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Jardine TD, Galloway AWE, Kainz MJ. Unlocking the power of fatty acids as dietary tracers and metabolic signals in fishes and aquatic invertebrates. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190639. [PMID: 32536302 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the transfer and transformation of organic matter in food webs is a fundamental challenge that has implications for sustainable management of ecosystems. Fatty acids (FA) offer a potential approach for resolving complex diet mixtures of organisms because they provide a suite of molecular tracers. Yet, uncertainties in the degree of their biochemical modification by consumers, due to selective retention or metabolism, have limited their application. Here, we consolidated 316 controlled feeding studies of aquatic ectotherms (fishes and invertebrates) involving 1404 species-diet combinations to assess the degree of trophic modification of FA in muscle tissue. We found a high degree of variability within and among taxa in the %FA in consumer muscle tissue versus %FA in diet regression equations. Most saturated FA had weak relationships with the diet (r2 < 0.30) and shallow slopes (m < 0.30), suggesting a lack of retention in muscle when fed in increasing amounts. Contrarily, several essential FA, including linoleic (18:2n-6) and α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3), exhibited significant relationships with the diet (m > 0.35, r2 > 0.50), suggesting supply limitations and selective retention in muscle by consumers. For all FA, relationships strengthened with increasing taxonomic specificity. We also demonstrated the utility of new correction equations by calculating the potential contributions of approximately 20 prey items to the diet of selected species of generalist fishes using a FA mixing model. Our analyses further reveal how a broad range of fishes and invertebrates convert or store these compounds in muscle tissue to meet physiological needs and point to their power in resolving complex diets in aquatic food webs. This article is part of the theme issue 'The next horizons for lipids as 'trophic biomarkers': evidence and significance of consumer modification of dietary fatty acids'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Jardine
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5C8.,Canadian Rivers Institute, Fredericton, NB, Canada, E3B 5A3
| | - Aaron W E Galloway
- Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, University of Oregon, Charleston, OR 97420, USA
| | - Martin J Kainz
- Inter-university Center for Aquatic Ecosystems Research WasserCluster - Biologische Station Lunz, Lunz am See, Austria
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2
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Wang DH, Wang Z, Cortright JR, Le KP, Liu L, Kothapalli KSD, Brenna JT. Identification of Polymethylene-Interrupted Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PMI-PUFA) by Solvent-Mediated Covalent Adduct Chemical Ionization Triple Quadrupole Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:8209-8217. [PMID: 32463662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pine nuts and other edible gymnosperm seeds contain unusual, bioactive polymethylene-interrupted polyunsaturated fatty acids (PMI-PUFAs), a subset of nonmethylene-interrupted PUFA with (-CH2-)n≥2 intervening between double bonds. Conventional methods for structure elucidation of PMI-PUFAs require special derivatization risking rearrangement artifacts. Here we introduce a facile solvent-mediated (SM) covalent adduct chemical ionization (CACI) system modified with a triple quadrupole MS, which distinguishes PMI-PUFAs from their analogues in direct methyl ester form. The prominent Δ5 desaturated PMI-PUFAs exhibit characteristic fragmentation at C6-7 to yield ω diagnostic ions and share their fragmentation pattern with normal methylene interrupted PUFAs for the α diagnostic ion. H• transfer upon CID dissociation of PMI-PUFAs was found to be dependent on the relative position of isolated lone double bonds and cleavage points. Ginkgo and five species of pine nuts were characterized for their unique Δ5 fatty acid profile, without the need for chemical standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hao Wang
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Depts of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, Texas 78723, United States.,Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Zhen Wang
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Depts of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, Texas 78723, United States.,Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - J Raven Cortright
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Depts of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, Texas 78723, United States
| | - Kim Phuong Le
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Depts of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, Texas 78723, United States
| | - Lei Liu
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Depts of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, Texas 78723, United States.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - K S D Kothapalli
