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Fock E, Parnova R. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the brain and visual system: Focus on invertebrates. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 275:111023. [PMID: 39154851 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.111023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
A critical role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), mainly docosahexaenoic acid 22:6ω3 (DHA), in the development and function of the brain and visual system is well established. DHA, the most abundant omega-3 PUFA in the vertebrate brain, contributes to neuro- and synaptogenesis, neuronal differentiation, synaptic transmission and plasticity, neuronal network formation, memory and behaviour formation. Based on these data, the unique importance of DHA and its irreplaceability in neural and retinal tissues has been postulated. In this review, we consider omega-3 PUFA composition in the brain and retina of various invertebrates, and show that DHA has only been found in marine mollusks and crustaceans. A gradual decrease in the DHA content until its disappearance can be observed in the brain lipids of the series marine-freshwater-terrestrial crustaceans and marine-terrestrial mollusks, suggesting that the transition to the land lifestyle in the evolution of invertebrates, but not vertebrates, was accompanied by a loss of DHA. As with terrestrial crustaceans and mollusks, DHA was not found in insects, either terrestrial or aquatic, or in nematodes. We show that the nervous and visual systems of various DHA-free invertebrates can be highly enriched in alpha-linolenic acid 18:3ω3 or eicosapentaenoic acid 20:5ω3, which affect neurological and visual function, stimulating synaptogenesis, synaptic transmission, visual processing, learning and even cognition. The review data show that, in animals at different levels of organization, omega-3 PUFA are required for the functioning of the nervous and visual systems and that their specific needs can be met by various omega-3 PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Fock
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223, Torez Av., 44, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Rimma Parnova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223, Torez Av., 44, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
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2
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Correlation between Irradiation Treatment and Metabolite Changes in Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) Larvae Using Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) Coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144641. [PMID: 35889514 PMCID: PMC9320597 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolites produced by the larvae of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) exposed to different doses of irradiation were analyzed using solid phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and a metabonomic analysis method of irradiated insects based on GC-MS was established. The analysis revealed 67 peaks, of which 23 peaks were identified. The metabolites produced by larvae treated with different irradiation doses were compared by multivariate statistical analysis, and eight differential metabolites were selected. Irradiation seriously influenced the fatty acid metabolic pathway in larvae. Using the R platform combined with the method of multivariate statistical analysis, changes to metabolite production under four irradiation doses given to B. dorsalis larvae were described. Differential metabolites of B. dorsalis larvae carried chemical signatures that indicated irradiation dose, and this method is expected to provide a reference for the detection of irradiated insects.
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Prasifka JR, Ferguson B, Anderson JV. Fatty Acid Data and Crop Surveys Indicate Sources of Red Sunflower Seed Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Populations and Suggest Strategies for Management. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:154-159. [PMID: 33595658 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The red sunflower seed weevil, Smicronyx fulvus L., is a univoltine seed-feeding pest of cultivated sunflower, Helianthus annuus L. Artificial infestations of S. fulvus onto sunflowers with traditional (<25% oleic acid), mid-oleic (55-75%), or high oleic (>80%) fatty acid profiles were used to test if fatty acids could be used as natural markers to estimate the proportion of weevils developing on oilseed sunflowers rather than wild Helianthus spp. and confection (non-oil) types. Oleic acid (%) in S. fulvus confirmed the fatty acid compositions of mature larvae and weevil adults reflected their diets, making primary (oleic or linoleic) fatty acids feasible as natural markers for this crop-insect combination. Oleic acid in wild S. fulvus populations in North Dakota suggests at least 84 and 90% of adults originated from mid-oleic or high oleic sunflower hybrids in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Surveys in 2017 (n = 156 fields) and 2019 (n = 120 fields) extended information provided by S. fulvus fatty acid data; no significant spatial patterns of S. fulvus damage were detected in samples, damage to oilseed sunflowers was greater than confection (non-oil) types, and the majority of damage occurred in ≈10% of surveyed fields. Combined, data suggest a few unmanaged or mismanaged oilseed sunflower fields are responsible for producing most S. fulvus in an area. Improved management seems possible with a combination of grower education and expanded use of non-insecticidal tactics, including cultural practices and S. fulvus-resistant hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beth Ferguson
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, Fargo, ND
| | - James V Anderson
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, Fargo, ND
