Improved purification of 12-lipoxygenase from rat basophilic leukemia cells and conditions for optimal enzyme activity

Effects of inhibitors of the lipo-oxygenase family of enzymes on the store-operated calcium current I(CRAC) in rat basophilic leukaemia cells

In non-excitable cells, the major Ca2+ entry pathway is the store-operated pathway in which emptying of intracellular Ca2+ stores activates Ca2+ channels in the plasma membrane. In many cell types, store-operated influx gives rise to a Ca2+-selective current called I(CRAC) (Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ current). Using both the whole-cell patch clamp technique to measure I(CRAC) directly and fluorescent Ca2+ imaging, we have examined the role of the lipo-oxygenase pathway in the activation of store-operated Ca2+ entry in the RBL-1 rat basophilic leukaemia cell-line. Pretreatment with a variety of structurally distinct lipo-oxygenase inhibitors all reduced the extent of I(CRAC), whereas inhibition of the cyclo-oxygenase enzymes was without effect. The inhibition was still seen in the presence of the broad protein kinase blocker staurosporine, or when Na+ was used as the charge carrier through CRAC channels. The lipo-oxygenase blockers released Ca2+ from intracellular stores but this was not associated with subsequent Ca2+ entry. Lipo-oxygenase blockers also reduced both the amount of Ca2+ that could subsequently be released by the combination of thapsigargin and ionomycin in Ca2+-free solution and the Ca2+ influx component that occurred when external Ca2+ was re-admitted. The inhibitors were much less effective if applied after I(CRAC) had been activated. This inhibition of I(CRAC) could not be rescued by dialysis with 5(S)-hydroxyperoxyeicosa-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z,tetraenoic acid (5-HPETE), the first product of the 5-lipo-oxygenase pathway. Our findings indicate that exposure to pharmacological tools that inhibit the lipo-oxygenase enzymes all decrease the extent of activation of the current. Our results raise the possibility that a lipo-oxygenase might be involved in the activation of I(CRAC). Alternative explanations are also discussed.

Roles of arachidonic acid, lipoxygenases and phosphatases in calcium-dependent modulation of M-current in bullfrog sympathetic neurons

1. M-current (IM) is regulated by intracellular free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i). Suppression and overrecovery of IM induced by muscarine and luteinizing-hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) are also regulated by [Ca2+]i. The role of the arachidonic acid (AA) pathway in the Ca(2+)-dependent modulation of IM was investigated using whole-cell voltage clamp and intracellular perfusion in dissociated bullfrog sympathetic B neurons. 2. Quinacrine (10-20 microM) and 4-bromophenacyl bromide (4-BPB; 4-10 microM), the inhibitors of phospholipase A2, blocked the enhancement of IM evoked by raising [Ca2+]i. 3. AA (6-120 microM) increased IM by about 50% of the control current in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. 4. Enhancements of IM by Ca2+ and AA were blocked by the lipoxygenase (LO) inhibitors nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA; 1-5 microM) and 5,8,11-eicosatrynoic acid (ETI; 10 microM). The cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (10 microM) had no effect. 5. Enhancement of IM by Ca2+ was abolished by the selective 12-LO inhibitors baicalein (1-2 microM) and 15(S)-hydroxy-5-cis-8-cis-11-cis-13-trans-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE; 6.5 microM). A 12-LO product, 2(S)-hydroxy-5-cis-8-cis-10-trans-14-cis- eicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE; 13-20 microM), increased IM without Ca2+ requirement. 6. Enhancement of IM by Ca2+ was not affected by the selective 5-LO inhibitors AA-861 (10 microM), 5,6-dehydroarachidonic acid (5,6-DAA, 10 microM) and L-651,896 (10 microM). The 5-LO metabolites leukotriene C4 (1.5-8 microM) and leukotriene B4 (1.5-5 microM) showed no obvious effect on IM. 7. NDGA alone inhibited IM with an IC50 of 0.73 microM at 120 nM Cai(2+). 8. NDGA did not affect suppression of IM by muscarine or LHRH; however, overrecovery of IM upon removing these agonists was totally eliminated by 1 microM NDGA. 9. Inhibitors of phosphatases, calyculin A (0.1 microM) and okadaic acid (1 microM), completely abolished overrecovery of IM. Calyculin A also blocked the Ca(2+)-induced IM enhancement. 10. It is suggested that Ca2+ enhances IM by stimulating the AA metabolic pathway. Dephosphorylation probably upregulates IM. Overrecovery of IM is probably a result of stimulation of the LO pathway and phosphatases by increased [Ca2+]i.

Stimulation of lipoxin synthesis from leukotriene A4 by endogenously formed 12-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid in activated human platelets

Human platelets are devoid of 5-lipoxygenase activity but convert exogenous leukotriene A4 (LTA4) either by a specific LTC4 synthase to leukotriene C4 or via a 12-lipoxygenase mediated reaction to lipoxins. Unstimulated platelets mainly produced LTC4, whereas only minor amounts of lipoxins were formed. Platelet activation with thrombin, collagen or ionophore A23187 increased the conversion of LTA4 to lipoxins and decreased the leukotriene production. Maximal effects were observed after incubation with ionophore A23187, which induced synthesis of comparable amounts of lipoxins and cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4). Chelation of intra- and extracellular calcium with quin-2 and EDTA reversed the ionophore A23187-induced stimulation of lipoxin synthesis from LTA4 and inhibited the formation of 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) from endogenous substrate. However, calcium did not affect the 12-lipoxygenase activity in the 100,000 x g supernatant of sonicated platelet suspensions. Furthermore, the stimulatory effect on lipoxin formation induced by platelet agonists could be mimicked in intact platelets by the addition of low concentrations of arachidonic acid, 12-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HPETE) or 13-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HPODE). The results indicate that the elevated lipoxin synthesis during platelet activation is due to stimulated 12-lipoxygenase activity induced by endogenously formed 12-HPETE.

12-Lipoxygenase from rat basophilic leukemia cells, an oxygenase with leukotriene A4-synthase activity

Rat basophilic leukemia cells exhibit 12-lipoxygenase activity only upon cell disruption. 12-Lipoxygenase may also possess 15-lipoxygenase activity, as is indicated by the formation of low amounts of 15(S)-HETE, in addition to the predominant product 12(S)-HETE, upon incubation of partially purified 12-lipoxygenase with arachidonic acid. With 5(S)-HPETE as substrate not only 5(S), 12(S)-diHETE and 5(S), 15(S)-diHETE are formed, but also LTA4, as was indicated by the presence of LTA4-derived LTB4-isomers. 12-Lipoxygenase from rat basophilic leukemia cells has many features in common with 12-lipoxygenase from bovine leukocytes. As was suggested for the latter enzyme, 12-lipoxygenase from rat basophilic leukemia cells may represent the remaining LTA4-synthase activity of 5-lipoxygenase, of which the 5-dioxygenase activity has disappeared upon cell disruption. Such a possible shift from 5-lipoxygenase activity to 12-lipoxygenase activity could not simply be induced by interaction of cytosolic 5-lipoxygenase with a membrane fraction after cell disruption, but may involve release of membrane-associated 5-lipoxygenase upon disruption of activated rat basophilic leukemia cells.