this level was also slower than in the younger group. The periodic acid-Schiff-positive mucosal index was also lower in the elderly. A decrease in body periodic acid-Schiff-positive mucus was seen with treatment in both groups, but recovery was slower in the elderly group. CONCLUSIONS A decrease in gastric mucus, as a gastric mucosal defensive factor, was seen in gastric ulcers in elderly patients. The potential usefulness of the administration of mucosal protective agents for elderly patients with gastric ulcers was suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kishimoto
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
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Abstract
Under High Aspect Ratio Vessel (HARV) bioreactor culture conditions designed to simulate the microgravity of orbital space flight, insect tissue culture cells infected with a baculovirus expression vector produced a human glycoprotein with tri- and tetra-antennary complex N-linked oligosaccharides containing terminal sialic acid residues. The oligosaccharide structures were similar to those produced in human placental cells. Insect cells cultured in T-flasks only performed incomplete oligosaccharide processing. The mechanism of HARV-mediated changes in the eukaryotic N-linked glycosylation pathway was investigated and could be mimicked under T-flask growth conditions with the addition of N-acetylmannosamine to the culture medium. The significance of these investigations is discussed with respect to the production of recombinant therapeutic glycoproteins, insect physiology, and orbital space flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Joshi
- Boyce Thompson Institute at Cornell University and School of Chemical Engineering, Cornell University, 120 Olin Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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37
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Volodina TV, Ol'shevskiĭ EG, Abramov IV, Guseva VV, Vinogradova EV, Gribanov GA, Kozel'tsev VL, Bykov VA. [Effect of parenteral administration of melatonin on the biochemical composition of the rat granulation tissue]. Vopr Med Khim 2001; 47:393-404. [PMID: 11693027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
The influence of long term parenteral melatonin administration on the biochemical composition of granulation tissue of surgical wounds in rats during healing was investigated. Physiological solution and solutions containing various concentrations of melatonin were subcutaneously injected to the animals within 3 weeks. Control and injected animals were wounded. Samples of gramilation tissue were investigated on the 5-th and the 8-th day of healing. The contents of oxyprolin, uronic acids, hexosamines, total lipids and their fractions, fractional composition of glycosaminoglicans and proteins composition of salt extracts were determined in the se samples. Repeated injections during three weeks caused the changes in biochemical composition of researched samples which were characteristic for stressful reaction of connective tissue. The specific changes are most expressed at long term introduction of a physiological solution to animals. The introduction of melatonin during similar period cansed protective effect, partially defending biochemical composition of granulation tissue from changes, which were induced by stressful situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Volodina
- Research Centre of Biomedical Technology, 123056 Moscow, Krasin str., 2
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38
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Zaleske DJ, Ehrlich MG, Huddleston JI. Combined biochemical and clinical investigation of chemonucleolysis failures. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2001:121-6. [PMID: 598099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To attempt to understand the etiology of failures of chemonucleolysis, biochemical analyses were performed on intervertebral disk material to determine if the enzyme had actually digested the nucleus pulposus proteoglycans. This information was then correlated with the clinical laboratory data to see if a pattern evolved for the failures. Nine chymopapain treated disks, 6 untreated herniated disks and 6 lumbar disks from scoliotic patients were obtained at surgery. The results indicated that 6 out of 9 patients treated with chymopapain had a marked reduction in the proteoglycan (hexosamine) content of their disk compared to the untreated controls. There was a significant inverse correlation of intrinsic lysosomal enzymes and hexosamine content in those cases where the chymopapain failed to destroy the proteoglycan. The other 3 patients, however, had hexosamine levels virtually identical to those disks not treated with chymopapain. The clinical evaluation, consisting of preoperative myelograms, diskograms, the surgeon's observations at laminectomy and evaluation of the postoperative regimen did not explain the failures. This study suggests that the chymopapain failures are not the result of inactivity of the enzyme or failure to digest the nuclear material in at least 6 of the 9 cases. However, there were 3 patients where either the enzyme was not reaching the nuclear material or it was inactive.
