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Agbohessou PS, Mandiki R, Mes W, Blanquer A, Gérardy M, Garigliany MM, Lambert J, Cambier P, Tokpon N, Lalèyè PA, Kestemont P. Effect of fatty acid-enriched black soldier fly larvae meal combined with chitinase on the metabolic processes of Nile tilapia. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:1326-1341. [PMID: 38163983 PMCID: PMC10950454 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523003008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine to what extent the addition of chitinase to black soldier fly (BSF) larval meal enriched or not with long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) could improve growth, protein digestion processes and gut microbial composition in Nile tilapia. Two different types of BSF meal were produced, in which larvae were reared on substrates formulated with vegetable culture substrate (VGS) or marine fish offal substrate (FOS). The BSF raised on VGS was enriched in α-linolenic acid (ALA), while that raised on FOS was enriched in ALA + EPA + DHA. Six BSF-based diets, enriched or not with chitinase, were formulated and compared with a control diet based on fishmeal and fish oil (FMFO). Two doses (D) of chitinase from Aspergillus niger (2 g and 5 g/kg feed) were added to the BSF larval diets (VGD0 and FOD0) to obtain four additional diets: VGD2, VGD5, FOD2 and FOD5. After 53 d of feeding, results showed that the BSF/FOS-based diets induced feed utilisation, protein efficiency and digestibility, as well as growth comparable to the FMFO control diet, but better than the BSF/VGS-based diets. The supplementation of chitinase to BSF/FOS increased in fish intestine the relative abundance of beneficial microbiota such as those of the Bacillaceae family. The results showed that LC-PUFA-enriched BSF meal associated with chitinase could be used as an effective alternative to fishmeal in order to improve protein digestion processes, beneficial microbiota and ultimately fish growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamphile S. Agbohessou
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
- Laboratory of Hydrobiology and Aquaculture (LHA), Faculty of Agronomics Sciences (FSA), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Cotonou, Benin
| | - Robert Mandiki
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Wouter Mes
- Department of Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Ecological Sciences (RIBES), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Aude Blanquer
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Mazarine Gérardy
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Mutien-Marie Garigliany
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Lambert
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Pierre Cambier
- Unit of Research in Plant Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Nicole Tokpon
- Laboratory of Hydrobiology and Aquaculture (LHA), Faculty of Agronomics Sciences (FSA), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Cotonou, Benin
| | - Philippe A. Lalèyè
- Laboratory of Hydrobiology and Aquaculture (LHA), Faculty of Agronomics Sciences (FSA), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Cotonou, Benin
| | - Patrick Kestemont
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
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Dörper A, Berman HM, Gort G, van Harn J, Dicke M, Veldkamp T. Effects of different black soldier fly larvae products on slow-growing broiler performance and carcass characteristics. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103481. [PMID: 38340663 PMCID: PMC10869907 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae have gained significant attention as ingredients for poultry feed to improve value chain circularity and sustainability. Black soldier fly larvae contain bioactive compounds which can potentially improve broiler health and thereby performance. However, the functionality of bioactive compounds likely depends on how larvae are processed prior to feeding and to which extent larvae products are included in the diet. This may explain the variable results reported in literature on broiler performance and carcass characteristics when feeding them different types of BSF larvae products at different inclusion levels. Therefore, the present research aimed to investigate the effects of different BSF larvae products and inclusion levels in diets on performance and carcass characteristics of slow-growing broilers. The experiment started with 1,728 one-day-old slow-growing male broilers (Hubbard JA757). Nine dietary treatments were used, each replicated eight times. One group of broilers was given a control diet. The following BSF larvae products were investigated: live larvae, a combination of BSF larvae meal and oil mimicking the nutritional composition of the live larvae, and BSF larvae meal and oil separately. All insect products were tested at two inclusion levels. All diet programs were nutritionally comparable (isoenergetic and based on balanced levels of digestible essential amino acids). During the 7-wk trial, several performance parameters and carcass characteristics were measured. The results show that comparable or better broiler performance was achieved with the inclusion of BSF larvae products in the diets compared to the control. Based on the feed conversion ratio (FCR), the unprocessed larvae product and the highest inclusion level led to the most favorable results. Carcass characteristics remained unchanged when BSF larvae products were used in the diets compared to the control group, indicating favorable production output. The BSF larvae products investigated seem suitable feed ingredients for broilers at the current levels tested, generating performance benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dörper
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6700AA, the Netherlands.
| | - Henrieke M Berman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6700AA, the Netherlands; Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6700AH, the Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Gort
- Biometris, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6700AA, the Netherlands
| | - Jan van Harn
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6700AH, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6700AA, the Netherlands
| | - Teun Veldkamp
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6700AH, the Netherlands
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Sharif S, Wunder C, Khan MK, Qamar A, Amendt J. Cuticular hydrocarbons as weathering biomarkers of empty puparia of the forensically important blowfly Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in soil v/s under room conditions. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 349:111748. [PMID: 37301034 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Forensic entomology uses the age of insects, such as blow flies, to determine a minimum post-mortem interval (PMImin). Recent research has focused on using the analysis of specific cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) in adult insects and their empty puparia to estimate their age, as it has been shown that their profile changes are consistent with age. The current work is based on the weathering of five CHCs from empty puparia of Calliphora vicina that were stored in soil (field/outdoor) and non-soil (room/indoor conditions) based pupariation media for a total of six months. The experiment was conducted in a controlled environment chamber at a constant temperature of 25 ± 2 °C under constant darkness. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyze the cuticular hydrocarbons after they were extracted in n-Hexane. n-Pentacosane, n-Hexacosane, n-Heptacosane, n-Octacosane, and n-Nonacosane were the five CHCs investigated. Results showed that CHCs weathered more quickly in the soil than in the non-soil environment. It was also found that the abundance of Heptacosane increased in the samples during the fifth month when stored in a non-soil medium, while the abundances of all five CHCs were not detected after eight weeks onwards in soil pupation medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swaima Sharif
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Forensic Biology, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Section of Entomology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P., India
| | - Cora Wunder
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mohd Kaleem Khan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College and Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P., India
| | - Ayesha Qamar
- Section of Entomology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P., India.
| | - Jens Amendt
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Forensic Biology, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Kula C, Amendt J, Drijfhout FP, Moore HE. Geographical Variation of Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profiles of Adult Flies and Empty Puparia Amongst Three Populations of Calliphora vicina (Diptera: Calliphoridae). J Med Entomol 2023; 60:14-23. [PMID: 36373612 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) are of great importance in forensic entomology and in determining the minimum post-mortem interval, as they may be the first group of insects to colonize decomposing remains. Reliable species identification is an essential prerequisite. Classically, morphological characters or DNA sequences are used for this purpose. However, depending on the species and the condition of the specimen, this can be difficult, e.g., in the case of empty fly puparia. Recent studies have shown that cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles are species-specific in necrophagous taxa and represent another promising tool for identification. However, the population-specific variability of these substances as a function of e.g., local climatic parameters has not yet been sufficiently investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the geographical variation of CHC profiles of the blowfly Calliphora vicina (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) depending on different countries of origin. Flies were reared in the United Kingdom, Germany, and Turkey in common garden experiments under ambient conditions. CHC profiles of the resulting adult flies and their empty puparia were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Data were visualized by principal component analysis and clustered by population. The populations of the United Kingdom and Germany, both having similar climates and being geographically close to each other, showed greater similarities in CHC profiles. However, the CHC profile of the Turkish population, whose climate is significantly different from the other two populations, was very different. Our study confirms the high potential of CHC analysis in forensic entomology but highlights the need to investigate geographical variability in chemical profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canan Kula
- Cranfield Forensic Institute, Cranfield University, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham, Wiltshire SN6 8LA, UK
| | - Jens Amendt
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Goethe-University, 60323 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Falko P Drijfhout
- Chemical Ecology Group, School of Chemical and Physical Science, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Hannah E Moore
- Cranfield Forensic Institute, Cranfield University, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham, Wiltshire SN6 8LA, UK
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Ceccotti C, Bruno D, Tettamanti G, Branduardi P, Bertacchi S, Labra M, Rimoldi S, Terova G. New value from food and industrial wastes - Bioaccumulation of omega-3 fatty acids from an oleaginous microbial biomass paired with a brewery by-product using black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae. Waste Manag 2022; 143:95-104. [PMID: 35240451 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Research on bioconversion based on insects is intensifying as it addresses the problem of reducing and reusing food and industrial waste. To reach this goal, we need to find more means of pairing waste to insects. With this goal, brewers' spent grains (BSG) - a food waste of the brewing industry - paired with the oleaginous biomass of the thraustochytrid Schizochytrium limacinum cultivated on crude glycerol - a major waste of biodiesel production - were successfully used to grow Hermetia illucens larvae. Combining BSG and S. limacinum in the diet in an attempt to design the lipid profile of H. illucens larvae to contain a higher percentage of omega-3 fatty acids is novel. Insect larvae were grown on three different substrates: i) standard diet for Diptera (SD), ii) BSG, and iii) BSG + 10% S. limacinum biomass. The larvae and substrates were analyzed for fatty acid composition and larval growth was measured until 25% of insects reached the prepupal stage. Our data showed that including omega-3-rich S. limacinum biomass in the BSG substrate promoted an increase in larval weight compared to larvae fed on SD or BSG substrates. Furthermore, it was possible, albeit in a limited way, to incorporate omega-3 fatty acids, principally docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from BSG + S. limacinum substrate containing 20% of DHA into the larval fat (7% DHA). However, H. illucens with this level of DHA may not be suitable if the aim is to get larvae with high omega-3 lipids to feed carnivorous fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Ceccotti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant, 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Daniele Bruno
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant, 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Gianluca Tettamanti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant, 3, 21100 Varese, Italy; BAT Center - Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Napoli "Federico II", 80055 Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Paola Branduardi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Bertacchi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Labra
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Rimoldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant, 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Genciana Terova
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant, 3, 21100 Varese, Italy.