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Depts of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, Texas 78723, United States
| | - J Thomas Brenna
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Depts of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, Texas 78723, United States.,Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
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3
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Saito H, Ioka H. Lipids and Fatty Acids of Sea Hares Aplysia kurodai and Aplysia juliana: High Levels of Icosapentaenoic and n-3 Docosapentaenoic Acids. J Oleo Sci 2019; 68:1199-1213. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess19137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Saito
- SA Lipid Laboratory
- Japan Inspection Institute of Fats and Oils
| | - Hisashi Ioka
- SA Lipid Laboratory
- Present address, Shimane Prefectural Fisheries Technology Center
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Dernekbaşı S. The Fatty Acid Composition of Cultured Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck 1819) in Offshore Longline System in the Black Sea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.15406/jamb.2015.02.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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5
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Genard B, Miner P, Nicolas JL, Moraga D, Boudry P, Pernet F, Tremblay R. Integrative study of physiological changes associated with bacterial infection in Pacific oyster larvae. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64534. [PMID: 23704993 PMCID: PMC3660371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial infections are common in bivalve larvae and can lead to significant mortality, notably in hatcheries. Numerous studies have identified the pathogenic bacteria involved in such mortalities, but physiological changes associated with pathogen exposure at larval stage are still poorly understood. In the present study, we used an integrative approach including physiological, enzymatic, biochemical, and molecular analyses to investigate changes in energy metabolism, lipid remodelling, cellular stress, and immune status of Crassostrea gigas larvae subjected to experimental infection with the pathogenic bacteria Vibrio coralliilyticus. Findings Our results showed that V. coralliilyticus exposure induced (1) limited but significant increase of larvae mortality compared with controls, (2) declined feeding activity, which resulted in energy status changes (i.e. reserve consumption, β-oxidation, decline of metabolic rate), (3) fatty acid remodeling of polar lipids (changes in phosphatidylinositol and lysophosphatidylcholine composition`, non-methylene–interrupted fatty acids accumulation, lower content of major C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as activation of desaturases, phospholipase and lipoxygenase), (4) activation of antioxidant defenses (catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxiredoxin) and cytoprotective processes (heat shock protein 70, pernin), and (5) activation of the immune response (non-self recognition, NF-κκ signaling pathway, haematopoiesis, eiconosoids and lysophosphatidyl acid synthesis, inhibitor of metalloproteinase and antimicrobial peptides). Conclusion Overall, our results allowed us to propose an integrative view of changes induced by a bacterial infection in Pacific oyster larvae, opening new perspectives on the response of marine bivalve larvae to infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Genard
- Institut des sciences de la mer, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada.
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Eghtesadi- P, Bastami KD. An Integrated Approach on Interconnected Effects between Selected Environmental Parameters and Fatty Acid Composition in Mollusks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/rjes.2011.310.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Pond DW, Bell MV, Dixon DR, Fallick AE, Segonzac M, Sargent JR. Stable-carbon-isotope composition of Fatty acids in hydrothermal vent mussels containing methanotrophic and thiotrophic bacterial endosymbionts. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 64:370-5. [PMID: 16349492 PMCID: PMC124722 DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.1.370-375.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid biomarker analysis coupled with gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry was used to confirm the presence of methanotrophic and thiotrophic bacterial endosymbionts in the tissues of a hydrothermal vent mussel (Bathymodiolus sp.), collected from the Menez Gwen vent field on the mid-Atlantic ridge. Monounsaturated (n-8) fatty acids, which are diagnostic of methanotrophic bacteria, were detected in all three types of tissues examined (gill, posterior adductor, and mantle), although levels were highest in gill tissues where the bacteria were found. Stable-carbon-isotope compositions (delta-C per mille relative to that of Peedee belemnite) of fatty acids for all three tissues ranged from -24.9 to -34.9 per thousand, which encompasses the range predicted for both thiotroph- and methanotroph-based nutrition. The data suggest that these thio- and methanotrophic bacterial endosymbionts are equally important in the nutrition of the vent mussel at this particular vent site.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Pond