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Singh MS, Joy KP. Methallibure inhibition of testicular and seminal vesicle activity in catfish, Clarias batrachus (Linn.): a study correlating changes in serum sex steroid profiles. Acta Biol Hung 2000; 51:45-53. [PMID: 10866360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The administration of methallibure (2 microg/g BW, daily for 15 days) in Clarias batrachus in prespawning phase (May-June) resulted in decreased weights of seminal vesicle (SV) and testis, and reductions in the concentrations of total proteins, fructose, hexosamines, and sialic acid in SV and testis. The inhibitory changes can be attributed to impairment of steroidogenesis, serum levels of testosterone and estradiol -17beta decreased significantly. Withdrawal of methallibure treatment for 7 and 15 days resulted in gradual recovery and restoration of all the above parameters except the sialic acid levels in the SV and testis, and fructose level in the SV. The methallibure induced regressive changes in the SV and testis were discussed in the light of its GTH inhibiting property.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Singh
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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40
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Chowdhury I, Joy KP. Annual cyclic variations in some biochemical constituents of seminal vesicle and testis of the catfish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch): a study correlating plasma testosterone level. Acta Biol Hung 2000; 51:55-64. [PMID: 10866361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
In Heteropneustes fossilis, significant annual variations were observed in seminal vesicle-somatic index (SVSI), gonadosomatic index (GSI), concentrations of total proteins, hexosamines, fructose and glucose in both SV and testis, and in plasma testosterone with high values in late prespawning-early spawning phases (June-July) and low or undetectable levels in resting phase (December-January) except for glucose. There is an inverse relationship between the annual patterns of fructose and glucose with fructose dominant in the prespawning and early spawning phases (June-July), and glucose in the resting phase (November-January). The increase in the concentrations of SV and testicular protein, hexosamine and fructose can be correlated with the increase in testosterone concentration on one hand and with the increase of SVSI and GSI, on the other. The decrease in glucose level in the recrudescent phase may be due to its increased conversion into fructose, the main seminal sugar in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Chowdhury
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Bandyopadhyay SK, Pakrashi SC, Pakrashi A. The role of antioxidant activity of Phyllanthus emblica fruits on prevention from indomethacin induced gastric ulcer. J Ethnopharmacol 2000; 70:171-176. [PMID: 10771207 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(99)00146-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Pretreatment with the butanol extract of the water fraction of Phyllanthus emblica fruits at the dose of 100 mg/kg body-weight, orally administered to rats for 10 consecutive days, was found to enhance secretion of gastric mucus and hexosamine (P<0.001) in the indomethacin induced ulceration of rats. The morphological observations also supported a protective effect of the stomach wall from lesion. The indomethacin treatment of the premedicated animals with the drug hardly affected either the malondialdehyde (MDA) or superoxide dismutase (SOD) level in gastric tissue while the ulcerative agent itself significantly enhanced both the levels. An antioxidant property appears to be predominantly responsible for this cytoprotective action of the drug.