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Zulkifli NFNM, Seok-Kian AY, Seng LL, Mustafa S, Kim YS, Shapawi R. Nutritional value of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae processed by different methods. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263924. [PMID: 35213590 PMCID: PMC8880436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional value of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) processed by three different methods of treatment was compared. The resulting products were the spray-dried BSFL (SPR), oven-dried BSFL 1 (OVN1) and oven-dried BSFL 2 (OVN2). Proximate chemical composition, and profiles of amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, heavy metals, vitamins and nucleotides were analysed and compared. The tested BSFL meals were considered to have a good profile of essential amino acids (EAAs), with leucine, lysine, valine, and histidine being the dominant EAAs. Their content of saturated fatty acids exceeded that of the unsaturated fatty acids. Vitamins B1, B2, and C were also present in the samples. Minerals such as calcium, potassium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium, zinc, iron, manganese and copper were found to be in adequate amounts in almost all the samples. Heavy metals in the BSFL meals were mostly below 1g kg-1. Nucleotides such as inosine monophosphate and uridine monophosphate occurred in all the BSFL meals. Other nucleotides, including guanosine monophosphate, adenosine monophosphate, xanthosine monophosphate, and cytidine monophosphate were detected in either or both of SPR and OVN2. In general, the nutritional value of the BSFL meals tested in the present study was influenced by the method of processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annita Yong Seok-Kian
- Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Lim Leong Seng
- Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Saleem Mustafa
- Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Yang-Su Kim
- Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Rossita Shapawi
- Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
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Nuvoli D, Montevecchi G, Lovato F, Masino F, Van Der Borght M, Messori M, Antonelli A. Protein films from black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens, Diptera: Stratiomyidae) prepupae: effect of protein solubility and mild crosslinking. J Sci Food Agric 2021; 101:4506-4513. [PMID: 33449403 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This work evaluated the performances of protein-based bioplastics obtained from black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) prepupae. Protein films were synthesized by film casting, using both the whole proteins and their soluble fraction at pH = 10. The effects of glycerol as a plasticizer and of citric acid as a mild crosslinker on film properties were also evaluated. RESULTS Films obtained using the soluble protein fraction were the strongest, as well as the most homogeneous and transparent ones. Protein mild crosslinking improved film tensile properties, especially in films obtained with the whole protein fraction. Non-crosslinked samples had a high affinity with water while crosslinking almost eliminated the ability of films to absorb water. All protein-based films proved to be effective barriers to red light (transmittance less than 2%). CONCLUSIONS Bioplastics derived from black soldier fly prepupae may find applications in the agricultural sector (biodegradable pots, mulching films, utensils) and deserve to be tested for food and non-food packaging. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Nuvoli
- Department of Engineering 'Enzo Ferrari', University of Modena Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Montevecchi
- Department of Life Sciences (Agro-Food Science Area), BIOGEST - SITEIA Interdepartmental Centre, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Francesca Lovato
- Department of Life Sciences (Agro-Food Science Area), BIOGEST - SITEIA Interdepartmental Centre, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Faculty of Engineering Technology, Lab4Food, Campus Geel, KU Leuven, Geel, Belgium
| | - Francesca Masino
- Department of Life Sciences (Agro-Food Science Area), BIOGEST - SITEIA Interdepartmental Centre, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Mik Van Der Borght
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Faculty of Engineering Technology, Lab4Food, Campus Geel, KU Leuven, Geel, Belgium
| | - Massimo Messori
- Department of Engineering 'Enzo Ferrari', University of Modena Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Antonelli
- Department of Life Sciences (Agro-Food Science Area), BIOGEST - SITEIA Interdepartmental Centre, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Opatovsky I, Vitenberg T, Jonas-Levi A, Gutman R. Does Consumption of Baker's Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) by Black Soldier Fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Larvae Affect Their Fatty Acid Composition? J Insect Sci 2021; 21:5. [PMID: 33974082 PMCID: PMC8355454 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieab031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids are important compounds for insects, but the requirements for essential fatty acids may differ between insect species. Most of the fatty acids are acquired through the insect's diet; therefore, supplementing the diet with baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae Meyen ex E.C. Hansen), which produces unsaturated fatty acids, was predicted to affect the fatty acid composition of the insect. The tested insect was the black soldier fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens L.), that is used as a source of protein and fat in feed. Therefore, there is importance for BSF larvae (BSFL) nutritional composition, especially the unsaturated fatty acids content, which is one of the nutritional limitations for mammalian diets. The dominant fatty acids of the tested BSFL were the saturated fatty acids: lauric, myristic, and palmitic acids, as found in other BSF studies. Oleic acid (c18:1) and linoleic acid (C18:2) were the abundant unsaturated fatty acids in the BSFL. The proportion of linoleic acid was higher in the substrate with the supplemental yeast; however, this did not affect its proportion in the larvae. The higher proportion of linoleic acid may have been exploited as a source for production of saturated lauric acid. Therefore, providing unsaturated fatty acids to the substrate through supplemental baker's yeast is not the most efficient way to increase the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itai Opatovsky
- Laboratory of Insect Nutrition and metabolism, The Department of Nutrition and Natural Products, MIGAL - Galilee Research Centre, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Tzach Vitenberg
- Laboratory of Insect Nutrition and metabolism, The Department of Nutrition and Natural Products, MIGAL - Galilee Research Centre, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Adi Jonas-Levi
- Department of Food Sciences, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Roee Gutman
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology (LIP), The Department of Nutrition and Natural Products, MIGAL - Galilee Research Centre, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
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Abdel-Latif HMR, Abdel-Tawwab M, Khalil RH, Metwally AA, Shakweer MS, Ghetas HA, Khallaf MA. Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal in diets of European seabass: Effects on antioxidative capacity, non-specific immunity, transcriptomic responses, and resistance to the challenge with Vibrio alginolyticus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2021; 111:111-118. [PMID: 33508473 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) has been successfully demonstrated as a promising fish meal (FM) replacer in diets of several fish species including European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). However, its impacts on antioxidant capacity, and immune responses of treated fish are still poorly understood. A 60-day feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of partial substitution of FM with different levels of dry BSFLM on the antioxidative status, non-specific immunity, transcriptomic responses, and resistance of European seabass to the challenge with Vibrio alginolyticus. Four isoproteic (45%) and isolipidic diets were formulated by replacing 0.0%, 25%, 35%, and 50% of the dietary FM. Each diet was randomly assigned to four fish groups (in triplicates) (initial mean body weight, 12.1 ± 0.21 g) (20 fish per aquarium) (n = 240). Fish were fed three times daily to the apparent satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, serum antioxidant biomarkers such as malondialdehyde levels, and catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase enzyme activities were significantly increased in all BSFLM groups in a dose-dependent manner compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The non-specific immune indices, including phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, serum lysozyme and respiratory burst activities were significantly elevated in BSFLM groups compared to those in the control group (P < 0.05). Significant upregulation of the mRNA expression levels of hepatic heat shock protein 70, interleukin-1beta and interleukin-10 genes were observed in all BSFLM groups compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Additionally, after the challenge with V. alginolyticus, the relative percent of survival was significantly elevated in fish groups fed on diets containing graded levels of BSFLM over the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusively, the present study suggests the potential efficacy of partial replacement of dietary FM protein for up to 50% by BSFLM without negative effects on fish health with possible potentiation of the antioxidative status, and the immune responses of the European seabass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany M R Abdel-Latif
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Mohsen Abdel-Tawwab
- Department of Fish Biology and Ecology, Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research, Agriculture Research Center, Abbassa, Abo-Hammad, Sharqia, 44662, Egypt
| | - Riad H Khalil
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Medhat S Shakweer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Hanan A Ghetas
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Khallaf
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Egypt
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Kumar V, Fawole FJ, Romano N, Hossain MS, Labh SN, Overturf K, Small BC. Insect (black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens) meal supplementation prevents the soybean meal-induced intestinal enteritis in rainbow trout and health benefits of using insect oil. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2021; 109:116-124. [PMID: 33352339 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Black solider fly larvae (BSFL) and their oils (BSFLO) are receiving increasing attention as sustainable ingredients in fish feeds, but mostly as replacements to marine sources. There were two aims to this study; in exp. 1, soybean meal (SBM)-based diets were formulated to contain BSFL as supplements at 0 (SBM), 8 (SBM + BSFLlow) or 16% (SBM + BSFLhigh) with a control diet being fishmeal-based (FM). In exp. 2, diets included only fish oil (FO), soybean oil (SBO), BSFLO or BSFLO + bile acid (BA), and all lipid sources were added at 16%. Both experiments were run at the same time and fed to rainbow trout (32 g) with each treatment being triplicated. After 10 weeks the fish were sampled for liver and distal intestine histology, expression of genes responsible for inflammation in the intestine and kidneys, and serum peroxidase and lysozyme activities. In exp. 1, supplementations of BSFL effectively prevented SBM-induced intestinal enteritis, down-regulated intestinal prostaglandin and interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1), while the SBM + BSFLhigh diet significantly increased serum lysozyme activity. In exp. 2, BSFLO caused no histomorphological change to the liver or intestine, but kidney interluekin-8, tumor necrosis factor and IRF-1 were significantly upregulated along with significantly higher serum peroxidase activity. The inclusion of BA in the BSFLO diets significantly upregulated intestinal prostaglandin gene expression. Overall, BSFL supplementations of 8 or 16% prevented SBM-induced intestinal enteritis based on histological observations, which was supported by a down-regulation in pro-inflammatory genes and enhanced innate immunity. Meanwhile, the use of BSFLO showed some immunological benefits. Therefore, these sustainable resources are recommended in the diets of rainbow trout, especially when using elevated levels of plant-based proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kumar
- Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment Station, Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Idaho, Hagerman, ID, USA; Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.
| | - Femi J Fawole
- Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment Station, Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Idaho, Hagerman, ID, USA; Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Nicholas Romano
- Aquaculture & Fisheries Department, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Arkansas, USA
| | - Md Sakhawat Hossain
- Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment Station, Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Idaho, Hagerman, ID, USA
| | - Shyam N Labh
- Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment Station, Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Idaho, Hagerman, ID, USA
| | - Ken Overturf
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment Station, Hagerman, ID, USA
| | - Brian C Small
- Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment Station, Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Idaho, Hagerman, ID, USA
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11
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Foysal MJ, Fotedar R, Siddik MAB, Chaklader MR, Tay A. Lactobacillus plantarum in black soldier fly (Hermetica illucens) meal modulates gut health and immunity of freshwater crayfish (Cherax cainii). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2021; 108:42-52. [PMID: 33232807 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Probiotic supplements are being used to improve the growth and immune performance of aquaculture species over the last couple of decades. In recent times, black soldier fly (BSF) is considered as one of the promising sources of alternative protein to fishmeal protein in aqua-diets. Since the freshwater crayfish, marron (Cherax cainii), a Western Australian's native and iconic freshwater crayfish species, grows fairly slow under commercial farming environment, this study was aimed to investigate the supplemental effect of BSF and BSF with probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum (BSFLP) on overall health and immune performance of marron after 56 days of feeding under laboratory conditions. The post-trial data revealed insignificant influences of any diets on growth performance, however, both BSF and BSFLP based diets significantly improved some haemolymph parameters and gut health of marron. High throughput sequence data revealed that both BSF and BSFLP diets significantly improved the diversity of microbial communities including some beneficial bacteria for crustaceans in the hindgut of marron. Further analysis showed that both BSF and BSFLP diets upregulated the expression of some genes in the gut tissue and haemocytes associated with the innate immune response of marron at 48 h post injection. The up-regulation of some immune genes in BSFLP diet group was found significantly linked to OTU abundance for Lactobacillus. The findings of this study could be helpful for improving overall health status of marron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Javed Foysal
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia; Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh.
