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Nichols K, Rauch R, Lippens L, Seymour DJ, Martín-Tereso J. Dose response to postruminal urea in lactating dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:8694-8709. [PMID: 37641248 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Inclusion of urea in dairy cattle diets is often limited by negative effects of high levels of feed urea on dry matter intake (DMI) and efficiency of rumen N utilization. We hypothesized that supplying urea postruminally would mitigate these limitations and allow greater inclusion of urea in dairy cattle diets. Four rumen-fistulated Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (7 ± 2.1 lactations, 110 ± 30.8 d in milk; mean ± standard deviation) were randomly assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square design to examine DMI, milk production and composition, digestibility, rumen fermentation, N balance, and plasma constituents in response to 4 levels of urea continuously infused into the abomasum (0, 163, 325, and 488 g/d). Urea doses were targeted to linearly increase the crude protein (CP) content of total DMI (diet plus infusion) by 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% and equated to 0%, 0.7%, 1.4%, and 2.1% of expected DMI, respectively. Each 28-d infusion period consisted of a 7-d dose step-up period, 14 d of adaptation, and a 7-d measurement period. The diet was fed ad libitum as a total mixed ration [10.9% CP, 42.5% corn silage, 3.5% grass hay, 3.5% wheat straw, and 50.5% concentrate (dry matter basis)] and was formulated to meet 100%, 82%, and 53% of net energy, metabolizable protein, and rumen-degradable protein requirements, respectively. Linear, quadratic, and cubic effects of urea dose were assessed using polynomial regression assuming the fixed effect of treatment and random effects of period and cow. Dry matter intake and energy-corrected milk yield responded quadratically to urea dose, and milk urea content increased linearly with increasing urea dose. Apparent total-tract digestibility of CP increased linearly with increasing urea dose and ruminal NH3-N concentration responded quadratically to urea dose. Mean total VFA concentration was not affected by urea dose. The proportion of N intake excreted in feces decreased linearly and that excreted in urine increased linearly in response to increasing urea dose. The proportion of N intake excreted in milk increased linearly with increasing urea dose. Urinary urea excretion increased linearly with increasing urea dose. Microbial N flow responded cubically to urea dose, but the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was not affected. Plasma urea concentration increased linearly with increasing urea dose. Regression analysis estimated that when supplemented on top of a low-CP diet, 179 g/d of postruminal urea would maximize DMI at 23.4 kg/d, corresponding to a dietary urea inclusion level of 0.8% of DMI, which is in line with the current recommendations for urea inclusion in dairy cattle diets. Overall, these results indicate that postruminal delivery of urea does not mitigate DMI depression as urea dose increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nichols
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, 3800 AG Amersfoort, the Netherlands.
| | - R Rauch
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, 3800 AG Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - L Lippens
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, Puslinch, Ontario, N0B 2J0 Canada
| | - D J Seymour
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, 3800 AG Amersfoort, the Netherlands
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Pang R, Xiao X, Mao T, Yu J, Huang L, Xu W, Li Y, Zhu W. The molecular mechanism of propionate-regulating gluconeogenesis in bovine hepatocytes. Anim Biosci 2023; 36:1693-1699. [PMID: 37402451 PMCID: PMC10623044 DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cows that are nursing get around 80% of their glucose from liver gluconeogenesis. Propionate, a significant precursor of liver gluconeogenesis, can regulate the key genes involved in hepatic gluconeogenesis expression, but its precise effects on the activity of enzymes have not yet been fully elucidated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of propionate on the activity, gene expression, and protein abundance of the key enzymes involved in the gluconeogenesis of dairy cow hepatocytes. METHODS The hepatocytes were cultured and treated with various concentrations of sodium propionate (0, 1.25, 2.50, 3.75, and 5.00 mM) for 12 h. Glucose content in the culture media was determined by an enzymatic coloring method. The activities of gluconeogenesis related enzymes were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay kits, and the levels of gene expression and protein abundance of the enzymes were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, respectively. RESULTS Propionate supplementation considerably increased the amount of glucose in the culture medium compared to the control (p<0.05); while there was no discernible difference among the various treatment concentrations (p>0.05). The activities of cytoplasmic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCK1), mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCK2), pyruvate carboxylase (PC), and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC) were increased with the addition of 2.50 and 3.75 mM propionate; the gene expressions and protein abundances of PEPCK1, PEPCK2, PC, and G6PC were increased by 3.75 mM propionate addition. CONCLUSION Propionate encouraged glucose synthesis in bovine hepatocytes, and 3.75 mM propionate directly increased the activities, gene expressions and protein abundances of PC, PEPCK1, PEPCK2, and G6PC in bovine hepatocytes, providing a theoretical basis of propionate-regulating gluconeogenesis in bovine hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Pang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
| | - Tiantian Mao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
| | - Jiajia Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
| | - Li Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
| | - Yu Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
| | - Wen Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
