1
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Okamoto R, Orii R, Shibata H, Maki Y, Tsuda S, Kajihara Y. Regulating Antifreeze Activity through Water: Latent Functions of the Sugars of Antifreeze Glycoprotein Revealed by Total Chemical Synthesis. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203553. [PMID: 36722034 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Antifreeze glycoprotein (AFGP), which inhibits the freezing of water, is highly O-glycosylated with a disaccharide, d-Galβ1-3-d-GalNAcα (GalGalNAc). To elucidate the function of the sugar residues for antifreeze activity at the molecular level, we conducted a total chemical synthesis of partially sugar deleted AFGP derivatives, and unnatural forms of AFGPs incorporating glucose (Glc)-type sugars instead of galactose (Gal)-type sugars. These elaborated AFGP derivatives demonstrated that the stereochemistry of each sugar residue on AFGPs precisely correlates with the antifreeze activity. A hydrogen-deuterium exchange experiment using synthetic AFGPs revealed a different dynamic behavior of water around sugar residues depending on the sugar structures. These results indicate that sugar residues on AFGP form a unique dynamic water phase that disturbs the absorbance of water molecules onto the ice surface, thereby inhibiting freezing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Okamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan.,Forefront Research Center Department, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Ryo Orii
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shibata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yuta Maki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan.,Forefront Research Center Department, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Sakae Tsuda
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) 2-17-2-1 Tsukisamu-Higashi, Toyohira, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 0628517, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kajihara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan.,Forefront Research Center Department, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
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2
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Ghalamara S, Silva S, Brazinha C, Pintado M. Structural diversity of marine anti-freezing proteins, properties and potential applications: a review. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 9:5. [PMID: 38647561 PMCID: PMC10992025 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00494-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold-adapted organisms, such as fishes, insects, plants and bacteria produce a group of proteins known as antifreeze proteins (AFPs). The specific functions of AFPs, including thermal hysteresis (TH), ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI), dynamic ice shaping (DIS) and interaction with membranes, attracted significant interest for their incorporation into commercial products. AFPs represent their effects by lowering the water freezing point as well as preventing the growth of ice crystals and recrystallization during frozen storage. The potential of AFPs to modify ice growth results in ice crystal stabilizing over a defined temperature range and inhibiting ice recrystallization, which could minimize drip loss during thawing, improve the quality and increase the shelf-life of frozen products. Most cryopreservation studies using marine-derived AFPs have shown that the addition of AFPs can increase post-thaw viability. Nevertheless, the reduced availability of bulk proteins and the need of biotechnological techniques for industrial production, limit the possible usage in foods. Despite all these drawbacks, relatively small concentrations are enough to show activity, which suggests AFPs as potential food additives in the future. The present work aims to review the results of numerous investigations on marine-derived AFPs and discuss their structure, function, physicochemical properties, purification and potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudabeh Ghalamara
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Silva
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Brazinha
- LAQV/Requimte, Faculdade de Ciências E Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Manuela Pintado
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal.
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3
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Graham LA, Boddington ME, Holmstrup M, Davies PL. Antifreeze protein complements cryoprotective dehydration in the freeze-avoiding springtail Megaphorura arctica. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3047. [PMID: 32080305 PMCID: PMC7033094 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60060-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The springtail, Megaphorura arctica, is freeze-avoiding and survives sub-zero temperatures by cryoprotective dehydration. At the onset of dehydration there is some supercooling of body fluids, and the danger of inoculative freezing, which would be lethal. To see if the springtails are protected by antifreeze proteins in this pre-equilibrium phase, we examined extracts from cold-acclimated M. arctica and recorded over 3 °C of freezing point depression. Proteins responsible for this antifreeze activity were isolated by ice affinity. They comprise isoforms ranging from 6.5 to 16.9 kDa, with an amino acid composition dominated by glycine (>35 mol%). Tryptic peptide sequences were used to identify the mRNA sequence coding for the smallest isoform. This antifreeze protein sequence has high similarity to one characterized in Hypogastrura harveyi, from a different springtail order. If these two antifreeze proteins are true homologs, we suggest their origin dates back to the Permian glaciations some 300 million years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie A Graham