| | - Ravi Fotedar
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Muhammad A B Siddik
- Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Md Reaz Chaklader
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Alfred Tay
- Helicobacter Research Laboratory, Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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12
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Altmann BA, Wigger R, Ciulu M, Mörlein D. The effect of insect or microalga alternative protein feeds on broiler meat quality. J Sci Food Agric 2020; 100:4292-4302. [PMID: 32378214 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to combat environmental and food security concerns associated with the increasing demand for soymeal related to increasing meat consumption, this study determines the chicken meat quality derived when soymeal is substituted for either partially de-fatted Hermetia illucens larval meal or spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) in broiler diets. Physicochemical parameters, sensory traits, and fatty acid composition of the meat are investigated, as well as an experiment to evaluate the impact of highly oxygenated atmosphere versus vacuum-bag packaging on shelf life was conducted. RESULTS Hermetia illucens did not compromise quality; meat was slightly more yellow (higher b*), had a slightly decreased pH, and was less adhesive during chewing compared to the soy-fed control. Furthermore, Hermetia illucens resulted in higher saturated fatty acids proportions in thigh meat. Spirulina resulted in redder (higher a*) and more yellow (higher b*) meat with a slightly increased umami and chicken flavour. Spirulina-fed chicken meat had higher lipid oxidation levels compared to the control after being packaged in a highly oxygenated atmosphere; although, differences between the spirulina-fed and control fatty acid composition in thigh meat were minor. CONCLUSION Both alternative protein feeds show potential to replace soymeal in broiler diets; however, they do result in moderately altered products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne A Altmann
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ruth Wigger
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Marco Ciulu
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Mörlein
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany
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13
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Hadj Saadoun J, Montevecchi G, Zanasi L, Bortolini S, Macavei LI, Masino F, Maistrello L, Antonelli A. Lipid profile and growth of black soldier flies (Hermetia illucens, Stratiomyidae) reared on by-products from different food chains. J Sci Food Agric 2020; 100:3648-3657. [PMID: 32239772 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The total amount of bio-waste produced annually in the EU by the food and beverage chains is estimated at 37 billion kg. The use of insects for the valorization of by-products from these value chains may represent a sustainable solution. This study aimed to investigate the by-products obtained from different food chains and used for the rearing of black soldier fly (BSF) prepupae, and to evaluate the content and profile of the lipid extracted from the prepupae and outline its possible applications. The substrates used in this experiment were: (i) industrial by-products (brewery spent grains, cows' milk whey, grape stalks, and tomato peels and seeds) and (ii) by-products from retailers (bread dough, fish scraps, and spent coffee ground). Fat extracted from prepupae using an adjusted Folch method was used for total lipid content and fatty acid profile. RESULTS The best larval performances were obtained from beer (0.22 gweight per prepupa), tomato (0.19 gweight per prepupa), and cheese (0.14 gweight per prepupa) food-chain by-products. The extremely different compositions of the substrates were reflected in the differentiated lipid profile of the BSF prepupae and in the range of ratios between unsaturated and saturated fatty acids, which varied from 0.37 for cows' milk whey to 1.34 for tomato peels and seeds. CONCLUSION The lipids, proteins, and chitin extracted from prepupae are high-value bio-based products that could be used in the feed / food industry or for the development of innovative biomaterials, such as biodiesel. These results suggest that food-chain by-products are the best candidates for insect-bioconversion purposes. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Hadj Saadoun
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences (Agro-Food Science Area), BIOGEST - SITEIA Interdepartmental Centre, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Montevecchi
- Department of Life Sciences (Agro-Food Science Area), BIOGEST - SITEIA Interdepartmental Centre, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Luca Zanasi
- Department of Life Sciences (Agro-Food Science Area), BIOGEST - SITEIA Interdepartmental Centre, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Sara Bortolini
- Department of Life Sciences (Agro-Food Science Area), BIOGEST - SITEIA Interdepartmental Centre, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Laura Ioana Macavei
- Department of Life Sciences (Agro-Food Science Area), BIOGEST - SITEIA Interdepartmental Centre, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Francesca Masino
- Department of Life Sciences (Agro-Food Science Area), BIOGEST - SITEIA Interdepartmental Centre, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Lara Maistrello
- Department of Life Sciences (Agro-Food Science Area), BIOGEST - SITEIA Interdepartmental Centre, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Andrea Antonelli
- Department of Life Sciences (Agro-Food Science Area), BIOGEST - SITEIA Interdepartmental Centre, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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14
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Abstract
Nineteen species of various families of the order Diptera and one species from the order Mecoptera are investigated with mass spectrometry for the presence and primary structure of putative adipokinetic hormones (AKHs). Additionally, the peptide structure of putative AKHs in other Diptera are deduced from data mining of publicly available genomic or transcriptomic data. The study aims to demonstrate the structural biodiversity of AKHs in this insect order and also possible evolutionary trends. Sequence analysis of AKHs is achieved by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The corpora cardiaca of almost all dipteran species contain AKH octapeptides, a decapeptide is an exception found only in one species. In general, the dipteran AKHs are order-specific- they are not found in any other insect order with two exceptions only. Four novel AKHs are revealed by mass spectrometry: two in the basal infraorder of Tipulomorpha and two in the brachyceran family Syrphidae. Data mining revealed another four novel AKHs: one in various species of the infraorder Culicumorpha, one in the brachyceran superfamily Asiloidea, one in the family Diopsidae and in a Drosophilidae species, and the last of the novel AKHs is found in yet another Drosophila. In general, there is quite a biodiversity in the lower Diptera, whereas the majority of the cyclorraphan Brachycera produce the octapeptide Phote-HrTH. A hypothetical molecular peptide evolution of dipteran AKHs is suggested to start with an ancestral AKH, such as Glomo-AKH, from which all other AKHs in Diptera to date can evolve via point mutation of one of the base triplets, with one exception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Gäde
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Petr Šimek
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceské Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Heather G. Marco
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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15
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Mwaniki Z, Shoveller AK, Huber LA, Kiarie EG. Complete replacement of soybean meal with defatted black soldier fly larvae meal in Shaver White hens feeding program (28-43 wks of age): impact on egg production, egg quality, organ weight, and apparent retention of components. Poult Sci 2020; 99:959-965. [PMID: 32036987 PMCID: PMC7587673 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of total replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with defatted black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) on egg production and quality, organ weight, and apparent retention (AR) of components were investigated in Shaver White hens from 28 to 43 wk of age. A total of 108 birds, (6 birds/cage) were assigned to three diets (6 replicates/diet). Diets were control corn-SBM diet and two additional diets made with the addition of either 10 or 15% BSFLM. Diets met or exceeded breeder specifications, contained TiO2 as an indigestible marker, and were prepared in pellet form. Birds had free access to feed and water throughout the experiment. Hen-day egg production (HDEP) was monitored daily. Feed intake (FI) and body weight (BW) were monitored in 4-wk intervals. All eggs laid on the sixth day of wks 31, 35, 39, and 43 were used for egg weight (EW), Haugh units (HU), yolk color (YC), shell breaking strength (SBS), and shell thickness (ST). Excreta samples were collected for 3 consecutive days on wk 33 for AR and two birds/cage were necropsied at the end. There were no (P > 0.05) diet effects on HDEP, FI, and HU. Inclusion of BSFLM linearly decreased (P < 0.05) egg mass and feed conversion ratio (FCR) and quadratically increased (P < 0.05) BW. There was no (P > 0.05) interaction between diet and sampling time point on egg quality parameters. Inclusion of BSFLM increased SBF and YC linearly (P < 0.05) and ST quadratically (P = 0.028). Inclusion of BSFLM quadratically (P ≤ 0.01) reduced empty ceca weight and increased liver weight and had no effect (P > 0.05) on gizzard, small intestine, and pancreas weights. Feeding BSFLM linearly (P = 0.001) and quadratically (P = 0.007) increased apparent metabolizable energy (AME). Data showed that defatted BSFLM resulted in deeper orange yolks and improved eggshell quality; however, unfavorable FCR linked to lighter eggs as well as heavier birds and liver warrants further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zipporah Mwaniki
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Anna K Shoveller
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Lee-Anne Huber
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Elijah G Kiarie
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada.
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16
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Hirsch R, Wiesner J, Marker A, Pfeifer Y, Bauer A, Hammann PE, Vilcinskas A. Profiling antimicrobial peptides from the medical maggot Lucilia sericata as potential antibiotics for MDR Gram-negative bacteria. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 74:96-107. [PMID: 30272195 PMCID: PMC6322280 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ability of MDR Gram-negative bacteria to evade even antibiotics of last resort is a severe global challenge. The development pipeline for conventional antibiotics cannot address this issue, but antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) offer an alternative solution. Objectives Two insect-derived AMPs (LS-sarcotoxin and LS-stomoxyn) were profiled to assess their suitability for systemic application in humans. Methods The peptides were tested against an extended panel of 114 clinical MDR Gram-negative bacterial isolates followed by time–kill analysis, interaction studies and assays to determine the likelihood of emerging resistance. In further in vitro studies we addressed cytotoxicity, cardiotoxicity and off-target interactions. In addition, an in vivo tolerability and pharmacokinetic study in mice was performed. Results LS-sarcotoxin and LS-stomoxyn showed potent and selective activity against Gram-negative bacteria and no cross-resistance with carbapenems, fluoroquinolones or aminoglycosides. Peptide concentrations of 4 or 8 mg/L inhibited 90% of the clinical MDR isolates of Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Acinetobacter baumannii and Salmonella enterica isolates tested. The ‘all-d’ homologues of the peptides displayed markedly reduced activity, indicating a chiral target. Pharmacological profiling revealed a good in vitro therapeutic index, no cytotoxicity or cardiotoxicity, an inconspicuous broad-panel off-target profile, and no acute toxicity in mice at 10 mg/kg. In mouse pharmacokinetic experiments LS-sarcotoxin and LS-stomoxyn plasma levels above the lower limit of quantification (1 and 0.25 mg/mL, respectively) were detected after 5 and 15 min, respectively. Conclusions LS-sarcotoxin and LS-stomoxyn are suitable as lead candidates for the development of novel antibiotics; however, their pharmacokinetic properties need to be improved for systemic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Hirsch
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Department of Bioresources, Gießen, Germany
- Present address: Evotec International GmbH, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Wiesner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Department of Bioresources, Gießen, Germany
| | - Alexander Marker
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Yvonne Pfeifer
- Department 1 – Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Armin Bauer
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Peter E Hammann
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, Germany
- Present address: Evotec International GmbH, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Department of Bioresources, Gießen, Germany
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University of Gießen, Gießen, Germany
- Corresponding author. Tel: +49 641 99 39500; E-mail: orcid.org/0000-0001-8276-4968
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17
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Ramirez CE, Nouzova M, Michalkova V, Fernandez-Lima F, Noriega FG. Common structural features facilitate the simultaneous identification and quantification of the five most common juvenile hormones by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 116:103287. [PMID: 31760138 PMCID: PMC6983331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.103287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the development and application of a liquid chromatography method coupled to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the identification and quantification of the five most common juvenile hormone (JH) homologs and methyl farnesoate (MF). The protocol allows the simultaneous analysis in a single LC run of JH I, JH II, JH III, JH III bisepoxide (JHB3) and JH III skipped bisepoxide (JHSB3). The identification of JHs is based on multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), using two of the most abundant fragmentation transitions for each hormone. Addition of deuterated JH III as an internal standard permits the absolute quantification of the different JHs. The JH homologs common structural features led to similar chromatographic behavior, as well as related fragmentation patterns, which facilitated the simultaneous detection of all the homologs in a single LC-MS/MS run. The protocol detects JHs in the low femtomole range, allowing often the analysis of JH in individual insects. Fragmentation of each of the JH homologs generates unique diagnostic ions that permitted the identification and quantification of JHs from samples of different species of Diptera, Lepidoptera, Heteroptera and Hymenoptera. Having a simple protocol, which can undisputedly determine the identity of the homologs present in a particular species, provides us with the opportunity to identify and quantify JHs existing in insects that are pests, vector of diseases or important research models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar E Ramirez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, USA
| | - Marcela Nouzova
- Department of Biology, Florida International University, Miami, USA; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | | | - Francisco Fernandez-Lima
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, USA; Biomolecular Science Institute, Florida International University, Miami, USA
| | - Fernando G Noriega
- Department of Biology, Florida International University, Miami, USA; Biomolecular Science Institute, Florida International University, Miami, USA.