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Zheng X, Xin Y, Peng Y, Shan J, Zhang N, Wu D, Guo J, Huang J, Guan W, Shi S, Zhou C, Chen R, Du B, Zhu L, Yang F, Fu X, Yuan L, He G. Lipidomic analyses reveal enhanced lipolysis in planthoppers feeding on resistant host plants. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 64:1502-1521. [PMID: 33165813 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1834-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The brown planthopper (BPH) (Nilaparvata lugens Stål) is a highly destructive pest that seriously damages rice (Oryza sativa L.) and causes severe yield losses. To better understand the physiological and metabolic mechanisms through which BPHs respond to resistant rice, we combined mass-spectrometry-based lipidomics with transcriptomic analysis and gene knockdown techniques to compare the lipidomes of BPHs feeding on either of the two resistant (NIL-Bph6 and NIL-Bph9) plants or a wild-type, BPH susceptible (9311) plant. Insects that were fed on resistant rice transformed triglyceride (TG) to phosphatidylcholine (PC) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), with these lipid classes showing significant alterations in fatty acid composition. Moreover, the insects that were fed on resistant rice were characterized by prominent expression changes in genes involved in lipid metabolism processes. Knockdown of the NlBmm gene, which encodes a lipase that regulates the mobilization of lipid reserves, significantly increased TG content and feeding performance of BPHs on resistant plants relative to dsGFP-injected BPHs. Our study provides the first detailed description of lipid changes in BPHs fed on resistant and susceptible rice genotypes. Results from BPHs fed on resistant rice plants reveal that these insects can accelerate TG mobilization to provide energy for cell proliferation, body maintenance, growth and oviposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yeyun Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Yaxin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Junhan Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Di Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jianping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Wei Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shaojie Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Cong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Rongzhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Bo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lili Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Fang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiqin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Longping Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Guangcun He
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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5
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Kaczmarek A, Wrońska AK, Kazek M, Boguś MI. Metamorphosis-related changes in the free fatty acid profiles of Sarcophaga (Liopygia) argyrostoma (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830). Sci Rep 2020; 10:17337. [PMID: 33060748 PMCID: PMC7562915 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74475-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The flies of the Sarcophagidae, widespread throughout the temperate zone, are of great significance in Medicine, Veterinary science, Forensics and Entomotoxicology. Lipids are important elements of cell and organelle membranes and a source of energy for embryogenesis, metamorphosis and flight. Cuticular lipids protect from desiccation and act as recognition cues for species, nest mates and castes, and are a source of various pheromones. The free fatty acid (FFA) profile of cuticular and internal extracts of Sarcophaga (Liopygia) argyrostoma (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) larvae, pupae and adults was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The larvae, pupae and adults contained FFAs from C5:0 to C28:0. The extracts differed quantitatively and qualitatively from each other: C18:1 > C16:1 > C16:0 > C18:0 predominated in the cuticular and internal extracts from the larvae and adults, while 18:1 > C16:0 > C16:1 > C18:0 predominated in the pupae. The FFA profile of the cuticle varies considerably between each development stage: C23:0 and C25:0 are only present in larvae, C28:0 in the pupal cuticle, and C12:1 and C18:3 in internal extracts from adults. The mechanisms underlying this diversity are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Kaczmarek
- The Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Katarzyna Wrońska
- The Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michalina Kazek
- The Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mieczysława Irena Boguś
- The Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Biomibo, Warsaw, Poland
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6
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Sahaka M, Amara S, Wattanakul J, Gedi MA, Aldai N, Parsiegla G, Lecomte J, Christeller JT, Gray D, Gontero B, Villeneuve P, Carrière F. The digestion of galactolipids and its ubiquitous function in Nature for the uptake of the essential α-linolenic acid. Food Funct 2020; 11:6710-6744. [PMID: 32687132 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01040e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Galactolipids, mainly monogalactosyl diglycerides and digalactosyl diglycerides are the main lipids found in the membranes of plants, algae and photosynthetic microorganisms like microalgae and cyanobacteria. As such, they are the main lipids present at the surface of earth. They may represent up to 80% of the fatty acid stocks, including a large proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids mainly α-linolenic acid (ALA). Nevertheless, the interest in these lipids for nutrition and other applications remains overlooked, probably because they are dispersed in the biomass and are not as easy to extract as vegetable oils from oleaginous fruit and oil seeds. Another reason is that galactolipids only represent a small fraction of the acylglycerolipids present in modern human diet. In herbivores such as horses, fish and folivorous insects, galactolipids may however represent the main source of dietary fatty acids due to their dietary habits and digestion physiology. The development of galactolipase assays has led to the identification and characterization of the enzymes involved in the digestion of galactolipids in the gastrointestinal tract, as well as by microorganisms. Pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 (PLRP2) has been identified as an important factor of galactolipid digestion in humans, together with pancreatic carboxyl ester hydrolase (CEH). The levels of PLRP2 are particularly high in monogastric herbivores thus highlighting the peculiar role of PLRP2 in the digestion of plant lipids. Similarly, pancreatic lipase homologs are found to be expressed in the midgut of folivorous insects, in which a high galactolipase activity can be measured. In fish, however, CEH is the main galactolipase involved. This review discusses the origins and fatty acid composition of galactolipids and the physiological contribution of galactolipid digestion in various species. This overlooked aspect of lipid digestion ensures not only the intake of ALA from its main natural source, but also the main lipid source of energy for growth of some herbivorous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moulay Sahaka
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR7281 Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France.