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Marie E Boddington
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Martin Holmstrup
- Section of Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600, Silkeborg, Denmark
- Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Peter L Davies
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Shtukenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular
Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York City, New York 10003, United States
| | - Michael D. Ward
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular
Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York City, New York 10003, United States
| | - Bart Kahr
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular
Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York City, New York 10003, United States
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5
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Phippen SW, Stevens CA, Vance TDR, King NP, Baker D, Davies PL. Multivalent Display of Antifreeze Proteins by Fusion to Self-Assembling Protein Cages Enhances Ice-Binding Activities. Biochemistry 2016; 55:6811-6820. [PMID: 27951652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) are small monomeric proteins that adsorb to the surface of ice to inhibit ice crystal growth and impart freeze resistance to the organisms producing them. Previously, monomeric AFPs have been conjugated to the termini of branched polymers to increase their activity through the simultaneous binding of more than one AFP to ice. Here, we describe a superior approach to increasing AFP activity through oligomerization that eliminates the need for conjugation reactions with varying levels of efficiency. A moderately active AFP from a fish and a hyperactive AFP from an Antarctic bacterium were genetically fused to the C-termini of one component of the 24-subunit protein cage T33-21, resulting in protein nanoparticles that multivalently display exactly 12 AFPs. The resulting nanoparticles exhibited freezing point depression >50-fold greater than that seen with the same concentration of monomeric AFP and a similar increase in the level of ice-recrystallization inhibition. These results support the anchored clathrate mechanism of binding of AFP to ice. The enhanced freezing point depression could be due to the difficulty of overgrowing a larger AFP on the ice surface and the improved ice-recrystallization inhibition to the ability of the nanoparticle to simultaneously bind multiple ice grains. Oligomerization of these proteins using self-assembling protein cages will be useful in a variety of biotechnology and cryobiology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean W Phippen
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Corey A Stevens
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Tyler D R Vance
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Neil P King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.,Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.,Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Peter L Davies
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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6
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Cao L, Huang Q, Wu Z, Cao DD, Ma Z, Xu Q, Hu P, Fu Y, Shen Y, Chan J, Zhou CZ, Zhai W, Chen L. Neofunctionalization of zona pellucida proteins enhances freeze-prevention in the eggs of Antarctic notothenioids. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12987. [PMID: 27698404 PMCID: PMC5059455 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which the eggs of the Antarctic notothenioid fishes avoid freezing are not fully understood. Zona pellucida proteins (ZPs) are constituents of the chorion which forms a protective matrix surrounding the egg. Here we report occurrence of freezing temperature-related gene expansion and acquisition of unusual ice melting-promoting (IMP) activity in a family of Antarctic notothenioid ZPs (AnnotoZPs). Members of AnnotoZPs are shown to bind with ice and non-colligatively depress the melting point of a solution in a range of 0.26 to 0.65 °C at a moderate concentration. Eggs of zebrafishes expressing an AnnotoZP transgene show improved melting point depression and enhanced survival in freezing conditions. Mutational analyses in a representative AnnotoZP indicate the ZP domain and patches of acidic residues are essential structures for the IMP activity. AnnotoZPs, therefore, represent a group of macromolecules that prevent freezing by a unique ZP-ice interaction mechanism distinct from the known antifreeze proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixue Cao
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qiao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zhichao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Dong-dong Cao
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhanling Ma
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Qianghua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Peng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yanxia Fu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yu Shen
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiulin Chan
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Cong-zhao Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Wanying Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Liangbiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
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7