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Tsugawa K, Hashizume M, Migou S, Kishihara F, Kawanaka H, Tomikawa M, Sugimachi K. Role of vascular endothelial growth factor in portal hypertensive gastropathy. Digestion 2000; 61:98-106. [PMID: 10705173 DOI: 10.1159/000007741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Portal hypertensive gastropathy (PHG) is now recognized as a distinct entity; however, the angiogenesis in the portal hypertensive gastric mucosa has yet to be elucidated. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent angiogenic factor involved in both physiological and pathological angiogenesis. The aim of this study was thus to examine the function of VEGF in the portal hypertensive and non-portal hypertensive gastric mucosa. METHOD Forty-five cirrhotic patients were divided into 3 groups as follows. Group I included 15 patients without PHG who were treated with 1.5 g teprenone/day for 8 weeks: PHG(-)-t. Group II included 15 patients with PHG who were not treated with teprenone: PHG(+)-n. Group III included 15 patients with PHG who were treated with teprenone for 8 weeks: PGH(+)-t. The gastric mucosal blood flow (GMBF), the concentration of gastric mucosal VEGF and hexosamine and the endoscopic findings were studied both before and after medication. RESULTS Before teprenone treatment, the GMBF in the antrum, fundus, fornix were significantly higher in PHG(+)-n than PHG(-)-t. After treatment, the GMBF in the fundus and fornix significantly decreased more than before treatment in the PHG(+)-t. After treatment, the GMBF in the antrum increased significantly more than before treatment in PHG(-)-t. The gastric VEGF and hexoxamine concentration in the antrum were significantly higher in PHG(+)-n than in PHG(-)-t. After treatment, the gastric VEGF and hexosamine concentration in the antrum significantly decreased in PHG(+)-t while no change in concentration was recognized in PHG(+)-n. In the endoscopic findings, a decrease in the PHG score was recognized in 2 patients in PHG(+)-t. CONCLUSION Portal hypertensive gastric mucosal change was thus found to trigger a high concentration of VEGF and hexosamine. Such increased activity of VEGF and hexosamine may thus account for the presence of active congestion in PHG.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tsugawa
- Department of Surgery II, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Buckley M, Xin P, Washington S, Herb N, Erickson D, Bhavanandan VP. Lectin histochemical examination of rabbit bladder glycoproteins and characterization of a mucin isolated from the bladder mucosa. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 375:270-7. [PMID: 10700383 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The glycocalyx of the mucosal surface of urinary bladder acts as an effective barrier against invasion by pathogenic microorganisms and injury from toxic substances in the urine. Defects in these bladder mucosal components could thus be important factors in the development of diseases such as interstitial cystitis and lower urinary tract infections. However, information on the nature of glycoconjugates of mammalian bladder mucosa is very limited. In this study, the glycoconjugates of rabbit bladder were examined histochemically using biotinylated lectins with specificities for a variety of carbohydrate moieties. Three [Artocarpus integrifolia (Jacalin), Datura stramonium (DSL), and Maackia amurensis II (MAL-II)] of the lectins bound predominantly to the luminal cell layer, with decreased binding to the basal layers of the epithelium. In contrast, Ricinus communis I and Sambucus nigra lectins did not bind to the cells in the epithelium but strongly interacted with the subepithelial layers, especially the lamina propria. The intensity of the staining by Jacalin and MAL-II was significantly reduced by prior treatment of the bladder sections with O-sialoglycoprotein endopeptidase, indicating that the ligands of these lectins are primarily mucin glycoproteins. In parallel biochemical studies, a high-molecular-weight glycoprotein with characteristics typical of epithelial mucins was purified from the mucosa of rabbit bladder explant cultures metabolically labeled with [(3)H]glucosamine. Quantitative analysis of the sialic acid, uronic acid, and hexosamine contents of delipidated rabbit bladder mucosa revealed a larger proportion of sialoglycoproteins compared with glycosaminoglycans. Taken together, the results of histochemical and biochemical analyses indicate that glycoproteins rather than glycosaminoglycans are the major components of the bladder epithelium, and that the former include a mucin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Buckley
- Department of Biochemistry, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, USA
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Liu H, Xu Y, Ma Y, Zhou P. Characterization of Micrococcus antarcticus sp. nov., a psychrophilic bacterium from Antarctica. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2000; 50 Pt 2:715-719. [PMID: 10758880 DOI: 10.1099/00207713-50-2-715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A Gram-positive, cold-adapted, aerobic, spherical actinobacterium (strain T2T) with a quite low cardinal growth temperature was isolated from Chinese Great-Wall station in Antarctica. Sequence comparisons of the 16S rDNA indicated the isolate to be a phylogenetic member of the genus Micrococcus, family Micrococcaceae, in which it represents a novel lineage. The phylogenetic distinctness of the isolate with respect to the type strains Micrococcus luteus and Micrococcus lylae was supported by DNA-DNA similarity values of less than 40%. Chemotaxonomic properties supported the placement of the isolate in the genus Micrococcus. The diagnostic diamino acid of the cell-wall peptidoglycan is lysine. The predominant menaquinones are MK-8 and MK-8(H2). The G + C content of the DNA of the isolate is 66.4 mol%. Genotypic, morphological and physiological characteristics were used to describe a new species of Micrococcus, for which the name Micrococcus antarcticus is proposed. The type strain is T2T (= AS 1.2372T).