| | - Sawsan Amara
- Lipolytech, Zone Luminy Biotech, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Jutarat Wattanakul
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Mohamed A Gedi
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Noelia Aldai
- Lactiker Research Group, Department of Pharmacy & Food Sciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Goetz Parsiegla
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR7281 Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France.
| | | | - John T Christeller
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (Plant & Food Research), Palmerston North Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David Gray
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Brigitte Gontero
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR7281 Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France.
| | | | - Frédéric Carrière
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR7281 Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France.
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7
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Lunas BM, de Paula MC, Michelutti KB, Lima-Junior SE, Antonialli-Junior WF, Cardoso CAL. Hydrocarbon and Fatty Acid Composition from Blowfly Eggs Represents a Potential Complementary Taxonomic Tool of Forensic Importance. J Forensic Sci 2019; 64:1720-1725. [PMID: 31674674 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
One of the most important contributions of forensic entomology is to assist criminal expertise to determine the postmortem interval, which depends on the duration of the immature stages of insects of forensic interest. On the other hand, the time of development of the different stages varies according to the species; therefore, its identification is essential. Currently, few studies have investigated the use of cuticular hydrocarbons, and none regarding fatty acids, as complementary taxonomic tools to expedite species identification. Therefore, we evaluated whether cuticular hydrocarbons together with fatty acids of eggs of flies of the family Calliphoridae, main group of forensic interest, can be used to distinguish species. The analyses were performed by chromatographic techniques. The results show that there are significant differences between the composition of cuticular hydrocarbons and fatty acids between species and, therefore, they can be used to provide a complementary taxonomic tool to expedite the forensic expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belisa M Lunas
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, 79804-970, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Michele C de Paula
- Centro de Estudos em Recursos Naturais (CERNA), Laboratório de Ecologia Comportamental (LABECO), Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, 79804-970, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.,Centro de Estudos em Recursos Naturais (CERNA), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Naturais, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, 79804-970, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Kamylla B Michelutti
- Centro de Estudos em Recursos Naturais (CERNA), Laboratório de Ecologia Comportamental (LABECO), Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, 79804-970, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Sidnei E Lima-Junior
- Centro de Estudos em Recursos Naturais (CERNA), Laboratório de Ecologia Comportamental (LABECO), Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, 79804-970, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.,Centro de Estudos em Recursos Naturais (CERNA), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Naturais, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, 79804-970, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - William F Antonialli-Junior
- Centro de Estudos em Recursos Naturais (CERNA), Laboratório de Ecologia Comportamental (LABECO), Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, 79804-970, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.,Centro de Estudos em Recursos Naturais (CERNA), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Naturais, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, 79804-970, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Claudia A L Cardoso
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, 79804-970, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.,Centro de Estudos em Recursos Naturais (CERNA), Laboratório de Ecologia Comportamental (LABECO), Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, 79804-970, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.,Centro de Estudos em Recursos Naturais (CERNA), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Naturais, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, 79804-970, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
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8
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Barroso FG, Sánchez-Muros MJ, Rincón MÁ, Rodriguez-Rodriguez M, Fabrikov D, Morote E, Guil-Guerrero JL. Production of n-3-rich insects by bioaccumulation of fishery waste. J Food Compost Anal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2019.103237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Straub P, Tanga C, Osuga I, Windisch W, Subramanian S. Experimental feeding studies with crickets and locusts on the use of feed mixtures composed of storable feed materials commonly used in livestock production. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Liu Z, Li Y, Pan L, Meng F, Zhang X. Cold adaptive potential of pine wood nematodes overwintering in plant hosts. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.041616. [PMID: 31023716 PMCID: PMC6550080 DOI: 10.1242/bio.041616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The pine wood nematode (PWN; Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) is the causal agent of pine wilt disease, which results in severe ecological and economic losses in coniferous forests. During overwintering, PWNs undergo morphological and physiological changes to adapt to low temperature environments. Here, the physiological changes of the PWN populations sampled in the summer and winter were compared to analyze the role of low temperatures in their response. The PWN overwinters as third-stage dispersal juveniles, which showed significantly greater survival rates than summer populations (propagative forms) at sub-zero temperatures. The major biochemical compounds in the populations were analyzed by gas chromatography. Eight dominant fatty acids, with stearic acid being the most important, were identified from PWN propagative stage and third-stage dispersal stage. Compared with the propagative stage, the dispersal stage showed significant increases in the fatty acid content and the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids. Three carbohydrates, trehalose, glycerol and glucose, were detected in the PWN. Compared with the summer population, the levels of trehalose and glycerol increased significantly, while glucose decreased, in the winter population. The modifications in fatty acid composition and cryoprotectant levels, as elements of its changing physiology, play important roles in the overwintering success of the PWN. Summary: The modifications in fatty acid composition and cryoprotectant levels, as elements of its changing physiology, play important roles in the overwintering success of the pine wood nematode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenkai Liu
- Laboratory of Forestry Pathogen Integrated Biology, Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, People's Republic of China.,Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing Jiangsu, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxia Li
- Laboratory of Forestry Pathogen Integrated Biology, Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, People's Republic of China .,Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing Jiangsu, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Pan
- Laboratory of Forestry Pathogen Integrated Biology, Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, People's Republic of China.,Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing Jiangsu, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanli Meng
- Laboratory of Forestry Pathogen Integrated Biology, Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, People's Republic of China.,Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing Jiangsu, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyao Zhang
- Laboratory of Forestry Pathogen Integrated Biology, Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, People's Republic of China.,Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing Jiangsu, 210037, People's Republic of China
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11
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The Effects of Diet Formulation on the Yield, Proximate Composition, and Fatty Acid Profile of the Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens L.) Prepupae Intended for Animal Feed. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9040178. [PMID: 31010233 PMCID: PMC6523828 DOI: 10.3390/ani9040178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Mass rearing of the black soldier fly to be used as feed is still at an early stage. Among the different issues, larval feeding and nutrition of this species are the most relevant ones from a practical standpoint. For example, testing four different diets, we found that this insect can be efficiently reared on wheat byproducts in place of cornmeal and that using diets richer in carbohydrates or proteins can negatively affect protein accumulation, larval development, and survivorship. Accumulation of unsaturated fats in black soldier fly prepupae is a matter of great interest, and it was found to be directly dependent on the amount of these fats in the rearing substrates. By appropriately mixing different food byproducts as diet ingredients, our research suggests that black soldier fly prepupae meal suitable for the feed formulation can be obtained. Abstract The black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens L.) is a very promising insect species due to the ability to convert low-value substrates in highly nutrient feed. This work aimed to study the effect of three nominally isoenergetic diets containing plant ingredients such as barley, alfalfa, and wheat byproducts, formulated to be higher in nonfiber carbohydrates (TMD1), fibers (TMD2), and protein (TMD3) in comparison to an extensively genetic modified cereal (cornmeal)-based diet (C), on the growth, yield, and nutritive traits of BSF prepupae (BSFPs). Three growing trials with four biological replicates were carried out. Proximate and fatty acid analyses were performed on the diets and BSFPs. Feed conversion ratios (FCR), dry matter and nutrient yields, and apparent concentration factors (aBCF) for fatty acids (FAs) were calculated. Diet formulation had a substantial effect on the survival, development rate, and larval yield, but the FCR was unaffected. The BSFPs fed TMD3 did not result in a higher crude protein content in comparison to the C or TMD2 diets. Despite the leveled fat content of the diets, BSFPs reared on TMD1 were highest in fat, saturated FA, and fat yield. An apparent bioconcentration factor (aBCF) value lower than unity that was found for the unsaturated FA suggests that the BSFPs inefficiently absorb them from the diet or possibly turn them into saturated FA. However, the unsaturated FA accumulation in BSFPs depended on the levels that were found in the diet, which suggested some possibilities for the FA profile modulation. Overall, the TMD2 performed well despite the low-value of its main ingredients and high fiber content and can be considered to be a feasible option for the mass rearing of BSFPs that are intended for animal feed.