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Todde G, Hovmöller S, Laaksonen A. Influence of antifreeze proteins on the ice/water interface. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:3407-13. [PMID: 25611783 DOI: 10.1021/jp5119713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins (AFP) are responsible for the survival of several species, ranging from bacteria to fish, that encounter subzero temperatures in their living environment. AFPs have been divided into two main families, moderately and hyperactive, depending on their thermal hysteresis activity. We have studied one protein from both families, the AFP from the snow flea (sfAFP) and from the winter flounder (wfAFP), which belong to the hyperactive and moderately active family, respectively. On the basis of molecular dynamics simulations, we have estimated the thickness of the water/ice interface for systems both with and without the AFPs attached onto the ice surface. The calculation of the diffusion profiles along the simulation box allowed us to measure the interface width for different ice planes. The obtained widths clearly show a different influence of the two AFPs on the ice/water interface. The different impact of the AFPs here studied on the interface thickness can be related to two AFPs properties: the protein hydrophobic surface and the number of hydrogen bonds that the two AFPs faces form with water molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Todde
- Department of Material and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University , 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Kutschan B, Morawetz K, Thoms S. Dynamical mechanism of antifreeze proteins to prevent ice growth. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 90:022711. [PMID: 25215762 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.90.022711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The fascinating ability of algae, insects, and fishes to survive at temperatures below normal freezing is realized by antifreeze proteins (AFPs). These are surface-active molecules and interact with the diffusive water-ice interface thus preventing complete solidification. We propose a dynamical mechanism on how these proteins inhibit the freezing of water. We apply a Ginzburg-Landau-type approach to describe the phase separation in the two-component system (ice, AFP). The free-energy density involves two fields: one for the ice phase with a low AFP concentration and one for liquid water with a high AFP concentration. The time evolution of the ice reveals microstructures resulting from phase separation in the presence of AFPs. We observed a faster clustering of pre-ice structure connected to a locking of grain size by the action of AFP, which is an essentially dynamical process. The adsorption of additional water molecules is inhibited and the further growth of ice grains stopped. The interfacial energy between ice and water is lowered allowing the AFPs to form smaller critical ice nuclei. Similar to a hysteresis in magnetic materials we observe a thermodynamic hysteresis leading to a nonlinear density dependence of the freezing point depression in agreement with the experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kutschan
- Münster University of Applied Science, Stegerwaldstrasse 39, 48565 Steinfurt, Germany
| | - K Morawetz
- Münster University of Applied Science, Stegerwaldstrasse 39, 48565 Steinfurt, Germany and International Institute of Physics (IIP), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Odilon Gomes de Lima 1722, 59078-400 Natal, Brazil and Max-Planck-Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - S Thoms
- Alfred Wegener Institut, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
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9
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Bang JK, Lee JH, Murugan RN, Lee SG, Do H, Koh HY, Shim HE, Kim HC, Kim HJ. Antifreeze peptides and glycopeptides, and their derivatives: potential uses in biotechnology. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:2013-41. [PMID: 23752356 PMCID: PMC3721219 DOI: 10.3390/md11062013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) and glycoproteins (AFGPs), collectively called AF(G)Ps, constitute a diverse class of proteins found in various Arctic and Antarctic fish, as well as in amphibians, plants, and insects. These compounds possess the ability to inhibit the formation of ice and are therefore essential to the survival of many marine teleost fishes that routinely encounter sub-zero temperatures. Owing to this property, AF(G)Ps have potential applications in many areas such as storage of cells or tissues at low temperature, ice slurries for refrigeration systems, and food storage. In contrast to AFGPs, which are composed of repeated tripeptide units (Ala-Ala-Thr)n with minor sequence variations, AFPs possess very different primary, secondary, and tertiary structures. The isolation and purification of AFGPs is laborious, costly, and often results in mixtures, making characterization difficult. Recent structural investigations into the mechanism by which linear and cyclic AFGPs inhibit ice crystallization have led to significant progress toward the synthesis and assessment of several synthetic mimics of AFGPs. This review article will summarize synthetic AFGP mimics as well as current challenges in designing compounds capable of mimicking AFGPs. It will also cover our recent efforts in exploring whether peptoid mimics can serve as structural and functional mimics of native AFGPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Kyu Bang
- Division of Magnetic Resonance, Korea Basic Scienc Institute, Chungbuk 363-833, Korea; E-Mails: (J.K.B.); (R.N.M.)
| | - Jun Hyuck Lee
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 406-840, Korea; E-Mails: (J.H.L.); (S.G.L.); (H.D.); (H.Y.K.); (H.-E.S.)
- Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Incheon 406-840, Korea
| | - Ravichandran N. Murugan
- Division of Magnetic Resonance, Korea Basic Scienc Institute, Chungbuk 363-833, Korea; E-Mails: (J.K.B.); (R.N.M.)
| | - Sung Gu Lee
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 406-840, Korea; E-Mails: (J.H.L.); (S.G.L.); (H.D.); (H.Y.K.); (H.-E.S.)
- Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Incheon 406-840, Korea
| | - Hackwon Do
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 406-840, Korea; E-Mails: (J.H.L.); (S.G.L.); (H.D.); (H.Y.K.); (H.-E.S.)
- Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Incheon 406-840, Korea
| | - Hye Yeon Koh
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 406-840, Korea; E-Mails: (J.H.L.); (S.G.L.); (H.D.); (H.Y.K.); (H.-E.S.)
| | - Hye-Eun Shim
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 406-840, Korea; E-Mails: (J.H.L.); (S.G.L.); (H.D.); (H.Y.K.); (H.-E.S.)
| | - Hyun-Cheol Kim
- Division of Polar Climate Research, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 406-840, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Hak Jun Kim
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 406-840, Korea; E-Mails: (J.H.L.); (S.G.L.); (H.D.); (H.Y.K.); (H.-E.S.)
- Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Incheon 406-840, Korea
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +82-32-760-5550; Fax: +82-32-760-5598
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10
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Antifreeze proteins: computer simulation studies on the mechanism of ice growth inhibition. Polym J 2012. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2012.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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11
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Carvajal-Rondanelli PA, Marshall SH, Guzman F. Antifreeze glycoprotein agents: structural requirements for activity. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2011; 91:2507-2510. [PMID: 21725975 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs) are considered to be the most efficient means to reduce ice damage to cell tissues since they are able to inhibit growth and crystallization of ice. The key element of antifreeze proteins is to act in a non-colligative manner which allows them to function at concentrations 300-500 times lowers than other dissolved solutes. During the past decade, AFGPs have demonstrated tremendous potential for many pharmaceutical and food applications. Presently, the only route to obtain AFGPs involves the time consuming and expensive process of isolation and purification from deep-sea polar fishes. Unfortunately, it is not amenable to mass production and commercial applications. The lack of understanding of the mechanism through which the AFGPs inhibit ice growth has also hampered the realization of industrial and biotechnological applications. Here we report the structural motifs that are essential for antifreeze activity of AFGPs, and propose a unified mechanism based on both recent studies of short alanine peptides and structure activity relationship of synthesized AFGPs.
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12
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Bayer-Giraldi M, Weikusat I, Besir H, Dieckmann G. Characterization of an antifreeze protein from the polar diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus and its relevance in sea ice. Cryobiology 2011; 63:210-9. [PMID: 21906587 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs), characterized by their ability to separate the melting and growth temperatures of ice and to inhibit ice recrystallization, play an important role in cold adaptation of several polar and cold-tolerant organisms. Recently, a multigene family of AFP genes was found in the diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus, a dominant species within polar sea ice assemblages. This study presents the AFP from F. cylindrus set in a molecular and crystallographic frame. Differential protein expression after exposure of the diatoms to environmentally relevant conditions underlined the importance of certain AFP isoforms in response to cold. Analyses of the recombinant AFP showed freezing point depression comparable to the activity of other moderate AFPs and further enhanced by salt (up to 0.9°C in low salinity buffer, 2.5°C at high salinity). However, unlike other moderate AFPs, its fastest growth direction is perpendicular to the c-axis. The protein also caused strong inhibition of recrystallization at concentrations of 1.2 and 0.12 μM at low and high salinity, respectively. Observations of crystal habit modifications and pitting activity suggested binding of AFPs to multiple faces of the ice crystals. Further analyses showed striations caused by AFPs, interpreted as inclusion in the ice. We suggest that the influence on ice microstructure is the main characteristic of these AFPs in sea ice.