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18
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Paulchamy R, Sreeramulu B, Karuppiah H, Arumugam G, Sundaram J. A serine protease-associated lectin in the cytolytic system of blowfly (Chrysomya megacephala) larvae: Evidence and characterization. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2020; 103:e21623. [PMID: 31579962 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cytolytic activity against invading microorganisms is one of the innate forms of immunity in invertebrates. A serine protease-associated sialic acid-specific cytolytic lectin was purified using glutaraldehyde-fixed ox erythrocytes from the larval extract of blowfly (Chrysomya megacephala). The purified lectin lysed vertebrate erythrocytes with effective haemolysis of ox red blood cells (RBCs) in an isotonic medium. The degree of haemolytic (HL) activity of the purified cytolytic lectin depended on its concentration, pH, temperature, and calcium ions. It was sensitive to ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The native molecular mass of the C-type lectin was 260 ± 26 kDa, comprising four different polypeptide subunits of 75 kDa (pI ~8), 69 kDa (pI ~7.0), 61 kDa (pI ~5.3), and 55 kDa (pI ~4.6). The association between the C-type lectin and serine protease was confirmed by MALDI-TOF-MS analysis that revealed its homology in the same spectral peak as well as the proteases and phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride inhibition of HL activity. Haemolysis inhibition by N-acetylneuraminic acid and other sugars revealed the properties of the lectin. The purified lectin distorted the integrity of ox RBCs and Paenalcaligenes hermetiae. This in vitro study documents the presence of a cytolytic system in blowfly (C. megacephala) larvae for the clearance of invading microbial pathogens in their feeding niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramaraj Paulchamy
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Hilda Karuppiah
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ganesh Arumugam
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Alvarez D, Wilkinson KA, Treilhou M, Téné N, Castillo D, Sauvain M. Prospecting Peptides Isolated From Black Soldier Fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) With Antimicrobial Activity Against Helicobacter pylori (Campylobacterales: Helicobacteraceae). J Insect Sci 2019; 19:5670786. [PMID: 31865367 PMCID: PMC6925832 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iez120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (Marshall & Goodwin) is a widespread human pathogen that is acquiring resistance to the antibiotics used to treat it. This increasing resistance necessitates a continued search for new antibiotics. An antibiotic source that shows promise is animals whose immune systems must adapt to living in bacteria-laden conditions by producing antibacterial peptides or small molecules. Among these animals is the black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens Linnaeus), a Diptera that colonizes decomposing organic matter. In order to find anti-H. pylori peptides in BSF, larvae were challenged with Escherichia coli (Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae). Small peptides were extracted from hemolymph and purified using solid-phase extraction, molecular weight cutoff filtration and two rounds of preparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The anti-H. pylori fraction was followed through the purification process using the inhibition zone assay in brain-heart infusion agar, while peptides from uninoculated larvae had no activity. The inhibition halo of the active sample was comparable to the action of metronidazole in the inhibition zone assay. The purified sample contained four peptides with average masses of approximately 4.2 kDa that eluted together when analyzed by HPLC-mass spectrometry. The peptides likely have similar sequences, activity, and properties. Therefore, BSF produces inducible antibacterial peptides that have in vitro activity against H. pylori, which highlights BSF's position as an important target for further bioprospecting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Alvarez
- Laboratorio Mixto Internacional Andino Amazónico de Química de la Vida LMI-LAVi, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo LID, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Urb Ingeniería, Lima, Peru
| | - Kevin A Wilkinson
- Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego (UPAO), Trujillo, La Libertad, Peru
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - Michel Treilhou
- Equipe BTSB-EA 7417, Université de Toulouse, Institut National Universitaire Jean-François Champollion, Place de Verdun, Albi, France
| | - Nathan Téné
- Equipe BTSB-EA 7417, Université de Toulouse, Institut National Universitaire Jean-François Champollion, Place de Verdun, Albi, France
| | - Denis Castillo
- Laboratorio Mixto Internacional Andino Amazónico de Química de la Vida LMI-LAVi, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo LID, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Urb Ingeniería, Lima, Peru
| | - Michel Sauvain
- Laboratorio Mixto Internacional Andino Amazónico de Química de la Vida LMI-LAVi, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo LID, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Urb Ingeniería, Lima, Peru
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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Mintah BK, He R, Dabbour M, Xiang J, Agyekum AA, Ma H. Techno-functional attribute and antioxidative capacity of edible insect protein preparations and hydrolysates thereof: Effect of multiple mode sonochemical action. Ultrason Sonochem 2019; 58:104676. [PMID: 31450306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Hermetia illucens (edible insect) larvae protein, and hydrolysates were prepared using three pretreatment modes (conventional, fixed-frequency ultrasonic, and sweep-frequency). Protein subunit scores, microstructure, antioxidative activity, and techno-functional property of the respective isolates and hydrolysates were investigated. Alkaline protease hydrolysis significantly enhanced protein solubility, but impaired the emulsifying property and foaming stability. Isolates and hydrolysates treated by ultrasound exhibited highest antioxidative effect, and showed excellent solubility and foam expansion over wide (2-12) pH, likened the conventional. Ultrasonic, particularly sweep-frequency, treated hydrolysates overall showed superior solubility, foam, and antioxidative (ABTS, Superoxide scavenging, and Ferric-reducing) capacity than the remaining modes and isolates (p < 0.05). Treatment type influenced microstructure, functional attributes and antioxidative capacity of hydrolysates and isolates. Thus, functional/antioxidative property could be improved or modified for different food applications based on elected treatment. H. illucens isolate and hydrolysate preparations thereof could suitably be used in development of novel food formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kumah Mintah
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China; ILSI-UG FSNTC, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 91, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Ronghai He
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Mokhtar Dabbour
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor, Qaluobia P.O. Box 13736, Egypt
| | - Jiahui Xiang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Akwasi Akomeah Agyekum
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Atomic Energy Commission, Applied Radiation Biology Centre, P.O. Box LG 61, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Haile Ma
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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Fonseca-Muñoz A, Pérez-Pacheco R, Ortega-Morales BO, Reyes-Estebanez M, Vásquez-López A, Chan-Bacab M, Ruiz-Vega J, Granados-Echegoyen CA. Bactericidal Activity of Chrysomya rufifacies and Cochliomyia macellaria (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Larval Excretions-Secretions Against Staphylococcus aureus (Bacillales: Staphylococcaceae). J Med Entomol 2019; 56:1598-1604. [PMID: 31287880 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The inhibitory effect of Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) and Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius) larval excretions-secretions (ES) on Staphylococcus aureus was determined using a portable colorimetric method without the need for any dedicated spectral instrument. Polystyrene 96 well microplates were used and 100 μl of the bacterial inoculum (5 × 105 CFU/ml) plus 100 μl of the dipteran exosecretions at different concentrations were added to each well. Subsequently, 50 μl of a 1% solution of the triphenyl tetrazolium chloride stain was added to each well to determine the bacterial viability. The color development in each well was measured with the ImageJ software S. aureus was exposed to different concentrations of the ES of both species individually. At a concentration of 800 ppm ES of C. rufifacies or Co. macellaria, bacterial growth was inhibited 97.45 ± 1.70% and 82.21 ± 1.88%, respectively. As expected, exposure to a lower concentration (i.e., 50 ppm) was less inhibitory (C. rufifacies ES, 77.65 ± 4.25% and Co. macellaria ES, 43.54 ± 4.63%). This study demonstrates for the first time the bactericidal activity of C. rufifacies and Co. macellaria ES against S. aureus. This finding is promising as it could result in the identification and synthesis of proteins capable of suppressing pathogen development in wounds. Additionally, the proposed method can simplify the use of expensive laboratory instruments for antimicrobial activity determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Fonseca-Muñoz
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional (CIIDIR) Unidad Oaxaca, Calle Hornos, Santa Cruz, Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca, México, CP
- Doctorado en Ciencias en Conservación y Aprovechamiento de Recursos Naturales, CIIDIR-IPN-Oaxaca, Oaxaca, México
| | - Rafael Pérez-Pacheco
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional (CIIDIR) Unidad Oaxaca, Calle Hornos, Santa Cruz, Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca, México, CP
| | - Benjamín Otto Ortega-Morales
- Departamento de Microbiología Ambiental y Biotecnología (DEMAB), Universidad Autónoma de Campeche (UAC), Av. Agustín Melgar s/n, Col. Buenavista, Campeche, México, CP
| | - Manuela Reyes-Estebanez
- Departamento de Microbiología Ambiental y Biotecnología (DEMAB), Universidad Autónoma de Campeche (UAC), Av. Agustín Melgar s/n, Col. Buenavista, Campeche, México, CP
| | - Alfonso Vásquez-López
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional (CIIDIR) Unidad Oaxaca, Calle Hornos, Santa Cruz, Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca, México, CP
| | - Manuel Chan-Bacab
- Departamento de Microbiología Ambiental y Biotecnología (DEMAB), Universidad Autónoma de Campeche (UAC), Av. Agustín Melgar s/n, Col. Buenavista, Campeche, México, CP
| | - Jaime Ruiz-Vega
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional (CIIDIR) Unidad Oaxaca, Calle Hornos, Santa Cruz, Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca, México, CP
| | - Carlos A Granados-Echegoyen
- Departamento de Microbiología Ambiental y Biotecnología (DEMAB), Universidad Autónoma de Campeche (UAC), Av. Agustín Melgar s/n, Col. Buenavista, Campeche, México, CP
- Centro de Estudios de Desarrollo Sustentable y Aprovechamiento de la Vida Silvestre (CEDESU), CONACYT- Universidad Autónoma de Campeche (UAC), Avenida Héroe de Nacozari, Campeche, México, CP
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Stenberg OK, Holen E, Piemontese L, Liland NS, Lock EJ, Espe M, Belghit I. Effect of dietary replacement of fish meal with insect meal on in vitro bacterial and viral induced gene response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) head kidney leukocytes. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 91:223-232. [PMID: 31121289 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
With the fast growth of today's aquaculture industry, the demand for aquafeeds is expanding dramatically. Insects, which are part of the natural diet of salmonids, could represent a sustainable ingredient for aquaculture feed. The aim of the current study was to test how a partial or total replacement of dietary fishmeal with insect meal affect gene responses involved in inflammation, the eicosanoid pathway and stress response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in isolated head kidney leukocytes after exposure to bacterial or viral mimic. Insect meal (IM) was produced from black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) larvae. Seawater Atlantic salmon were fed three different diets for 8 weeks; a control diet (IM0, protein from fishmeal and plant based ingredients (25:75) and lipid from fish oil and vegetable oil (33:66); and two insect-meal containing diets, IM66 and IM100, where 66 and 100% of the fishmeal protein was replaced with IM, respectively. Leukocytes were isolated from the head kidney of fish (n = 6) from each of the three dietary groups. Isolated leukocytes were seeded into culture wells and added either a bacterial mimic (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) or a viral mimic (polyinosinic acid: polycytidylic acid, poly I: C) to induce an inflammatory response. Controls (Ctl) without LPS and poly I: C were included. The transcription of interleukins IL-1β, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-α were elevated in LPS treated leukocytes isolated from salmon fed the three dietary groups (IM0, IM66 and IM100). The inflammatory-related gene expression in head kidney cells were, however, not affected by the pre-fed substitution of fish meal with IM in the diet of salmon. Gene transcriptions of PTGDS and PTGES were neither affected by LPS, poly I: C or the experimental diets fed prior to cell isolation, while salmon fed with IM showed a lower expression of LOX5. The gene expression of TLR22 and C/EBP-β were down-regulated by the LPS treatment in the cells isolated from salmon fed insect-based diets (IM66 and IM100) compared to fish fed the IM0. Similarly, the leukocytes challenged with LPS and isolated from fish fed with IM66 and IM100 down-regulated the expression of Mn-SOD, GPx1, HSP27 and HSP70 compared to salmon fed IM0. In general, these results suggested that replacement of fishmeal with IM in the diets of Atlantic salmon had no effect on the transcription of pro-inflammatory genes in the head kidney cells. There was, however, an effect of dietary IM on the transcription of antioxidant and stress related genes in the leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisabeth Holen
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Luisa Piemontese
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway; Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, Via delle Cascine 5, 50144, Firenze, Italy
| | - Nina S Liland
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Erik-Jan Lock
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marit Espe
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ikram Belghit
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway.