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12
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Nutritional composition of insects Gryllus assimilis and Zophobas morio: Potential foods harvested in Brazil. J Food Compost Anal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Duarte BF, Michelutti KB, Antonialli-Junior WF, Cardoso CAL. Effect of temperature on survival and cuticular composition of three different ant species. J Therm Biol 2019; 80:178-189. [PMID: 30784484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Climatic factors, such as temperature variation, interfere with the survival of insects. To respond to these variations, insects have some specific characteristics. These include water content of the body, thickness of the lipid layer, as well as the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of cuticular chemical components. This study hypothesizes that different ant species respond to temperature changes in different ways and that such differences may be associated with cuticle hydrocarbons (CHCs) and fatty acids. As model ant species, Atta sexdens, Odontomachus bauri and Ectatomma brunneum were used for experimental analyses. Ants were submitted to a water bath for 5 h at different temperatures, and their CHCs and fatty acids were identified and quantified, followed by correlating these chemical compounds with temperature variations and the survival. Temperatures below 30 °C did not affect the survival of the three species. E. brunneum had a higher percentage of survival at temperatures above 30 °C. O. bauri was the most sensitive species with 100% mortality at 40 °C. Survival was found to be unrelated to any of the identified fatty acids. However, CHCs underwent significant quantitative and qualitative variation, as shown by an increased percentage of CHCs with longer chain length of linear alkanes at temperatures above 30 °C. These increase enables these ants to maintain the integrity of their cuticle and survive at temperatures above 30 °C. It can be concluded that the forager ants studied respond differently to temperature variation and that changes in the conformation of CHCs are in line with the ecological characteristics of the different studied species because, they vary in terms of diurnal/nocturnal foraging and types of environments foraged. Among the three species, E. brunneum foragers were found to be more active under adverse conditions and more tolerant to temperature variation with the correspondingly appropriate changes in CHCs composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca F Duarte
- Centro de Estudos em Recursos Naturais (CERNA), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Naturais, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul 79804-970, Brazil.
| | - Kamylla B Michelutti
- Centro de Estudos em Recursos Naturais (CERNA), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Naturais, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul 79804-970, Brazil; Centro de Estudos em Recursos Naturais (CERNA), Laboratório de Ecologia Comportamental (LABECO), Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul 79804-970, Brazil.
| | - William F Antonialli-Junior
- Centro de Estudos em Recursos Naturais (CERNA), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Naturais, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul 79804-970, Brazil; Centro de Estudos em Recursos Naturais (CERNA), Laboratório de Ecologia Comportamental (LABECO), Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul 79804-970, Brazil.
| | - Claudia A L Cardoso
- Centro de Estudos em Recursos Naturais (CERNA), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Naturais, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul 79804-970, Brazil.
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Rosumek FB, Blüthgen N, Brückner A, Menzel F, Gebauer G, Heethoff M. Unveiling community patterns and trophic niches of tropical and temperate ants using an integrative framework of field data, stable isotopes and fatty acids. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5467. [PMID: 30155364 PMCID: PMC6109374 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The use and partitioning of trophic resources is a central aspect of community function. On the ground of tropical forests, dozens of ant species may be found together and ecological mechanisms should act to allow such coexistence. One hypothesis states that niche specialization is higher in the tropics, compared to temperate regions. However, trophic niches of most species are virtually unknown. Several techniques might be combined to study trophic niche, such as field observations, fatty acid analysis (FAA) and stable isotope analysis (SIA). In this work, we combine these three techniques to unveil partitioning of trophic resources in a tropical and a temperate community. We describe patterns of resource use, compare them between communities, and test correlation and complementarity of methods to unveil both community patterns and species' niches. Methods Resource use was assessed with seven kinds of bait representing natural resources available to ants. Neutral lipid fatty acid (NLFA) profiles, and δ15N and δ13C isotope signatures of the species were also obtained. Community patterns and comparisons were analyzed with clustering, correlations, multivariate analyses and interaction networks. Results Resource use structure was similar in both communities. Niche breadths (H') and network metrics (Q and H2') indicated similar levels of generalization between communities. A few species presented more specialized niches, such as Wasmannia auropunctata and Lasius fuliginosus. Stable isotope signatures and NLFA profiles also indicated high generalization, although the latter differed between communities, with temperate species having higher amounts of fat and proportions of C18:1n9. Bait use and NLFA profile similarities were correlated, as well as species' specialization indices (d') for the two methods. Similarities in δ15N and bait use, and in δ13C and NLFA profiles, were also correlated. Discussion Our results agree with the recent view that specialization levels do not change with latitude or species richness. Partition of trophic resources alone does not explain species coexistence in these communities, and might act together with behavioral and environmental mechanisms. Temperate species presented NLFA patterns distinct from tropical ones, which may be related to environmental factors. All methods corresponded in their characterization of species' niches to some extent, and were robust enough to detect differences even in highly generalized communities. However, their combination provides a more comprehensive picture of resource use, and it is particularly important to understand individual niches of species. FAA was applied here for the first time in ant ecology, and proved to be a valuable tool due to its combination of specificity and temporal representativeness. We propose that a framework combining field observations with chemical analysis is valuable to understand resource use in ant communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix B Rosumek