- NERC Unit of Aquatic Biochemistry, Department of Biological and Molecular Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 3DH, and Isotope Geosciences Unit, SURRC, East Kilbride, Glasgow G75 OQF, United Kingdom, and IFREMER, F-29280 Plouzané, Brest, France
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Saito H, Marty Y. High Levels of Icosapentaenoic Acid in the Lipids of Oyster Crassostrea gigas Ranging over Both Japan and France. J Oleo Sci 2010; 59:281-92. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.59.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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9
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Barnathan G. Non-methylene-interrupted fatty acids from marine invertebrates: Occurrence, characterization and biological properties. Biochimie 2009; 91:671-8. [PMID: 19376188 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2009.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Marine organisms, in particular invertebrates, have proved to be a major source of unique fatty acid (FA) structures originating from unusual biosynthetic pathways. Among them, non-methylene-interrupted (NMI) FA occur in various molluscs in the wide ranges of concentrations (up to 20%), such as the most often encountered 20:2 Delta5,11, 20:2 Delta5,13, 22:2 Delta7,13 or 22:2 Delta7,15. Such NMI FA have also been reported from algae, echinoderms, sponges, tropical rays, and many other invertebrates. The most intriguing marine invertebrates seem to be sponges that commonly contain very long-chain Delta5,9 FA. A third double bond can occur in the NMI FA as reported in some marine organisms, such as 20:3 Delta7,13,16 or 30:3 Delta5,9,23. Lipids of invertebrates from deep-sea hydrothermal and cold-seep vents gave rise to an intense research activity including reports on unprecedented NMI polyunsaturated FA. The bivalve molluscs are able to synthesize de novo the NMI FA but their precise biological interest is presently not well-known, although structural and functional roles in biological membranes have been suggested, in particular a higher resistance to oxidative processes and microbial lipases. Biosynthetic pathways of Delta5,9 FA in sponges were demonstrated up to C(26) FA structures and include particular elongation and desaturation steps. Recently, intense research effort has been conducted to investigate the biomedical potential of these unusual FA. Thus, Delta5,9 FA displayed interesting antiplasmodial activity. The most promising FA topoisomerase I inhibitors to date seem to be the long-chain Delta5,9 FA. This inhibitory activity is probably partially responsible for the toxicity displayed by some of the Delta5,9 FA towards cancer cell lines.
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Thiemann G, Budge S, Iverson S, Stirling I. Unusual fatty acid biomarkers reveal age- and sex-specific foraging in polar bears (Ursus maritimus). CAN J ZOOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1139/z07-028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We used fatty acid (FA) biomarkers in a novel approach to study the foraging habits of a top predator. We tested the hypothesis that non-methylene-interrupted FA (NMI FA), synthesized by benthic molluscs, are transferred via pinnipeds to polar bears ( Ursus maritimus Phipps, 1774) at the top of the arctic marine food web. Among eight species of marine mammals preyed upon by polar bears, NMI FA were prevalent only in benthic-feeding bearded seals ( Erignathus barbatus (Erxleben, 1777)) and Atlantic walruses ( Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus (L., 1758)). These two prey species differed in their relative proportions of NMI FA — 22:2Δ7,15 was almost exclusive to bearded seals, whereas 20:2Δ5,11 was most abundant in Atlantic walruses. Six different NMI FA were identified in polar bears. Trends in individual NMI FA showed that large, adult male polar bears were the primary predators of bearded seals and Atlantic walruses. These findings were confirmed through quantitative FA signature analysis (QFASA) using an entirely different set of FA. In addition to corroborating the accuracy of QFASA diet estimates, these results indicate that individual NMI FA can provide specific information on polar bear foraging and therefore provide insights into the bottom–up effects of environmental change in arctic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- G.W. Thiemann
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada
- Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3J 2X4, Canada
- Canadian Wildlife Service, Edmonton, AB T6H 3S5, Canada
| | - S.M. Budge
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada
- Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3J 2X4, Canada
- Canadian Wildlife Service, Edmonton, AB T6H 3S5, Canada
| | - S.J. Iverson
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada
- Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3J 2X4, Canada
- Canadian Wildlife Service, Edmonton, AB T6H 3S5, Canada
| | - I. Stirling