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Rabani V, Cheatsazan H, Davani S. Proteomics and Lipidomics of Black Soldier Fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) and Blow Fly (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Larvae. J Insect Sci 2019; 19:5523071. [PMID: 31237955 PMCID: PMC6592434 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iez050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Farming insects has recently emerged as a new source of protein and lipid production. To date, research has mostly focused on food applications of insects. Focusing on nonfood potential of oil and proteins of insects, high-throughput studies of insect lipids and proteins are needed. We performed proteomics and lipidomics investigation on black soldier fly (Hermitia illucens) and blow fly (Lucilia sericata) larvae to investigate new potential and applications. We used mass spectrometry for proteomics and lipidomics analysis of control and treated larvae. Treatment was performed by incubation with a biological decomposer. We provide the list of all fatty acids with their concentration in control and treated larvae. This result showed high levels of lauric acid in black soldier fly, which could even increase after biological decomposition. Proteomics analysis showed the presence of proteins like collagen of cosmetic interest, and proteins with antimicrobial properties such as phenoloxidases and enzymatic activities, such as amylase and trypsin. Insects harbor high potential for nonfood usage as additives, antimicrobial effects, and even pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. These data open avenues for future research in pharmacological and cosmetic approaches to find new molecules of interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahideh Rabani
- UBFC, EA 3920 UFR Santé, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comte, Besançon, France
| | - Hamed Cheatsazan
- UBFC, EA 3920 UFR Santé, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comte, Besançon, France
| | - Siamak Davani
- UBFC, EA 3920 UFR Santé, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comte, Besançon, France
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Clinique et Toxicologie, CHU de Besançon, Boulevard Fleming, Besançon, France
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
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24
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Tang B, Tai S, Dai W, Zhang C. Expression and Functional Analysis of Two Odorant-Binding Proteins from Bradysia odoriphaga (Diptera: Sciaridae). J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:3565-3574. [PMID: 30866622 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Two OBP genes, BodoOBP1 and BodoOBP2, were cloned from Bradysia odoriphaga, a major agricultural pest of Chinese chives. The amino acid sequence alignment of both BodoOBPs showed high similarity. Fluorescence competitive binding assays revealed that both BodoOBPs have a moderate binding affinity to dipropyl trisulfide. Tissue expression profiles indicated that both BodoOBPs are antennae-specific and more abundant in the male antennae than in the female antennae. Developmental expression profile analysis indicated that expression levels of both BodoOBPs were higher in the male adult stage than in the other developmental stages. Both BodoOBPs also showed differential expression in pre- and postmating adults. RNAi assays indicated that ability of dsOBPs-treated males to detect females was significantly reduced compared to controls. Attraction of plant volatile dipropyl trisulfide to dsOBPs-treated adults was also significantly lower than in the control. Our findings indicate that both BodoOBPs are involved in host-seeking behavior and in detecting sex pheromones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Tang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , P. R. China
| | - Shulei Tai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , P. R. China
| | - Wu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , P. R. China
| | - Chunni Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , P. R. China
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Pieterse E, Erasmus SW, Uushona T, Hoffman LC. Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) pre-pupae meal as a dietary protein source for broiler production ensures a tasty chicken with standard meat quality for every pot. J Sci Food Agric 2019; 99:893-903. [PMID: 30009465 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal products (fishmeal etc.) are typically used in commercial broiler production systems. However, progressively more pressure is placed on the animal feed industry to find alternative protein sources that are more sustainable, ethical and green, such as insect meal, without having negative effects on the sensory and meat quality. Hence this study aimed to validate the commercial value of black soldier fly (BSF) pre-pupae meal for broiler production by determining the effects of different dietary levels (0%, 5%, 10% or 15%) on carcass, sensory and meat quality. RESULTS There were no significant differences for the carcass characteristics, pH, colour, thaw loss and cooking loss of the broilers. Treatment had no influence on the sensory characteristics (aroma, flavour, juiciness and tenderness) of the breast muscle (P > 0.05). Mineral content was similar across treatments and no differences (P > 0.05) were observed for the long-chain fatty acid composition of the cooked broiler meat. None of the fatty acids was correlated with chicken flavour. CONCLUSION BSF pre-pupae meal (up to 15%) can be included in broiler diets without influencing the carcass, sensory or meat quality characteristics. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsje Pieterse
- Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Sara W Erasmus
- Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Tulimo Uushona
- Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Louwrens C Hoffman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
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Paula MC, Michelutti KB, Eulalio ADMM, Piva RC, Cardoso CAL, Antonialli-Junior WF. New method for estimating the post-mortem interval using the chemical composition of different generations of empty puparia: Indoor cases. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209776. [PMID: 30571776 PMCID: PMC6301778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Most flies of forensic importance are in two superfamilies, the Muscoidea and the Oestroidea, with similar life stages including the puparium. Upon completion of metamorphosis the adult fly emerges from the puparium, leaving behind an exuvia that is of potential significance in forensic investigation. The empty puparium is a durable piece of entomological evidence lasting several years. Through the study of chemical compounds, specifically the hydrocarbons of these puparia, it is possible to identify the species, in addition to how long they have been exposed to weathering and for this reason, these parameters can assist forensic entomologists in estimating long-term postmortem interval (minPMI). In corpses that take a relatively longer time to decompose, insects may use the same corpses for several oviposition cycles. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a new method to determine the PMI based on chemical compounds of the puparia from different oviposition cycles of the fly Chrysomya megacephala. The chemical composition of 50 puparia from different cycles of oviposition were evaluated by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). In total, 60 compounds were identified ranging from C18 to C34, 38 of those were common to all generations. Our results demonstrate that chemical profiles can be used to differentiate puparia collected from successive cycles, and therefore valuable in the estimation of minPMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele C. Paula
- Laboratório de Ecologia Comportamental, Centro de Estudos em Recursos Naturais, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Entomologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Kamylla B. Michelutti
- Laboratório de Ecologia Comportamental, Centro de Estudos em Recursos Naturais, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Recursos Naturais, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Aylson D. M. M. Eulalio
- Laboratório de Ecologia Comportamental, Centro de Estudos em Recursos Naturais, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Entomologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Raul C. Piva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Química, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Claudia A. L. Cardoso
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Recursos Naturais, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Química, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - William F. Antonialli-Junior
- Laboratório de Ecologia Comportamental, Centro de Estudos em Recursos Naturais, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Entomologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Recursos Naturais, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
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27
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Liu Z, Minor M, Morel PCH, Najar-Rodriguez AJ. Bioconversion of Three Organic Wastes by Black Soldier Fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Larvae. Environ Entomol 2018; 47:1609-1617. [PMID: 30371752 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvy141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the suitability of several organic waste substrates to be processed by the larvae of the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) (BSFL) in a value-added bioconversion system. Three types of organic waste (brewer's waste, solid phase of pig manure, and semidigested grass) were tested and compared with a standard larval diet, broll (wheat middling). Larval survival and growth, chemical composition of the resulting prepupae, conversion ratios of nutrients and waste dry matter, and waste reduction rate were measured. Larval survival was high in all tested substrates. Compared with the larvae fed pig manure or semidigested grass, those fed standard diet or brewer's waste showed shorter development time, higher weight gain, and higher prepupal crude protein and crude fat content. BSFL also reduce more dry matter in the standard diet or in brewer's waste than in the other two substrates. On the other hand, larvae fed semidigested grass took 70 d to complete development and suffered fat loss. Thus, we suggest that brewer's waste is the most suitable substrate among the selected wastes for being processed by BSFL, whereas semidigested grass is an unsuitable substrate. We found that lignin had a significantly negative effect on larval growth, and emphasized the importance of applying lignin-digesting microorganisms to lignin-rich substrates being converted by BSFL. Moreover, a protein:fat:digestible carbohydrate ratio of 2:1:2 was hypothesized to benefit larval development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyi Liu
- Wildlife & Ecology Group, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Applied Entomology Group, Plant and Food Research, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Maria Minor
- Wildlife & Ecology Group, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Patrick C H Morel
- Monogastric Research Center, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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28
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Mwaniki Z, Neijat M, Kiarie E. Egg production and quality responses of adding up to 7.5% defatted black soldier fly larvae meal in a corn-soybean meal diet fed to Shaver White Leghorns from wk 19 to 27 of age. Poult Sci 2018; 97:2829-2835. [PMID: 29669038 PMCID: PMC6044407 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined egg production and quality responses of adding up to 7.5% defatted black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) in a corn-soybean meal diet fed to pullets (19 to 27 wk of age). The concentration of CP and crude fat in BSFLM sample was 59.3 and 7.0% DM, respectively. A corn-soybean meal diet was formulated with 0 or 5.0 or 7.5% BSFLM and fed (n = 6) to a total of 108, 19-wk-old Shaver White pullets placed in conventional cages (6 birds/cage). The birds had free access to feed and water. Hen-day egg production (HDEP) and average egg weight were monitored daily and feed intake (FI) weekly. Egg quality parameters were assessed on individual eggs collected on the 5th d of wk 22, 24, and 26 and included individual EW (IEW), albumen height (HU), yolk color (YC), egg shell-breaking strength (SBS) and thickness (ST). A quadratic response (P < 0.02) was observed for HDEP, EW and egg mass. Specifically, birds fed 0 and 7.5% BSFLM diets had similar (P > 0.05) values for these parameters with birds fed 5.0% BSFLM showing lower (P < 0.05) HDEP than 0 or 7.5% BSFLM fed birds. The HDEP was 89.4, 84.8, and 87.8 for 0, 5.0, and 7.5% BSFLM, respectively. Feeding BSFLM linearly (P < 0.01) increased FI and feed conversion ratio (FCR) (FI/egg mass). There was no diet effect (P > 0.05) on IEW and HU, however, BSFLM linearly (P = 0.02) reduced CV of IEW. The IEW was 53.7, 52.3, and 53.0 g for 0, 5.0, and 7.5% BSFLM-fed birds, respectively and corresponding CV values of IEW were 7.9, 5.2, and 5.1%. Feeding BSFLM linearly (P < 0.01) increased YC, SBS, and ST. In conclusion, birds fed 7.5% BSFLM had similar HDEP and egg mass but poor FCR relative to corn-soybean meal diet without BSFLM. The effects of BSFLM on egg quality characteristics warrant further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Mwaniki
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, ON, Canada
| | - M Neijat
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, ON, Canada
| | - E Kiarie
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, ON, Canada
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29
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Kashiri M, Marin C, Garzón R, Rosell CM, Rodrigo D, Martínez A. Use of high hydrostatic pressure to inactivate natural contaminating microorganisms and inoculated E. coli O157:H7 on Hermetia illucens larvae. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194477. [PMID: 29566029 PMCID: PMC5864016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A chemical and microbiological characterization on Hermetia illucens larvae was carried out as well as an inactivation study of natural contaminating microorganisms and inoculated E. coli O157:H7 in black soldier larvae by using High Hydrostatic Pressure (250 to 400 MPa, for 1.5 to 15 min). Hermetia illucens was mainly composed of proteins (46.49%, d.m.) followed by fat (37.88%, d.m.). Larvae had a high contamination load of Total Aerobic Mesophilic bacteria (AMB) (1.58x107 cfu/g) and Enterobacteriaceae (1.15x106cfu/g). The presence of pathogenic microorganism varied: no Listeria spp. were found, but Salmonella (1.15x106 cfu/g) and E. coli (7.08x105 cfu/g) were detected in the larvae extract. High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP) was effective against natural contaminating yeasts and molds producing more than 5 log cycle reductions at 400 MPa for any of the times considered (2.5 to 7 min), but a low reduction of total microbial load was achieved. The inactivation level of larvae inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 varied. At 400 MPa for 7 min more than 5 log cycle reductions were achieved. Among the three inactivation models studied, the one that best described the inactivation pattern of the cells, according to the Akaike index, was the Biphasic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboobeh Kashiri