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13
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Delayed onset of adult antifreeze activity in juveniles of the Antarctic icefish Chaenocephalus aceratus. Polar Biol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-010-0828-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Mok YF, Lin FH, Graham LA, Celik Y, Braslavsky I, Davies PL. Structural Basis for the Superior Activity of the Large Isoform of Snow Flea Antifreeze Protein. Biochemistry 2010; 49:2593-603. [DOI: 10.1021/bi901929n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Foong Mok
- Department of Biochemistry and Protein Function Discovery Group, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Feng-Hsu Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Protein Function Discovery Group, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Laurie A. Graham
- Department of Biochemistry and Protein Function Discovery Group, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Yeliz Celik
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
| | - Ido Braslavsky
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
| | - Peter L. Davies
- Department of Biochemistry and Protein Function Discovery Group, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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15
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Scotter AJ, Marshall CB, Graham LA, Gilbert JA, Garnham CP, Davies PL. The basis for hyperactivity of antifreeze proteins. Cryobiology 2006; 53:229-39. [PMID: 16887111 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2006.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2006] [Revised: 06/09/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) bind to the surface of ice crystals and lower the non-equilibrium freezing temperature of the icy solution below its melting point. We have recently reported the discovery of three novel hyperactive AFPs from a bacterium, a primitive insect and a fish, which, like two hyperactive AFPs previously recognized in beetles and moths, are considerably better at depressing the freezing point than most fish AFPs. When cooled below the non-equilibrium freezing temperature, ice crystals formed in the presence of any of five distinct, moderately active fish AFPs grow suddenly along the c-axis. Ice crystals formed in the presence of any of the five evolutionarily and structurally distinct hyperactive AFPs remain stable to lower temperatures, and then grow explosively in a direction normal to the c-axis when cooled below the freezing temperature. We argue that this one consistent distinction in the behaviour of these two classes of AFPs is the key to hyperactivity. Whereas both AFP classes bind irreversibly to ice, the hyperactive AFPs are better at preventing ice growth out of the basal planes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Scotter
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ont., Canada K7L 3N6
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Kristiansen E, Zachariassen KE. The mechanism by which fish antifreeze proteins cause thermal hysteresis. Cryobiology 2005; 51:262-80. [PMID: 16140290 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2005.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2004] [Revised: 08/19/2004] [Accepted: 07/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins are characterised by their ability to prevent ice from growing upon cooling below the bulk melting point. This displacement of the freezing temperature of ice is limited and at a sufficiently low temperature a rapid ice growth takes place. The separation of the melting and freezing temperature is usually referred to as thermal hysteresis, and the temperature of ice growth is referred to as the hysteresis freezing point. The hysteresis is supposed to be the result of an adsorption of antifreeze proteins to the crystal surface. This causes the ice to grow as convex surface regions between adjacent adsorbed antifreeze proteins, thus lowering the temperature at which the crystal can visibly expand. The model requires that the antifreeze proteins are irreversibly adsorbed onto the ice surface within the hysteresis gap. This presupposition is apparently in conflict with several characteristic features of the phenomenon; the absence of superheating of ice in the presence of antifreeze proteins, the dependence of the hysteresis activity on the concentration of antifreeze proteins and the different capacities of different types of antifreeze proteins to cause thermal hysteresis at equimolar concentrations. In addition, there are structural obstacles that apparently would preclude irreversible adsorption of the antifreeze proteins to the ice surface; the bond strength necessary for irreversible adsorption and the absence of a clearly defined surface to which the antifreeze proteins may adsorb. This article deals with these apparent conflicts between the prevailing theory and the empirical observations. We first review the mechanism of thermal hysteresis with some modifications: we explain the hysteresis as a result of vapour pressure equilibrium between the ice surface and the ambient fluid fraction within the hysteresis gap due to a pressure build-up within the convex growth zones, and the ice growth as the result of an ice surface nucleation event at the hysteresis freezing point. We then go on to summarise the empirical data to show that the dependence of the hysteresis on the concentration of antifreeze proteins arises from an equilibrium exchange of antifreeze proteins between ice and solution at the melting point. This reversible association between antifreeze proteins and the ice is followed by an irreversible adsorption of the antifreeze proteins onto a newly formed crystal plane when the temperature is lowered below the melting point. The formation of the crystal plane is due to a solidification of the interfacial region, and the necessary bond strength is provided by the protein "freezing" to the surface. In essence: the antifreeze proteins are "melted off" the ice at the bulk melting point and "freeze" to the ice as the temperature is reduced to subfreezing temperatures. We explain the different hysteresis activities caused by different types of antifreeze proteins at equimolar concentrations as a consequence of their solubility features during the phase of reversible association between the proteins and the ice, i.e., at the melting point; a low water solubility results in a large fraction of the proteins being associated with the ice at the melting point. This leads to a greater density of irreversibly adsorbed antifreeze proteins at the ice surface when the temperature drops, and thus to a greater hysteresis activity. Reference is also made to observations on insect antifreeze proteins to emphasise the general validity of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erlend Kristiansen