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada
- Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3J 2X4, Canada
- Canadian Wildlife Service, Edmonton, AB T6H 3S5, Canada
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Delaporte M, Soudant P, Moal J, Kraffe E, Marty Y, Samain JF. Incorporation and modification of dietary fatty acids in gill polar lipids by two bivalve species Crassostrea gigas and Ruditapes philippinarum. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2005; 140:460-70. [PMID: 15936706 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2005.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2004] [Revised: 02/12/2005] [Accepted: 02/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Two bivalve species Crassostrea gigas and Ruditapes philippinarum were fed eight weeks with three mono-specific algae diets: T-Isochrysis galbana, Tetraselmis suecica, Chaetoceros calcitrans, selected on the basis of their polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) composition. The incorporation and the modification of dietary fatty acids in C. gigas and R. philippinarum gill lipids were analysed and compared. Essential PUFA (20:4n-6, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3) and non-methylene interrupted PUFAs (known to be synthesised from monounsaturated precursors) contents of gill polar lipid of both species were greatly influenced by the dietary conditioning. Interestingly, oysters and clams responded differentially to the mono-specific diets. Oysters maintained higher 20:5n-3 level and higher 22:2j/22:i and n-7/n-9 ratio in gill polar lipids than clams. To better discriminate dietary and species influences on the fatty acid composition, a Principal Component Analysis followed by a MANOVA on the two most explicative components was performed. These statistical analyses showed that difference in fatty acid compositions attributable to species were just as significant as the diet inputs. The differences of gill fatty acid compositions between oysters and clams are speculated to result of an intrinsic species characteristic and perhaps of a group characteristic: Fillibranch vs. Eulamellibranch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryse Delaporte
- Laboratoire de Physiologie des Invertébrés, IFREMER de Brest, 29280 Plouzané, France
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Freites L, Fernández-Reiriz MJ, Labarta U. Fatty acid profiles of Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lmk) mussel of subtidal and rocky shore origin. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2002; 132:453-61. [PMID: 12031472 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(02)00057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid profiles of seeds of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis originating from two habitats (rocky shore and subtidal) were compared after transfer to the same habitat (subtidal). The objective was to study the initial levels of different fatty acids of metabolic importance and, furthermore, the variability of these fatty acids over the experimental period. The results show that of all fatty acids identified in both seed groups, the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is the group with highest percentage. Within this group, the C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3 fatty acids show the highest levels. Additionally, the mussels of subtidal origin presented higher initial levels than the rocky shore mussels with regard to fatty acids characterised by energetic-type functions, such as the C14:0, C16:0, and the C20:5n-3 fatty acids, among others. Fatty acids characterised by structural-type functions, e.g. C18:0, C22:6n-3 and non-methylene interrupted dienoic (NMID) with 20 and 22 carbons in rocky shore mussels presented higher levels than those of the subtidal mussels. However, it has not been ruled out that aside from influences relating to the functional aspects of the different fatty acids, the initial differences were also associated with the quantitative and qualitative differences of the available food in both habitats. Nevertheless, 22 days into the experiment (in the majority of cases) the initial differences disappear in the different fatty acids with metabolic importance. On the basis of these results, the influence that mussel origin could exercise on the variability of the fatty acid profiles of recognised metabolic importance is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Freites
- CSIC Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, C/Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
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Wakeham SG, Lee C, Farrington JW, Gagosian RB. Biogeochemistry of particulate organic matter in the oceans: results from sediment trap experiments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0198-0149(84)90099-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ackman RG, Eaton CA. Some Contemporary Applications of Open-Tubular Gas-Liquid Chromatography in Analyses of Methyl Esters of Longer-Chain Fatty Acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1002/lipi.19780800104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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