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Cuauhtemoc Marin
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Raquel Garzón
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina M. Rosell
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Dolores Rodrigo
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Martínez
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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Magni PA, Pazzi M, Vincenti M, Converso V, Dadour IR. Development and Validation of a Method for the Detection of α- and β-Endosulfan (Organochlorine Insecticide) in Calliphora vomitoria (Diptera: Calliphoridae). J Med Entomol 2018; 55:51-58. [PMID: 29029268 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Entomotoxicology studies employ analytical methods and instrumentation to detect chemical substances in carrion insects feeding from the decomposing tissues. The identification of such chemicals may determine the cause of death and may be used for the estimation of the minimum time since death. To date, the main focus of entomotoxicological studies has been the detection of drugs, whereas little information concerns the effects of pesticides on blowflies. Pesticides are generally freely available and more affordable than drugs but they can also be a home hazard and an accessible candidate poison at a crime scene. A QuEChERS extraction method followed by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was developed for the detection of α- and β-endosulfan (organochlorine insecticide and acaricide) in Calliphora vomitoria L. (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and validated. Furthermore, the effects of endosulfan on the morphology, development time and survival of the immature blowflies were investigated. Larvae were reared on liver substrates homogeneously spiked with aliquots of endosulfan corresponding to the concentrations found in body tissues of humans and animals involved in endosulfan poisoning. Results demonstrated that the combination of QuEChERS extraction and GC-MS provide an adequate methods to detect both α- and β-endosulfan in blowfly immatures. Furthermore, the presence of α- and β-endosulfan in the food source 1) prevented C. vomitoria immatures reaching the pupal instar and, therefore, the adult instar at high concentrations, 2) did not affect the developmental time of blowflies at low concentrations 3) affected the size of immatures only at high concentrations, resulting in significantly smaller larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola A Magni
- Department of Medical and Molecular Sciences, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Marco Pazzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Vincenti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Valerio Converso
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Ian R Dadour
- Program in Forensic Anthropology, Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
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31
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Janssen RH, Lakemond CMM, Fogliano V, Renzone G, Scaloni A, Vincken JP. Involvement of phenoloxidase in browning during grinding of Tenebrio molitor larvae. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189685. [PMID: 29244828 PMCID: PMC5731683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects are investigated as alternative protein source to meet the increasing demand for proteins in the future. Enzymatic browning occurring during grinding of insect and subsequent extraction of proteins can influence the proteins' properties, but it is unclear which enzymes are responsible for this phenomenon. This study was performed on larvae of three commonly used insect species, namely Tenebrio molitor, Alphitobius diaperinus and Hermetia illucens. Oxygen consumption measurements on protein extracts showed activity on L-tyrosine, L-3,4-di-hydroxy-phenylalanine (L-DOPA) and L-dopamine, indicating phenoloxidase as a key player in browning. Furthermore, no reaction on 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) was observed, ruling out an important contribution of laccase to browning. The browning reaction was most prominent at pH 6 for T. molitor and A. diaperinus, and 7 for H. illucens. As the enzyme activity of H. illucens was the lowest with the darkest color formation, this was likely caused by another factor. The activity of phenoloxidase was confirmed for T. molitor and A. diaperinus by activity measurements after fractionation by anion-exchange chromatography. Color measurements showed the presence of activity on both L-DOPA and L-tyrosine in the same fractions. Both substrates were converted into dopachrome after incubation with enzyme-enriched fractions. No DOPA-decarboxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase and peroxidase activities were observed. By using native PAGE with L-DOPA as staining-solution, active T. molitor protein bands were resolved and characterized, identifying a tyrosinase/phenoloxidase as the active enzyme species. All together, these data confirmed that tyrosinase is an important enzyme in causing enzymatic browning in T. molitor and likely in A. diaperinus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renske H. Janssen
- Food Quality and Design, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Vincenzo Fogliano
- Food Quality and Design, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Renzone
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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32
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Jucker C, Erba D, Leonardi MG, Lupi D, Savoldelli S. Assessment of Vegetable and Fruit Substrates as Potential Rearing Media for Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Larvae. Environ Entomol 2017; 46:1415-1423. [PMID: 29040452 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) is able to consume a wide range of organic matter and is of particular interest for waste management. The nutritional value of preimaginal stages, in particular the protein content, makes this species a valid candidate for use as feed for other organisms. Vegetables and fruits are promising rearing substrates for insects produced for this purpose according to the EU regulation. In order to examine the effects of diets on insect performance and chemical composition, larvae were reared on the following substrates: 1) fruit (apple, pear, and orange); 2) vegetable (lettuce, green beans, and cabbage); and 3) mixed fruits and vegetables. High percentages of survival were observed on all diets, but there were differences among weights of larvae, pupae, and adults, with weights of larvae reared on mixed fruits and vegetables lower than on other diets. Pupae reared on the mixed diet were heaviest, and also morphometric measurements of adults were highest. Larvae reared on fruit diets had the highest fat content, comprising mostly saturated fatty acids; the highest content of essential n-3 fatty acids was found in vegetable reared larvae and that of n-6 in mixed reared larvae. Larvae reared on the mixed diet had the highest protein content. Calcium contents were high and moderate amounts of iron and zinc were found. H. illucens showed the capability to develop on vegetable and fruits diets displaying different nutrient profiles and biological performances. The best-performing rearing strategy should vary in relation to the final use of H. illucens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Jucker
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Science (DeFENS), University of Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Erba
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Science (DeFENS), University of Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Leonardi
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Science (DeFENS), University of Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Lupi
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Science (DeFENS), University of Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Savoldelli
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Science (DeFENS), University of Milan, Italy
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Gnankiné O, Bassolé IHN. Essential Oils as an Alternative to Pyrethroids' Resistance against Anopheles Species Complex Giles (Diptera: Culicidae). Molecules 2017; 22:E1321. [PMID: 28937642 PMCID: PMC6151604 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Widespread resistance of Anopheles sp. populations to pyrethroid insecticides has led to the search for sustainable alternatives in the plant kingdom. Among many botanicals, there is great interest in essential oils and their constituents. Many researchers have explored essential oils (EOs) to determine their toxicity and identify repellent molecules that are effective against Anopheles populations. Essential oils are volatile and fragrant substances with an oily consistency typically produced by plants. They contain a variety of volatile molecules such as terpenes and terpenoids, phenol-derived aromatic components and aliphatic components at quite different concentrations with a significant insecticide potential, essentially as ovicidal, larvicidal, adulticidal, repellency, antifeedant, growth and reproduction inhibitors. The current review provides a summary of chemical composition of EOs, their toxicity at different developmental stages (eggs, larvae and adults), their repellent effects against Anopheles populations, for which there is little information available until now. An overview of antagonist and synergistic phenomena between secondary metabolites, the mode of action as well as microencapsulation technologies are also given in this review. Finally, the potential use of EOs as an alternative to current insecticides has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Gnankiné
- Laboratoire d'entomologie fondamentale et appliquée (Lefa), Université Ouaga I Pr Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 P.O. 7021 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Imaël Henri Nestor Bassolé
- Laboratoire de biologie moléculaire, d'épidémiologie et de surveillance des bactéries et virus transmis par les aliments (Labesta), Université Ouaga I Pr Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 P.O. 7021 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
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34
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Borgogno M, Dinnella C, Iaconisi V, Fusi R, Scarpaleggia C, Schiavone A, Monteleone E, Gasco L, Parisi G. Inclusion of Hermetia illucens larvae meal on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) feed: effect on sensory profile according to static and dynamic evaluations. J Sci Food Agric 2017; 97:3402-3411. [PMID: 28000914 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diet implementation with insect meal has aroused increased attention in aquaculture considering the advantages of this new protein source. The effect of Hermetia illucens meal (HI) inclusion in diets on rainbow trout physical-chemical and sensory properties was evaluated. Three diets were prepared: HI0, HI25, HI50, with 0, 25 and 50% of HI replacing fish meal, respectively. Fillet sensory profiles were described by descriptive analysis and temporal dominance of sensation methods. Cooking loss, Warner-Bratzler shear force, proximate analysis, and fatty acid composition were also determined. RESULTS Diets significantly affected fillets sensory profile. Descriptive analysis indicated significant changes in perceived intensity of aroma, flavour and texture descriptors as a function of diet composition. Temporal dominance of sensation evaluations provided information on dominance and evolution of sensations perceived in fillets from different diets. The first sensations perceived as dominant were related to texture attributes, followed by flavours. Dominance of fibrousnesses decreased with the increase of HI in the diet. Boiled fish, algae flavours and umami taste clearly dominated the HI0 dynamic profile. The onset of metallic flavour dominance characterised HI25 and HI50. No differences in physical parameters were detected. Principal component analysis highlighted the relationship between sensory attributes and physico-chemical parameters. CONCLUSION The sensory description of fillets indicated that HI inclusion induces significant differences in the perceived profile. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Borgogno
- Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Sciences (DISPAA), University of Florence, via delle Cascine 5, Firenze, Italy
| | - Caterina Dinnella
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Systems Management (GESAAF), University of Florence, Via Donizetti 6, Firenze, Italy
| | - Valeria Iaconisi
- Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Sciences (DISPAA), University of Florence, via delle Cascine 5, Firenze, Italy
| | - Renzo Fusi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Systems Management (GESAAF), University of Florence, Via Donizetti 6, Firenze, Italy
| | - Claudia Scarpaleggia
- Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Sciences (DISPAA), University of Florence, via delle Cascine 5, Firenze, Italy
| | - Achille Schiavone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Erminio Monteleone
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Systems Management (GESAAF), University of Florence, Via Donizetti 6, Firenze, Italy
| | - Laura Gasco
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Giuliana Parisi
- Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Sciences (DISPAA), University of Florence, via delle Cascine 5, Firenze, Italy
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Zhu GH, Jia ZJ, Yu XJ, Wu KS, Chen LS, Lv JY, Eric Benbow M. Predictable weathering of puparial hydrocarbons of necrophagous flies for determining the postmortem interval: a field experiment using Chrysomya rufifacies. Int J Legal Med 2017; 131:885-894. [PMID: 28058571 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-016-1507-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Preadult development of necrophagous flies is commonly recognized as an accurate method for estimating the minimum postmortem interval (PMImin). However, once the PMImin exceeds the duration of preadult development, the method is less accurate. Recently, fly puparial hydrocarbons were found to significantly change with weathering time in the field, indicating their potential use for PMImin estimates. However, additional studies are required to demonstrate how the weathering varies among species. In this study, the puparia of Chrysomya rufifacies were placed in the field to experience natural weathering to characterize hydrocarbon composition change over time. We found that weathering of the puparial hydrocarbons was regular and highly predictable in the field. For most of the hydrocarbons, the abundance decreased significantly and could be modeled using a modified exponent function. In addition, the weathering rate was significantly correlated with the hydrocarbon classes. The weathering rate of 2-methyl alkanes was significantly lower than that of alkenes and internal methyl alkanes, and alkenes were higher than the other two classes. For mono-methyl alkanes, the rate was significantly and positively associated with carbon chain length and branch position. These results indicate that puparial hydrocarbon weathering is highly predictable and can be used for estimating long-term PMImin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Hui Zhu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China.