- Ecological Networks, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.,Department of Ecology and Zoology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Nico Blüthgen
- Ecological Networks, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Adrian Brückner
- Ecological Networks, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.,Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Florian Menzel
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Michael Heethoff
- Ecological Networks, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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Wrońska AK, Boguś MI, Włóka E, Kazek M, Kaczmarek A, Zalewska K. Cuticular fatty acids of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera) inhibit fungal enzymatic activities of pathogenic Conidiobolus coronatus. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29518079 PMCID: PMC5843172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The entomopathogenic fungus Conidiobolus coronatus produces enzymes that may hydrolyze the cuticle of Galleria mellonella. Of these enzymes, elastase activity was the highest: this figure being 24 times higher than NAGase activity 553 times higher than chitinase activity and 1844 times higher than lipase activity. The present work examines the differences in the hydrolysis of cuticles taken from larvae, pupae and adults (thorax and wings), by C. coronatus enzymes. The cuticles of the larvae and adult thorax were the most susceptible to digestion by proteases and lipases. Moreover, the maximum concentration of free N-glucosamine was in the hydrolysis of G. mellonella thorax. These differences in the digestion of the various types of cuticle may result from differences in their composition. GC-MS analysis of the cuticular fatty acids isolated from pupae of G. mellonella confirmed the presence of C 8:0, C 9:0, C 12:0, C 14:0, C 15:0, C 16:1, C 16:0, C 17:0, C 18:1, C 18:0, with C 16:0 and C 18:0 being present in the highest concentrations. Additional fatty acids were found in extracts from G. mellonella imagines: C 10:0, C 13:0, C 20:0 and C 20:1, with a considerable dominance of C 16:0 and C 18:1. In larvae, C 16:0 and C 18:1 predominated. Statistically significant differences in concentration (p≤0.05) were found between the larvae, pupae and imago for each fatty acid. The qualitative and quantitative differences in the fatty acid composition of G. mellonella cuticle occurring throughout normal development might be responsible for the varied efficiency of fungal enzymes in degrading larval, pupal and adult cuticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Katarzyna Wrońska
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Mieczysława Irena Boguś
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda, Warsaw, Poland
- BIOMIBO, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Emilia Włóka
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michalina Kazek
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Kaczmarek
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda, Warsaw, Poland
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Sun M, Xu X, Zhang Q, Rui X, Wu J, Dong M. Ultrasonic-assisted Aqueous Extraction and Physicochemical Characterization of Oil from Clanis bilineata. J Oleo Sci 2018; 67:151-165. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess17108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mingmei Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University
| | - Xiao Xu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University
| | - Qiuqin Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University
| | - Xin Rui
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University
| | - Junjun Wu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University
| | - Mingsheng Dong
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University
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17
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Rosumek FB, Brückner A, Blüthgen N, Menzel F, Heethoff M. Patterns and dynamics of neutral lipid fatty acids in ants - implications for ecological studies. Front Zool 2017; 14:36. [PMID: 28717381 PMCID: PMC5508481 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-017-0221-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trophic interactions are a fundamental aspect of ecosystem functioning, but often difficult to observe directly. Several indirect techniques, such as fatty acid analysis, were developed to assess these interactions. Fatty acid profiles may indicate dietary differences, while individual fatty acids can be used as biomarkers. Ants are among the most important terrestrial animal groups, but little is known about their lipid metabolism, and no study so far used fatty acids to study their trophic ecology. We set up a feeding experiment with high- and low-fat food to elucidate patterns and dynamics of neutral lipid fatty acids (NLFAs) assimilation in ants. We asked whether dietary fatty acids are assimilated through direct trophic transfer, how diet influences NLFA total amounts and patterns over time, and whether these assimilation processes are similar across species and life stages. RESULTS Ants fed with high-fat food quickly accumulated specific dietary fatty acids (C18:2n6, C18:3n3 and C18:3n6), compared to ants fed with low-fat food. Dietary fat content did not affect total body fat of workers or amounts of fatty acids extensively biosynthesized by animals (C16:0, C18:0, C18:1n9). Larval development had a strong effect on the composition and amounts of C16:0, C18:0 and C18:1n9. NLFA compositions reflected dietary differences, which became more pronounced over time. Assimilation of specific dietary NLFAs was similar regardless of species or life stage, but these factors affected dynamics of other NLFAs, composition and total fat. CONCLUSIONS We showed that ants accumulated certain dietary fatty acids via direct trophic transfer. Fat content of the diet had no effect on lipids stored by ants, which were able to synthesize high amounts of NLFAs from a sugar-based diet. Nevertheless, dietary NLFAs had a strong effect on metabolic dynamics and profiles. Fatty acids are a useful tool to study trophic biology of ants, and could be applied in an ecological context, although factors that affect NLFA patterns should be taken into account. Further studies should address which NLFAs can be used as biomarkers in natural ant communities, and how factors other than diet affect fatty acid dynamics and composition of species with distinct life histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix B. Rosumek