- Department of Biology, Realfagsbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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Praebel K, Ramløv H. Antifreeze activity in the gastrointestinal fluids ofArctogadus glacialis(Peters 1874) is dependent on food type. J Exp Biol 2005; 208:2609-13. [PMID: 15961746 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.01666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYThe influence of two food types, Boreogadus saida (Bs) and crustaceans (Cr), on the osmolality, ion concentrations, antifreeze activity and antifreeze glycoprotein (AFGP) distribution in the gastrointestinal fluids of the Arctic gadoid Arctogadus glacialis was determined. The gastrointestinal fluids were hyperosmotic to serum but no significant differences in osmolality were found between the two food types. The food type significantly affected the antifreeze activity of the mid-gut fluids. The hysteresis freezing points, –3.27±0.30°C and–2.44±0.11°C for B. saida and crustaceans,respectively, were significantly lower than that of serum(–1.99±0.07°C). Furthermore, an exceptionally large thermal hysteresis ranging from 1.47±0.19°C to 2.04±0.30°C was observed in the intestinal fluids of fish feeding on B. saida. Native gel electrophoresis revealed that the gastrointestinal fluids contained AFGPs in all the different size groups. However, differences in band intensities for the two food types suggest that the ingested food has an influence on the concentration of the different AFGP-sizes in these fluids. A decrease in band intensities combined with a drop in thermal hysteresis from mid-gut to hind-gut fluid suggests that absorption of AFGP or possibly degradation occur during digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Praebel
- University of Tromsø, Norwegian College of Fishery Science, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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18
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19
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Zhang DQ, Liu B, Feng DR, He YM, Wang SQ, Wang HB, Wang JF. Significance of conservative asparagine residues in the thermal hysteresis activity of carrot antifreeze protein. Biochem J 2004; 377:589-95. [PMID: 14531728 PMCID: PMC1223888 DOI: 10.1042/bj20031249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2003] [Revised: 10/06/2003] [Accepted: 10/08/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The approximately 24-amino-acid leucine-rich tandem repeat motif (PXXXXXLXXLXXLXLSXNXLXGXI) of carrot antifreeze protein comprises most of the processed protein and should contribute at least partly to the ice-binding site. Structural predictions using publicly available online sources indicated that the theoretical three-dimensional model of this plant protein includes a 10-loop beta-helix containing the approximately 24-amino-acid tandem repeat. This theoretical model indicated that conservative asparagine residues create putative ice-binding sites with surface complementarity to the 1010 prism plane of ice. We used site-specific mutagenesis to test the importance of these residues, and observed a distinct loss of thermal hysteresis activity when conservative asparagines were replaced with valine or glutamine, whereas a large increase in thermal hysteresis was observed when phenylalanine or threonine residues were replaced with asparagine, putatively resulting in the formation of an ice-binding site. These results confirmed that the ice-binding site of carrot antifreeze protein consists of conservative asparagine residues in each beta-loop. We also found that its thermal hysteresis activity is directly correlated with the length of its asparagine-rich binding site, and hence with the size of its ice-binding face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dang-Quan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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Harding MM, Anderberg PI, Haymet ADJ. 'Antifreeze' glycoproteins from polar fish. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2003; 270:1381-92. [PMID: 12653993 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03488.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs) constitute the major fraction of protein in the blood serum of Antarctic notothenioids and Arctic cod. Each AFGP consists of a varying number of repeating units of (Ala-Ala-Thr)n, with minor sequence variations, and the disaccharide beta-D-galactosyl-(1-->3)-alpha-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine joined as a glycoside to the hydroxyl oxygen of the Thr residues. These compounds allow the fish to survive in subzero ice-laden polar oceans by kinetically depressing the temperature at which ice grows in a noncolligative manner. In contrast to the more widely studied antifreeze proteins, little is known about the mechanism of ice growth inhibition by AFGPs, and there is no definitive model that explains their properties. This review summarizes the structural and physical properties of AFGPs and advances in the last decade that now provide opportunities for further research in this field. High field NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics studies have shown that AFGPs are largely unstructured in aqueous solution. While standard carbohydrate degradation studies confirm the requirement of some of the sugar hydroxyls for