| | - Zheng-Jun Jia
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
- Department of Criminal Science and Technology, People's Public Security University of China, Beijing, 10038, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Yu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Ku-Sheng Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Lu-Shi Chen
- Guizhou Police Officer Vocational College, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550005, China
| | - Jun-Yao Lv
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - M Eric Benbow
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Osteopathic Medical Specialties, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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36
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Janssen R, Vincken JP, van den Broek LAM, Fogliano V, Lakemond CMM. Nitrogen-to-Protein Conversion Factors for Three Edible Insects: Tenebrio molitor, Alphitobius diaperinus, and Hermetia illucens. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:2275-2278. [PMID: 28252948 PMCID: PMC5364430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Insects are considered a nutritionally valuable source of alternative proteins, and their efficient protein extraction is a prerequisite for large-scale use. The protein content is usually calculated from total nitrogen using the nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor (Kp) of 6.25. This factor overestimates the protein content, due to the presence of nonprotein nitrogen in insects. In this paper, a specific Kp of 4.76 ± 0.09 was calculated for larvae from Tenebrio molitor, Alphitobius diaperinus, and Hermetia illucens, using amino acid analysis. After protein extraction and purification, a Kp factor of 5.60 ± 0.39 was found for the larvae of three insect species studied. We propose to adopt these Kp values for determining protein content of insects to avoid overestimation of the protein content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renske
H. Janssen
- Food
Quality and Design, Wageningen University
and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The
Netherlands
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The
Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The
Netherlands
| | - Lambertus A. M. van den Broek
- Wageningen
Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen
University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The
Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Fogliano
- Food
Quality and Design, Wageningen University
and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The
Netherlands
| | - Catriona M. M. Lakemond
- Food
Quality and Design, Wageningen University
and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The
Netherlands
- (C.M.M.L.) Phone: +31 317
480 288. E-mail:
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37
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Smith JL, Wells JD. Isolation of the Male-Specific Transformer Exon as a Method for Immature Specimen Sex Identification in Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera: Calliphoridae). J Med Entomol 2017; 54:496-500. [PMID: 28031348 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Being able to efficiently differentiate between male and female individuals in the immature forms of insects allows for investigations into sexually dimorphic patterns of growth rates and gene expression. For species lacking sex-specific morphological characteristics during these periods, alternative methods must be devised. Commonly, isolation of sex determination genes reveals sex-specific band patterns and allows for markers that can be used in insect control. For blow flies, a family that includes flies of medical and forensic importance, sex has previously been identified in some members using the male-specific exon in the transformer gene. This gene is relatively conserved between members of the genera Cochliomyia and Lucilia (Diptera: Calliphoridae), and we isolated a portion of this gene in an additional forensically and medically important blow fly genus using the widespread Chrysomya megacephala (F.). We found a relatively high level of conservation between exons 1 and 2 of transformer and were able to amplify a region containing the male-specific exon in C. megacephala. A sex-specific molecular diagnostic test based on the presence of sexually dimorphic PCR product bands showed the expected genotype for adults and intrapuparial period specimens of known sex. The same result could be obtained from single third-instar larval specimens, opening up the possibility to not only determine if development rates are sex dependent, but also to investigate the development of sexually dimorphic traits of interest in C. megacephala.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, OE 167, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL 33199 (; )
| | - J D Wells
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, OE 167, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL 33199 (; )
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38
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Masiero FS, Aquino MFK, Nassu MP, Pereira DIB, Leite DS, Thyssen PJ. First Record of Larval Secretions of Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius, 1775) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Inhibiting the Growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Neotrop Entomol 2017; 46:125-129. [PMID: 27696133 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-016-0444-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Maggot debridement therapy (MDT) consists on the intentional and controlled application of sterilized larvae of the order Diptera on necrotic skin lesions with the purpose of cleaning necrotic tissue and removing pathogenic bacteria. During MDT, a marked antimicrobial activity has been reported in literature specially associated with antibacterial substances from Lucilia sericata (Meigen); however, regarding Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius), little is known. This study aimed to evaluate in vitro inhibition of bacterial growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus in contact with excretions and secretions (ES) from C. macellaria larvae. Larval ES were extracted in sterile distilled water and divided in three groups: ES, containing 400 μL of autoclaved ES; ES+BAC, containing 400 μL of autoclaved ES+0.5-μL bacterial inoculum; and CONT-BAC, containing 400 μL of sterile distilled water +0.5 μL of bacterial inoculum. Aliquots of each experimental group were plated by spreading onto Petri dishes. Seedings were made at 0, 1, 2, 4, and 12 h after the extraction of ES. In ES+BAC groups, inhibition of S. aureus was verified between times 1 and 2 h and P. aeruginosa was inhibited between 0 and 4 h. There was no growth observed in any ES group. In the CONT-BAC groups, the number of colonies from time 4 h became countless for S. aureus and decreased for P. aeruginosa. As reported in the literature, we note here that ES have excellent bactericidal activity for both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and this study shows for the first time the action of the bactericidal activity of exosecretions of C. macellaria against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Masiero
- Dept of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal Univ of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brasil
| | - M F K Aquino
- Dept of Animal Biology, State Univ of Campinas, 255 Monteiro Lobato St, 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brasil.
| | - M P Nassu
- Dept of Animal Biology, State Univ of Campinas, 255 Monteiro Lobato St, 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - D I B Pereira
- Dept of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal Univ of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brasil
| | - D S Leite
- Dept of Genetics, Evolution and BioAgents, State Univ of Campinas, Campinas, Brasil
| | - P J Thyssen
- Dept of Animal Biology, State Univ of Campinas, 255 Monteiro Lobato St, 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brasil
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39
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Paula MC, Antonialli-Junior WF, Mendonça A, Michelutti KB, Eulalio ADMM, Cardoso CAL, de Lima T, Von Zuben CJ. Chemotaxonomic Profile and Intraspecific Variation in the Blow Fly of Forensic Interest Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera: Calliphoridae). J Med Entomol 2017; 54:14-23. [PMID: 28082627 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Necrophagous insects such as blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) are considered crucial in forensic entomology. Identification at species level and determination of larval stage are the basis for estimation of postmortem interval (PMI). Insect evidence can also be used in the determination of crime scenes, since body displacement is common. The aim of this study was to determine the chemotaxonomic profile and intraspecific variability of the forensically important blow fly Chrysomya megacephala (F. 1794). Adults were collected in the municipalities of Dourados-MS (Brazil) and Rio Claro-SP (Brazil), and then transferred to the laboratory for oviposition and development of the immature stages. Chemical analysis of cuticular compounds was performed by gas chromatography. Cuticular chemical profiles varied significantly between the two populations, as well as between developmental stages, supporting the use of these compounds as a complementary tool to help identify the species and its stages, along with geographical variability. This could greatly accelerate forensic investigations, eliminating the need to allow the fly larvae to develop until adult stage in order to confirm the species identity and sample origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele C Paula
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Entomologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil (; ; )
- Laboratório de Ecologia Comportamental, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - William F Antonialli-Junior
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Entomologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil (; ; )
- Laboratório de Ecologia Comportamental, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, MS, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Angélica Mendonça
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Entomologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil (; ; )
- Laboratório de Ecologia Comportamental, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Kamylla B Michelutti
- Laboratório de Ecologia Comportamental, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, MS, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Thiago de Lima
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Rio Claro-SP, Brazil (; )
| | - Cláudio J Von Zuben
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Rio Claro-SP, Brazil (; )
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Hassan MI, Taher FA, Mohamed AF, Kamel MR. CHITOSAN NANOPARTICLES PREPARED FROM LUCILIA CUPRINA MAGGOTS AS ANTIBACTERIAL AGENT. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 2016; 46:519-526. [PMID: 30230747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan were prepared from cuticle of Lucilia cuprina maggots with two steps; deproteinization and deacetylation. It was characterized with solubility and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Chitosan was ball-milled to obtain the chitosan nanoparticles which characterized with dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Chitosan nanoparticles with degree of deacetylation (DDA) 80.5% were showed antibacterial activities against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus subtilis. The mode of action of chitosan nanoparticles on the tested bacteria was studied by TEM. Leakage of some cell contents, cell deformation and rupture of cell were observed, therefore, the chitosan nanoparticles were observed to be a powerful antibacterial agent.
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Hassan MI, Mohamed AF, Taher FA, Kamel MR. ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF CHITOSAN NANOPARTICLES PREPARED-FROM LUCILA CUPRINA MAGGOTS (DIPTERA: CALLIPHORIDAE). J Egypt Soc Parasitol 2016; 46:563-570. [PMID: 30230753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan nanoparticles Were studied as antimicrobial agent. The antibacterial activity of chitosan nanoparticles were investigated against three Gram-negative bacteria; Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi, and three Gram-positive bacteria; Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus pyogenes. The 'antifungal activity were examined against three fungi; Geotrichum candidum, Candida krusei and Candida parapsilosis. The antiviral activities were tested against three viruses; Rift Valley Fever (RVFV), Herpes simplex-I (HSV-1) and Coxsackie viruses. Chitosan nanoparticles were inhibited all bacteria and fungi except E. faecalis seemed to be resistant strain. Infectivity titers of all viruses were reduced by chitosan nanoparticles, which are a natural antimicrobial agent.
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Ushakova NA, Bastfakov AI, Kozlova AA, Ponomarev SV, Bakaneva YM, Fedorovykh YV, Zhandalgarova AD, Pavlov DS. Features of the Effect of a Complex Probiotic with Bacillus Bacteria and the Larvae of Hermetia illucens Biomass on Mozambique Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus O. niloticus) and Russian Sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedti) Fry. Izv Akad Nauk Ser Biol 2016:525-531. [PMID: 30226939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A study of the effect of a complex probiotic preparation with bacteria of the genus Bacillus and a microdose of larvae of the fly Hermetia illucens on the physiological. parameters of fish has been carried out. It was established that introduction of the complex into artificial feeds for tilapia and Russian sturgeon juveniles during their incubation in recirculating aquaculture systems improves the digestion efficiency and increases the rate of fish growth and body mass accumulation. In tilapia, a decrease in the cholesterol level was revealed, while in sturgeon, an increase in the hemoglobin content was found. It was noted that a probiotic with biologically active agents H. illucens had a stimulating effect on the development of sexual gonads in female sturgeon fry, promoted an increase in the ovary mass, and provided for the development of eggs without morphological disturbances.
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Khan S, Khan RU, Sultan A, Khan M, Hayat SU, Shahid MS. Evaluating the suitability of maggot meal as a partial substitute of soya bean on the productive traits, digestibility indices and organoleptic properties of broiler meat. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 100:649-56. [PMID: 26847519 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to replace soya bean meal with maggot meal at difference percentages. A total of 120 one-day-old broiler chicks were divided into four groups. Four diets were formulated with maggot meal to replace soya bean meal at the rate of 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% designated as A, B, C and D respectively. Feed and water were offered ad libitum during the study which lasted for 28 days. Feed intake decreased significantly in treated groups while body weight, Feed conversion ratio and dressing percentage increased significantly in group D. Apparent metabolizable energy increased significantly in the group fed 30% maggot meal; however, no significant difference was found in dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract, ash and nitrogen free extract between the control and treated groups. The result of sensory evaluation revealed that tenderness and juiciness increased significantly in group C and B respectively. The colour and flavour were most accepted in group B and C. The results indicate that replacement of soya bean meal at the rate of 30% in broiler feed produced most favourable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Khan
- Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - R U Khan
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
- Department of Animal production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Sultan
- Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - M Khan
- Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - S U Hayat
- Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - M S Shahid
- Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
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Chaiwong T, Srivoramas T, Sebsumran P, Panya M, Wanram S, Panomket P. Antibacterial Activity of Excretions-Secretions from Chrysomya megacephala Against Escherichia coli. J Med Assoc Thai 2016; 99 Suppl 1:S7-S11. [PMID: 26817232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The blowfly, Chrysomya megacephala, is distributed worldwide. Previous studies found maggot excretions-secretions from other blowfly species inhibited pro-inflammatory response and antimicrobial activity. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to test the bactericidal activity of excretions-secretions from C. megacephala larvae. MATERIAL AND METHOD A total of 1,500 3-day-old larvae were used to collect excretions-secretions (ES) modified by the Barnes method. The bactericidal activity ofthe excretions-secretions was test by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli using suitable liquid culture assay. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to investigate the morphological change ofthe bacteria. RESULTS E. coli were significantly inhibited by excretions-secretions from C. megacephala larvae. P. aeruginosa and S. aureus were not found to inhibit growth. CONCLUSION The excretions-secretions from C. megacephala larvae may have a medical property for the inhibition of bacterial growth.