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Young MK, Dinh N, Williams D. Analysis of N-acetylated hexosamine monosaccharides by ferrocenyl boronation and tandem electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2000; 14:1462-1467. [PMID: 10931538 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0231(20000830)14:16<1462::aid-rcm48>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A tandem electrospray mass spectrometric (MS(n)) technique for the analysis of N-acetylated hexose carbohydrates using ferrocene boronate (F(c)Bor) derivatization was developed. The biologically important N-acetyl hexosamines can be readily distinguished utilizing this technique. The analysis is made possible by utilizing the inherent electrochemical properties of the electrospray device to produce oxidized, pre-formed single-electron ferrocenyl ions in a non-aqueous solvent system. The electrospray device was modified using a custom built cell consisting of concentric stainless steel tubes, which produced an enhanced signal for the molecular ion of each analyte species. The MS(2) spectra derived from isomeric populations of ferrocenyl boronic esters of these carbohydrates when generated under the same conditions possessed features unique to each sugar allowing easy differentiation between a number of N-acetyl hexosamine isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Young
- City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Division of Immunology, 1450 E. Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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46
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Abstract
A rapid means of stereochemical differentiation and quantification for the hexosamine monosaccharides was achieved using electrospray ionization quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry. The hexosamine monosaccharides, glucosamine, galactosamine, and mannosamine, were derivatized with [Co(DAP)2Cl2]Cl, and the complex [Co(DAP)2(HexNH2)]Cl was generated. Subjecting this complex to collision-induced dissociation provided a unique product ion spectrum for each of the diastereomeric monosaccharide complexes, thus differentiating the stereoisomers. Furthermore, the stereoisomers were quantified. This was achieved by using the relative abundances of product ions from pure standards and using these values to determine the ratio of isomeric products in a mixture. The utility of this quantification method was demonstrated by successfully determining the composition of two- and three-component mixtures of the hexosamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Desaire
- College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley 94720-1460, USA
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Yasuno S, Kokubo K, Kamei M. New method for determining the sugar composition of glycoproteins, glycolipids, and oligosaccharides by high-performance liquid chromatography. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1999; 63:1353-9. [PMID: 10500997 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.63.1353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A new method is reported that can be performed within a single vessel to analyze the composition of aldose, hexosamine, and sialic acid residues of glycoproteins, glycolipids, and oligosaccharides. Glycoconjugates are treated with sialidase or subjected to mild acid hydrolysis, before being treated with N-acetylneuraminic acid aldolase to convert the free sialic acid residues to their corresponding N-acylmannosamines. The reaction mixture is then successively subjected to acid hydrolysis (in order to produce monosaccharides), N-acetylation, and conversion with p-aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester (ABEE). The ABEE-converted monosaccharides are simultaneously determined by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Determination of the sugar compositions of bovine fetuin, II3NeuGc alpha-LacCer, and 3'-sialyllactose with this method was found to be highly accurate. Linearity of the peak area vs. the amount of bovine fetuin ranged from 1 to 50 micrograms in all ABEE-converted monosaccharides. With a slight modification to this method, sialic acid residues can be separately determined as NeuAc and NeuGc. This novel method and its modified version are used to demonstrate the sugar compositions of alpha 1-acid glycoproteins from several sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yasuno
- Sugiyama Chemical and Industrial Laboratory, Kanagawa, Japan