antifreeze activity, the importance of following structural elements has not been established: (a) the number of hydroxyls required, (b) the stereochemistry of the sugar hydroxyls (i.e. the requirement of galactose as the sugar), (c) the acetamido group on the first galactose sugar, (d) the stereochemistry of the beta-glycosidic linkage between the two sugars and the alpha-glycosidic linkage to Thr, (e) the requirement of a disaccharide for activity, and (f) the Ala and Thr residues in the polypeptide backbone. The recent successful synthesis of small AFGPs using solution methods and solid-phase chemistry provides the opportunity to perform key structure-activity studies that would clarify the important residues and functional groups required for activity. Genetic studies have shown that the AFGPs present in the two geographically and phylogenetically distinct Antarctic notothenioids and Arctic cod have evolved independently, in a rare example of convergent molecular evolution. The AFGPs exhibit concentration dependent thermal hysteresis with maximum hysteresis (1.2 degrees C at 40 mg x mL-1) observed with the higher molecular mass glycoproteins. The ability to modify the rate and shape of crystal growth and protect cellular membranes during lipid-phase transitions have resulted in identification of a number of potential applications of AFGPs as food additives, and in the cryopreservation and hypothermal storage of cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Harding
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Leinala EK, Davies PL, Doucet D, Tyshenko MG, Walker VK, Jia Z. A beta-helical antifreeze protein isoform with increased activity. Structural and functional insights. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:33349-52. [PMID: 12105229 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m205575200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The insect spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana)(Cf) produces a number of isoforms of its highly active antifreeze protein (CfAFP). Although most of the CfAFP isoforms are in the 9-kDa range, isoforms containing a 30- or 31-amino acid insertion have also been identified. Here we describe the functional and structural analysis of a selected long isoform, CfAFP-501. X-ray crystal structure determination reveals that the 31-amino acid insertion found in CfAFP-501 forms two additional loops within its highly regular beta-helical structure. This effectively extends the area of the two-dimensional Thr array and ice-binding surface of the protein. The larger isoform has 3 times the thermal hysteresis activity of the 9-kDa CfAFP-337. As well, a deletion of the 31-amino acid insertion within CfAFP-501 to form CfAFP-501-Delta-2-loop, results in a protein with reduced activity similar to the shorter CfAFP isoforms. Thus, the enhanced antifreeze activity of CfAFP-501 is directly correlated to the length of its beta-helical structure and hence the size of its ice-binding face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeva K Leinala
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6 Canada
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Wu Y, Banoub J, Goddard SV, Kao MH, Fletcher GL. Antifreeze glycoproteins: relationship between molecular weight, thermal hysteresis and the inhibition of leakage from liposomes during thermotropic phase transition. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2001; 128:265-73. [PMID: 11207440 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(00)00323-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGP) were isolated and purified from the blood plasma of rock cod (Gadus ogac), using DEAE-Bio-gel ion exchange chromatography, followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The purified proteins were analyzed using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), and electrospray mass spectrometry. The results indicated that rock cod synthesize seven size classes of glycoproteins, ranging from 2.6 to 24 kDa, with each size class containing multiple isoforms. Antifreeze activity, as determined by thermal hysteresis, indicated that the AFGP could be separated into two groups, with the larger size classes (molecular mass>13 kDa) having approximately 3-4 times the activity of the smaller, proline containing, size classes (molecular mass<10 kDa). All of the AFGP size classes prevented leakage from dielaidoylphosphatidylcholine (DEPC) liposomes as they were cooled through their phase transition temperature, with the larger size classes being approximately 4 times as effective as the smaller ones. It is hypothesized that AFGP prevent liposomes from leaking as they pass through the phase transition temperature by binding to the phospholipid membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wu
- A/F Protein Canada, Inc. P.O. Box 21233, St John's, NF A1A-5B2, Canada
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Wang X, DeVries AL, Cheng CH. Antifreeze peptide heterogeneity in an antarctic eel pout includes an unusually large major variant comprised of two 7 kDa type III AFPs linked in tandem. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1247:163-72. [PMID: 7696304 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(94)00205-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The structural heterogeneity of the major antifreeze peptides (AFPs) from the antarctic eel pout, Lycodichthys dearborni (formerly classified as Rhigophila dearborni) was characterized. Three major AFPs designated as RD1, RD2 and RD3, and five minor ones were isolated from the fish plasma. RD1 and RD2 are both 64 residues in length, about 7 kDa, and thus similar in size to all characterized type III AFPs, while RD3 is twice as large, about 14 kDa, and represents the first example of a disparately large size variant within the same fish for the three known types of antifreeze peptides. RD3 was found to be 134 residues in length, arranged as a 64-residue N-terminal half and a 61-residue C-terminal half of similar sequence to each other and to the 7 kDa type III AFPs, linked by a 9-residue connector of unmatched sequence. RD3 has slightly lower antifreeze activity than its 7 kDa counterparts, with a melting-freezing point difference of about 0.81 degrees C at 10 mg/ml versus 0.95 degrees C and 0.90 degrees C for RD1 and RD2, respectively. RD1 and RD2 are 94% identical in sequence to each other. They are 98% and 94%, respectively identical to N-terminal half of RD3, and 85% and 77%, respectively, identical to C-terminal half of RD3. By sequence comparison, a previously characterized AFP from this fish [1] was identified to be RD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- Department of Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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Hansen TN, DeVries AL, Baust JG. Calorimetric analysis of antifreeze glycoproteins of the polar fish, Dissostichus mawsoni. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1079:169-73. [PMID: 1911839 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(91)90122-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Solutions of antifreeze glycoproteins 1 through 5 and 8 were analyzed for activity by differential scanning calorimetry. With a scan rate of 1 degree C min-1, antifreeze glycoproteins 1-5 (20 mg/ml) revealed antifreeze activity with a delay in the freeze exotherm during cooling in the presence of ice. Antifreeze glycoprotein 8 (60 mg/ml), however, did not reveal antifreeze activity. When a 0.1 degree C min-1 scan rate was used, glycoproteins 1-5 again yielded a delay in the freeze onset, but the exotherm consisted of multiple events. At the slower scan glycoprotein 8 revealed an initial freeze followed by multiple exothermic events resembling those of glycoproteins 1-5. Thermograms exhibiting antifreeze activity had an initial shoulder in the exotherm direction upon cooling followed by a delay before the exotherm. The shoulders were correlated with c-axis ice growth observed in visual methods. The glycoprotein antifreezes had a linear increase in activity with decreased ice content.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Hansen
- Center for Cryobiological Research, SUNY-Binghamton 13901
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Brown TA, DeLuca HF. Photoaffinity labeling of the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 receptor. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1073:324-8. [PMID: 1849006 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(91)90138-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Underivatized 1,25-dihydroxy[26,27-3H]vitamin D-3 was successfully used to photoaffinity label the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 receptor. The covalent incorporation of tritium into the receptor protein was induced by ultraviolet irradiation of the receptor-1,25-dihydroxy[26,27-3H]vitamin D-3 complex in crude pig intestinal nuclear extract. The amount of incorporated label increased with increasing time of irradiation and was dependent on light of wavelengths 220-280 nm. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography were used to demonstrate that label was incorporated primarily into the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 receptor. In addition, the label incorporation was eliminated by competition with a 100-fold excess nonradioactive 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3, indicating that the label was specific for the steroid binding site. Since 1,25-(OH)2[26,27-3H]vitamin D-3 is readily available and requires no special precautions for its preparation and handling, it should be a useful photoaffinity label for future studies of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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Enhancement of insect antifreeze protein activity by antibodies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1076:416-20. [PMID: 2001390 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(91)90485-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins, produced by many cold water marine teleost fish and terrestrial arthropods (insects, spiders, etc.), inhibit ice crystal growth by a non-colligative mechanism, probably by adsorbing onto the surface of potential seed ice crystals and thereby blocking growth at preferred growth sites. In this study it is demonstrated that the activity of two insect antifreeze proteins is greatly increased by the addition of specific rabbit polyclonal antibodies to the antifreezes. A model is presented which suggests that the enhancement occurs because the antifreeze-antibody complex, being much larger than the antifreeze protein alone (a minimal 7-8-fold increase in size), blocks a larger area of the ice crystal surface and extends further above the surface, thus requiring the temperature to be further lowered before crystal growth proceeds. This idea is further supported by the finding that addition of goat anti-rabbit IgG to the antifreeze protein + anti-antifreeze protein antibody complexes further enhanced activity.
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Hansen TN, Baust JG. Differential scanning calorimetric analysis of Tenebrio molitor antifreeze protein activity. Cryobiology 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0011-2240(89)90062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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DeVries AL. The role of antifreeze glycopeptides and peptides in the freezing avoidance of antarctic fishes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(88)90302-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Burcham TS, Knauf MJ, Osuga DT, Feeney RE, Yeh Y. Antifreeze glycoproteins: influence of polymer length and ice crystal habit on activity. Biopolymers 1984; 23:1379-95. [PMID: 6466773 DOI: 10.1002/bip.360230720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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32
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O'Grady SM, Schrag JD, Raymond JA, Devries AL. Comparison of antifreeze glycopeptides from arctic and antarctic fishes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402240207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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