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Coskunpinar E, Arkan H, Dedeoglu BG, Aksoz I, Polat E, Araz T, Aydos A, Oztemur Y, Akbas F, Onaran I. Determination of effective miRNAs in wound healing in an experimental Rat Model. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2015; 61:89-96. [PMID: 26718435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The larvae of Lucilia sericata have been used for centuries as medicinal maggots in the healing of wounds. The present study aimed to screen potential microRNAs related to ES-induced wound healing in rat skin wounds and to investigate the potential mechanisms contributing to accelerated wound healing. Healthy, male, 12 weeks old Wistar albino rats weighing 250-300 g were supplied by the Animal Experimental Center. All animal studies were performed in accordance with the NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Wistar albino rats were treated by ES after post wounding and the differentially expressed miRNAs in wound biopsies were screened by microarray analysis at the end of treatments for 4,7 and 10 days. In addition, bioinformatics approaches were used to identify the potential target genes of differentially expressed miRNAs and the functions of their target genes. We found a significant up-regulation of rno-miR-99a* and rno-mir-877 in response to ES treatment. Further investigation of rno-miR-99a* and rno-mir-877 and their target genes (TGFa, TNF, TAGLN, MAPK1, MMP-9) implicated in present study could provide new insight for an understanding lead to the development of new treatment strategies. The identified miRNAs can be new biomarkers for ES- induced wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Coskunpinar
- Istanbul University Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Experimental Medicine Istanbul Turkey
| | - H Arkan
- Istanbul University Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine Istanbul Turkey
| | - B G Dedeoglu
- Ankara University Biotechnology Institute Ankara Turkey
| | - I Aksoz
- Istanbul University Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine Istanbul Turkey
| | - E Polat
- Istanbul University Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine Istanbul Turkey
| | - T Araz
- Istanbul University Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Experimental Medicine Istanbul Turkey
| | - A Aydos
- Ankara University Biotechnology Institute Ankara Turkey
| | - Y Oztemur
- Ankara University Biotechnology Institute Ankara Turkey
| | - F Akbas
- Bezmialem Vakif University Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine Istanbul Turkey
| | - I Onaran
- Istanbul University Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine Istanbul Turkey
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Abstract
In recent decades much attention has been paid to antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as natural antibiotics, which are presumably protected from resistance development in bacteria. However, experimental evolution studies have revealed prompt resistance increase in bacteria to any individual AMP tested. Here we demonstrate that naturally occurring compounds containing insect AMP complexes have clear advantage over individual peptide and small molecule antibiotics in respect of drug resistance development. As a model we have used the compounds isolated from bacteria challenged maggots of Calliphoridae flies. The compound isolated from blow fly Calliphora vicina was found to contain three distinct families of cell membrane disrupting/permeabilizing peptides (defensins, cecropins and diptericins), one family of proline rich peptides and several unknown antimicrobial substances. Resistance changes under long term selective pressure of the compound and reference antibiotics cefotaxime, meropenem and polymyxin B were tested using Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia and Acinetobacter baumannii clinical strains. All the strains readily developed resistance to the reference antibiotics, while no signs of resistance growth to the compound were registered. Similar results were obtained with the compounds isolated from 3 other fly species. The experiments revealed that natural compounds containing insect AMP complexes, in contrast to individual AMP and small molecule antibiotics, are well protected from resistance development in bacteria. Further progress in the research of natural AMP complexes may provide novel solutions to the drug resistance problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Chernysh
- Laboratory of Insect Biopharmacology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- * E-mail:
| | - Natalia Gordya
- Laboratory of Insect Biopharmacology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatyana Suborova
- Research Center of Kirov Military Medical Academy, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Lee PS, Sing KW, Wilson JJ. Reading Mammal Diversity from Flies: The Persistence Period of Amplifiable Mammal mtDNA in Blowfly Guts (Chrysomya megacephala) and a New DNA Mini-Barcode Target. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123871. [PMID: 25898278 PMCID: PMC4405593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Most tropical mammal species are threatened or data-deficient. Data collection is impeded by the traditional monitoring approaches which can be laborious, expensive and struggle to detect cryptic diversity. Monitoring approaches using mammal DNA derived from invertebrates are emerging as cost- and time-effective alternatives. As a step towards development of blowfly-derived DNA as an effective method for mammal monitoring in the biodiversity hotspot of Peninsular Malaysia, our objectives were (i) to determine the persistence period of amplifiable mammal mtDNA in blowfly guts through a laboratory feeding experiment (ii) to design and test primers that can selectively amplify mammal COI DNA mini-barcodes in the presence of high concentrations of blowfly DNA. The persistence period of amplifiable mammal mtDNA in blowfly guts was 24 h to 96 h post-feeding indicating the need for collecting flies within 24 h of capture to detect mammal mtDNA of sufficient quantity and quality. We designed a new primer combination for a COI DNA mini-barcode that did not amplify blowfly DNA and showed 89% amplification success for a dataset of mammals from Peninsular Malaysia. The short (205 bp) DNA mini-barcode could distinguish most mammal species (including separating dark taxa) and is of suitable length for high-throughput sequencing. Our new DNA mini-barcode target and a standardized trapping protocol with retrieval of blowflies every 24 h could point the way forward in the development of blowfly-derived DNA as an effective method for mammal monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Shin Lee
- Museum of Zoology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Ecology and Biodiversity Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (PSL); (JJW)
| | - Kong-Wah Sing
- Museum of Zoology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Ecology and Biodiversity Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - John-James Wilson
- Museum of Zoology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Ecology and Biodiversity Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (PSL); (JJW)
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Abstract
Single fibers of the sticky underwater larval silk of the casemaker caddisfly (H. occidentalis) are viscoelastic, display large strain cycle hysteresis, and self-recover 99% of their initial stiffness and strength within 120 min. Mechanical response to cyclical strains suggested viscoelasticity is due to two independent, self-recovering Ca(2+)-crosslinked networks. The networks display distinct pH dependence. The first network is attributed to Ca(2+)-stabilized phosphoserine motifs in H-fibroin, the second to Ca(2+) complexed carboxylate groups in the N-terminus of H-fibroin and a PEVK-like protein. These assignments were corroborated by IR spectroscopy. The results are consolidated into a multi-network model in which reversible rupture of the Ca(2+)-crosslinked domains at a critical stress results in pseudo-plastic deformation. Slow refolding of the domains results in nearly full recovery of fiber length, stiffness, and strength. The fiber toughening, energy dissipation, and recovery mechanisms, are highly adaptive for the high energy aquatic environment of caddisfly larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas N Ashton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.
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Adams WJ, DeForest DK, Tear LM, Payne K, Brix KV. Long-term monitoring of arsenic, copper, selenium, and other elements in Great Salt Lake (Utah, USA) surface water, brine shrimp, and brine flies. Environ Monit Assess 2015; 187:118. [PMID: 25690606 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-4231-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents long-term monitoring data for 19 elements with a focus on arsenic (As), copper (Cu), and selenium (Se), in surface water (2002-2011), brine shrimp (2001-2011), and brine flies (1995-1996) collected from Great Salt Lake (GSL, Utah, USA). In open surface waters, mean (±standard deviation [SD]; range; n) As concentrations were 112 (±22.1; 54.0-169; 47) and 112 μg/L (±35.6; 5.1-175; 68) in filtered and unfiltered surface water samples, respectively, and 16.3 μg/g (±5.6; 5.1-35.2; 62) dry weight (dw) in brine shrimp. Mean (±SD; range; n) Cu concentrations were 4.2 (±2.1; 1.3-12.5; 47) and 6.9 μg/L (±6.6; 1.9-38.1; 68) in filtered and unfiltered surface water samples, respectively, and 20.6 μg/g (±18.4; 5.4-126; 62) dw in brine shrimp. Finally, mean (±SD; range; n) dissolved and total recoverable Se concentrations were 0.6 (±0.1; 0.4-1.2; 61) and 0.9 μg/L (±0.7; 0.5-3.6; 89), respectively, and 3.6 μg/g (±2.2; 1.1-14.9; 98) dw in brine shrimp. Thus, Se in open lake surface waters was most often in the range of 0.5-1 μg/L, and concentrations in both surface water and brine shrimp were comparable to concentrations measured in other monitoring programs for the GSL. Temporally, the statistical significance of differences in mean dissolved or total recoverable As, Cu, and Se concentrations between years was highly variable depending which test statistic was used, and there was no clear evidence of increasing or decreasing trends. In brine shrimp, significant differences in annual mean concentrations of As, Cu, and Se were observed using both parametric and nonparametric statistical approaches, but, as for water, there did not appear to be a consistent increase or decrease in concentrations of these elements over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Adams
- Rio Tinto, 4700 Daybreak Parkway, South Jordan, UT, 84095, USA,
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Ge QS, Zhang HM, Liu X, Wang SY, Lv DC, Li XD. Crude extract of maggots: Antibacterial effects against Escherichia coli, underlying mechanisms, separation and purification. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:1510-1517. [PMID: 25663770 PMCID: PMC4316093 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i5.1510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the antibacterial effects of a crude extract of maggots against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and the underlying mechanisms, and to separate and purify the crude extract of maggots to assess the antibacterial effects of the active ingredients in the crude extract.
METHODS: Different concentrations of the crude extract of maggots were incubated with E. coli (O157:H7) and cultured. The optical density (OD) was measured at different time points to plot the OD-T curve. The effects of different concentrations of the crude extract on bacterial membrane permeability were determined by fluorescence probe technique. The effects of different concentrations of the crude extract on plasmid DNA replication were determined by agarose gel electrophoresis. DEAE-Sepharose ion exchange chromatography and Sephacryls-200HR gel filtration chromatography were used to separate and purify the crude extract of maggots. The molecular weight of proteins in the purified crude extract was determined by SDS-PAGD electrophoresis, and its antibacterial effects were determined by turbidimetric method.
RESULTS: The antibacterial effects of the crude extract of maggots at concentrations > 0.5 mg/mL were significant. The antibacterial effects of the crude extract at concentrations of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/mL did not differ significantly. Fluorescence probe analysis showed that the rate of membrane permeability change was 1223.1% in bacteria incubated with 2 mg/mL of the crude extract, and 1300.0% in those incubated with 80 mg/mL of the crude extract. Plasmid DNA was undetectable in E. coli incubated with 2 and 80 mg/mL of the crude extract. A low molecular weight protein band (about 15 kDa) was detected in the crude extract of maggots and eluent, but not in eluant, from DEAE-Sepharose ion exchange chromatography. The antibacterial effects of the crude extract of maggots and eluent were superior to those of eluant, with the antibacterial effects of eluents being better than those of the crude extract of maggots. Of 24 tubes of filtrates, the antibacterial effects of filtrates in tubes 4, 5 and 11 were significantly higher than those of the control. The molecular weight of the protein in filtrates in tubes 4, 5 and 11 was about 15 kDa.
CONCLUSION: The crude extract of maggots exhibits obvious, dose-dependent antibacterial effects. The crude extract exerts antibacterial effects by changing the bacterial membrane permeability and inhibiting plasmid DNA replication. The protein that has antibacterial effects in the crude extract of maggots has a molecular weight of about 15 kDa.
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