- Ecological Networks, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 3, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
- Department of Ecology and Zoology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Adrian Brückner
- Ecological Networks, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 3, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Nico Blüthgen
- Ecological Networks, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 3, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Florian Menzel
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Heethoff
- Ecological Networks, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 3, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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Vukašinović EL, Pond DW, Worland MR, Kojić D, Purać J, Popović ŽD, Grubor-Lajšić G. Diapause induces remodeling of the fatty acid composition of membrane and storage lipids in overwintering larvae of Ostrinia nubilalis, Hubn. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 184:36-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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Gołębiowski M, Urbanek A, Oleszczak A, Dawgul M, Kamysz W, Boguś MI, Stepnowski P. The antifungal activity of fatty acids of all stages of Sarcophaga carnaria L. (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Microbiol Res 2014; 169:279-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Krüger F, Clare EL, Symondson WOC, Keišs O, Pētersons G. Diet of the insectivorous bat Pipistrellus nathusii during autumn migration and summer residence. Mol Ecol 2013; 23:3672-83. [PMID: 24118366 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Migration is widespread among vertebrates, yet bat migration has received little attention and only in the recent decades has a better understanding of it been gained. Migration can cause significant changes in behaviour and physiology, due to increasing energy demands and aerodynamic constraints. Dietary shifts, for example, have been shown to occur in birds before onset of migration. For bats, it is not known if a change in diet occurs during migration, although breeding season-related dietary preference has been documented. It is known that a diet rich in fats and the accumulation of fat deposits do increase the flight range of migratory bats. Some bat species can be regarded as long-distance migrants, covering up to 2000 km between summer and winter roosting areas. Pipistrellus nathusii (Vespertilionidae), a European long-distant migrant, travels each year along the Baltic Sea from north-eastern Europe to hibernate in central and southern Europe. This study presents data on the dietary habits of migrating Pipistrellus nathusii compared with those during the breeding season. We analysed faecal samples from bats on fall migration caught at the Ornithological Field Station in Pape, Latvia and from samples collected in North-Latvian summer roosts. We applied both morphological identification and molecular methods, as morphological methods also recognize life stages of prey and can contribute frequency data. The diets of bats on migration and breeding bats were similar, with Diptera and Lepidoptera comprising the major prey categories. However, certain prey groups could be explained by the different hunting habitats exploited during migration vs. summer residence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Krüger
- Institute of Natural Resource Conservation, University of Kiel, Olshausenstr. 75, 24118, Kiel, Germany; Echolot Gbr, Eulerstr. 12, 48155, Münster, Germany
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21
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Diapause induces changes in the composition and biophysical properties of lipids in larvae of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 165:219-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Nieminen P, Käkelä R, Paakkonen T, Halonen T, Mustonen AM. Fatty acid modifications during autumnal cold-hardening in an obligatory ectoparasite, the deer ked (Lipoptena cervi). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 59:631-637. [PMID: 23598052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Poikilothermic organisms often modify their tissue fatty acids (FA) in response to cold exposure by increased unsaturation. In insects, this has been found to be accompanied by increases in the activities or mRNA expression of desaturase enzymes. In the present study, the FA composition of an obligatory ectoparasite, the deer ked (Lipoptena cervi), was analyzed in August-November. In addition to studying the general FA profile of the species, the possible contribution of FA to autumnal cold-hardening was examined. The FA composition of the deer ked imago was relatively similar to previously studied dipteran species, with high percentages of monounsaturated FA (especially 18:1n-9 and 16:1n-7) and 16:0. The individuals caught later in autumn had significantly higher values for the ratio of unsaturated to saturated FA and, regarding individual FA, the percentages of 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6, 18:3n-3, 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-3 were higher but those of 16:0 and 16:1n-7 lower than in August. Potential selective use of particular FA for energy could not account for the large increase in the levels of polyunsaturated FA (PUFA). The observed increased degree of FA unsaturation may have resulted from cold-induced desaturation, as observed previously in other species, or increased survival of the keds with relatively large PUFA contents. The PUFA with low melting points probably allow lipid membranes to maintain sufficient fluidity required to maintain protein functions at low ambient temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petteri Nieminen