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Sandy JD, Thompson V, Verscharen C, Gamett D. Chondrocyte-mediated catabolism of aggrecan: evidence for a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked protein in the aggrecanase response to interleukin-1 or retinoic acid. Arch Biochem Biophys 1999; 367:258-64. [PMID: 10395742 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The control of chondrocyte-mediated degradation of aggrecan has been studied in rat chondrosarcoma cells and bovine cartilage explants treated with either IL-1 or retinoic acid. The capacity of glucosamine to inhibit the aggrecanase-mediated response (J. D. Sandy, D. Gamett, V. Thompson, and C. Verscharen (1998) Biochem. J. 335, 59-66) has been extended to an investigation of the effect of other hexosamines. Mannosamine inhibits the aggrecanase response to both IL-1 and RA at about one-tenth the concentration of glucosamine in both rat cell and bovine explant systems. This effect of mannosamine appears to be due to its capacity to inhibit the synthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked proteins by chondrocytes since the GPI synthesis inhibitor 2-deoxyfluoroglucose (2-DFG) also inhibited the aggrecanase response to IL-1b and RA in rat cells. Moreover, phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PIPLC) treatment of rat cells markedly inhibited the aggrecanase response to IL-1b and RA. These inhibitory effects of mannosamine, 2-DFG, and PIPLC in rat cells did not appear to be due to an interference with general biosynthetic activity of the cells as measured by [3H]proline incorporation into secreted proteins. We suggest that the aggrecanase response by chondrocytes to IL-1 and RA is dependent on the activity of a GPI-anchored protein on the chondrocyte cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Sandy
- Biochemistry Section, Shriners Hospital, Tampa Unit, 12502 North Pine Drive, Tampa, Florida, 33612, USA.
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Ninomiya K, Kitano S, Yoshida T, Bandoh T, Baatar D, Tsuboi S. Impaired adaptive cytoprotection to ethanol-induced damage in gastric mucosa of portal hypertensive rats. Dig Dis Sci 1999; 44:1254-60. [PMID: 10389706 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026661215164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Portal hypertension predisposes gastric mucosa to increased damage by noxious agents. Adaptive cytoprotection has not been studied in portal hypertensive gastric mucosa. We evaluated adaptive cytoprotection in the gastric mucosa of portal hypertensive rats by exposure to ethanol. The injury index (percent gross lesions) was significantly higher in portal hypertensive rats than in sham-operated rats. The ratio of adaptive cytoprotection, calculated as the degree of decrease in the injury index caused by pre-absolute-ethanol administration of 20% ethanol, was significantly impaired in portal hypertensive rats. Basal levels of gastric mucosal hexosamine were lower in portal hypertensive rats than in controls, and a blunted response to 20% ethanol was associated with portal hypertension. Nitric oxide inhibition (L-NAME, 5 mg/kg) reduced the ratio of adaptive cytoprotection in sham-operated but not in portal hypertensive rats. These results suggest that impaired adaptive cytoprotection in portal hypertensive gastric mucosa may be caused by blunted mucus production.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ninomiya
- Department of Surgery I, Oita Medical University, Japan
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Abstract
Purified lamella wall fragments of Agaricus bisporus fruit bodies were analyzed and shown to consist of neutral sugars (46.5%), hexosamines (31.7%), proteins (9.5%), some lipid material (10.0%), and ash (1.4%). The cell walls were fractionated on the basis of their polysaccharide solubility in water and alkaline solutions. The isolated fractions, using methylation analysis, exhibited striking chemical structural differences compared with the same fractions obtained from the corresponding vegetative cells and fruit bodies (stipe and pileus) walls. The structural differences detected in the wall seem to correspond to the ultimate differentiation of the mycelium inside the fruit body of A. bisporus.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bernardo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Velázquez 144, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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