- University of Eastern Finland, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Blaul B, Ruther J. How parasitoid females produce sexy sons: a causal link between oviposition preference, dietary lipids and mate choice in Nasonia. Proc Biol Sci 2011; 278:3286-93. [PMID: 21429922 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual selection theory predicts that phenotypic traits used to choose a mate should reflect honestly the quality of the sender and thus, are often costly. Physiological costs arise if a signal depends on limited nutritional resources. Hence, the nutritional condition of an organism should determine both its quality as a potential mate and its ability to advertise this quality to the choosing sex. In insects, the quality of the offspring's nutrition is often determined by the ovipositing female. A causal connection, however, between the oviposition decisions of the mother and the mating chances of her offspring has never been shown. Here, we demonstrate that females of the parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis prefer those hosts for oviposition that have been experimentally enriched in linoleic acid (LA). We show by (13)C-labelling that LA from the host diet is a precursor of the male sex pheromone. Consequently, males from LA-rich hosts produce and release higher amounts of the pheromone and attract more virgin females than males from LA-poor hosts. Finally, males from LA-rich hosts possess three times as many spermatozoa as those from LA-poor hosts. Hence, females making the right oviposition decisions may increase both the fertility and the sexual attractiveness of their sons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Blaul
- Chemical Ecology Group, Institute of Zoology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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24
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Chirumamilla A, Buckner JS, Yocum GD, Fatland CL, Boetel MA. Internal lipids of sugarbeet root maggot (Tetanops myopaeformis) larvae: Effects of multi-year cold storage. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 157:73-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Total lipid and fatty acid compositions of Lertha sheppardi (Neuroptera: Nemopteridae) during its main life stages. Biologia (Bratisl) 2007. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-007-0147-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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MORIBAYASHI A, SUGIE H, KATAGIRI C, UCHIDA K, KOBAYASHI M, AGUI N. Polyunsaturated fatty acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, mediates larval-pupal and pupal-adult development in the malarial vector mosquito, Anopheles stephensi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.7601/mez.55.59_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko MORIBAYASHI
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Hajime SUGIE
- National Institute of Agri-Environmental Sciences
| | - Chihiro KATAGIRI
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University
| | | | - Mutsuo KOBAYASHI
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Noriaki AGUI
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
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Haubert D, Häggblom MM, Scheu S, Ruess L. Effects of fungal food quality and starvation on the fatty acid composition of Protaphorura fimata (Collembola). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2004; 138:41-52. [PMID: 15142535 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2004.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2003] [Revised: 01/29/2004] [Accepted: 02/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The lipid pattern of animals is influenced by species, life stage, environmental conditions and diet. We investigated the effects of food quality and starvation on the phospholipid (PLFA) and neutral lipid (NLFA) fatty acid pattern of the collembolan Protaphorura fimata. Collembolans were fed with two common soil fungi, Agrocybe gibberosa and Chaetomium globosum, of which the cellular lipid composition was analysed. A. gibberosa was grown on agar with different nitrogen contents, resulting in altered fatty acid patterns and C:N ratios, i.e. fungi of different food quality. Collembolans did not mirror the lipid composition of the fungal diet as the pattern of major NLFAs in P. fimata was vice versa. Presumably, altered food quality of fungi caused compensatory responses by the collembolans, thereby diminishing the fungal signal. In a further experiment P. fimata (previously maintained with C. globosum) was kept without food for up to 4 weeks. Starvation resulted in a decline in the total amount of NLFAs; however, it did not affect the fatty acid pattern, indicating that NLFAs were degraded indiscriminately. Generally, the PLFA profile of the collembolans changed only slightly due to variations in diet quality or starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Haubert
- Institut für Zoologie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 3, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
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28
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Bashan M, Akbas H, Yurdakoc K. Phospholipid and triacylglycerol fatty acid composition of major life stages of sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps (Heteroptera: Scutelleridae). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2002; 132:375-80. [PMID: 12031463 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(02)00045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipid and triacylglycerol fatty acid compositions of whole animals from all life stages of Eurygaster integriceps, including eggs, nymphs, pre-diapausing adults and diapausing adults, were determined. The fatty acid composition of total lipids of their food, wheat, was also determined. The major components of the insects and their food were the expected C16 and C18 saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Since fatty acid compositions of third-stadium nymphs were not similar to the profiles of their food, most likely, dietary fatty acids are modified by the insect. The fact is that the food does not provide C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids, but the insect tissue lipids include these components. We suggest biosynthesis of the C20 components by elongation/desaturation of C18:2n-6, an abundant component of the diets. We also show differences in fatty acid profiles from each of the life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Bashan
- Department of Biology, Science and Art Faculty, University of Dicle, 21280 Diyarbakir, Turkey.
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