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Zhang Q, Koser SL, Donkin SS. Propionate induces mRNA expression of gluconeogenic genes in bovine calf hepatocytes. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:3908-3915. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zhang Q, Koser SL, Bequette BJ, Donkin SS. Effect of propionate on mRNA expression of key genes for gluconeogenesis in liver of dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:8698-709. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Panda S, Bisht S, Malakar D, Mohanty AK, Kaushik JK. In vitro culture of functionally active buffalo hepatocytes isolated by using a simplified manual perfusion method. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118841. [PMID: 25790478 PMCID: PMC4366187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In farm animals, there is no suitable cell line available to understand liver-specific functions. This has limited our understanding of liver function and metabolism in farm animals. Culturing and maintenance of functionally active hepatocytes is difficult, since they survive no more than few days. Establishing primary culture of hepatocytes can help in studying cellular metabolism, drug toxicity, hepatocyte specific gene function and regulation. Here we provide a simple in vitro method for isolation and short-term culture of functionally active buffalo hepatocytes. Results Buffalo hepatocytes were isolated from caudate lobes by using manual enzymatic perfusion and mechanical disruption of liver tissue. Hepatocyte yield was (5.3±0.66)×107 cells per gram of liver tissue with a viability of 82.3±3.5%. Freshly isolated hepatocytes were spherical with well contrasted border. After 24 hours of seeding onto fibroblast feeder layer and different extracellular matrices like dry collagen, matrigel and sandwich collagen coated plates, hepatocytes formed confluent monolayer with frequent clusters. Cultured hepatocytes exhibited typical cuboidal and polygonal shape with restored cellular polarity. Cells expressed hepatocyte-specific marker genes or proteins like albumin, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α, glucose-6-phosphatase, tyrosine aminotransferase, cytochromes, cytokeratin and α1-antitrypsin. Hepatocytes could be immunostained with anti-cytokeratins, anti-albumin and anti α1-antitrypsin antibodies. Abundant lipid droplets were detected in the cytosol of hepatocytes using oil red stain. In vitro cultured hepatocytes could be grown for five days and maintained for up to nine days on buffalo skin fibroblast feeder layer. Cultured hepatocytes were viable for functional studies. Conclusion We developed a convenient and cost effective technique for hepatocytes isolation for short-term culture that exhibited morphological and functional characteristics of active hepatocytes for studying gene expression, regulation, hepatic genomics and proteomics in farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Panda
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Sonu Bisht
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Dhruba Malakar
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Ashok K. Mohanty
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Jai K. Kaushik
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
- * E-mail:
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Brown W, Allen M. Effects of intrajugular glucose infusion on feed intake, milk yield, and metabolic responses of early postpartum cows fed diets varying in protein and starch concentration. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:7132-7142. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Nicholas LM, Rattanatray L, MacLaughlin SM, Ozanne SE, Kleemann DO, Walker SK, Morrison JL, Zhang S, Muhlhäusler BS, Martin-Gronert MS, McMillen IC. Differential effects of maternal obesity and weight loss in the periconceptional period on the epigenetic regulation of hepatic insulin-signaling pathways in the offspring. FASEB J 2013; 27:3786-96. [PMID: 23729590 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-227918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Our aim was to determine the effect of exposure to maternal obesity or to maternal weight loss around conception on the programming of hepatic insulin signaling in the offspring. We used an embryo transfer model in sheep to investigate the effects of exposure to either maternal obesity or to weight loss in normal and obese mothers preceding and for 1 wk after conception on the expression of hepatic insulin-signaling and gluconeogenic factors and key miRNAs involved in insulin signaling in the offspring. We found that exposure to maternal obesity resulted in increased hepatic miR-29b (P<0.05), miR-103 (P<0.01), and miR-107 (P<0.05) expression, a decrease in IR (P<0.05), phopsho-Akt (P<0.01), and phospho-FoxO1 (P<0.01) abundance, and a paradoxical decrease in 11βHSD1 (P<0.05), PEPCK-C (P<0.01), and PEPCK-M (P<0.05) expression in lambs. These changes were ablated by a period of moderate dietary restriction imposed during the periconceptional period. Maternal dietary restriction alone also resulted in decreased abundance of a separate subset of hepatic insulin-signaling molecules, namely, IRS1 (P<0.05), PDK1 (P<0.01), phospho-PDK1 (P<0.05), and aPKCζ (P<0.05) and in decreased PEPCK-C (P<0.01) and G6Pase (P<0.01) expression in the lamb. Our findings highlight the sensitivity of the epigenome to maternal nutrition around conception and the need for dietary interventions that maximize metabolic benefits and minimize metabolic costs for the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Nicholas
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Noro M, Bertinat R, Yañez A, Slebe J, Wittwer F. Non-protein nitrogen supplementation increases gluconeogenic capacity in sheep. Livest Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Kreipe L, Vernay M, Oppliger A, Wellnitz O, Bruckmaier R, van Dorland H. Induced hypoglycemia for 48 hours indicates differential glucose and insulin effects on liver metabolism in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:5435-48. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Donkin S, Hammon H. Chapter 15 Hepatic gluconeogenesis in developing ruminants. BIOLOGY OF GROWING ANIMALS 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1823(09)70022-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Agca C, Greenfield RB, Hartwell JR, Donkin SS. Cloning and characterization of bovine cytosolic and mitochondrial PEPCK during transition to lactation. Physiol Genomics 2002; 11:53-63. [PMID: 12388798 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00108.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytosolic (C) and mitochondrial (M) forms of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK; EC 4.1.1.32) are encoded by two different nuclear genes in mouse, human, and chicken. Our objective was to clone the two forms of PEPCK for bovine and determine their expression during the immediate periparturient interval in dairy cows. Bovine PEPCK-C cDNA contains 2,592 nucleotides and contains 84% similarity to the coding sequence of human PEPCK-C cDNA. A 449-nt partial clone of the 3' end of PEPCK-M is 76% similar to the corresponding sequence of human PEPCK-M. The coding sequence of bovine PEPCK-C and coding sequence of the partial PEPCK-M clone were 58% similar but the similarities in the 3'-untranslated regions were negligible. Northern blot analysis revealed single transcripts of 2.85 and 2.35 kb for PEPCK-C and PEPCK-M, respectively. The transition to lactation did not alter PEPCK-M transcript expression, but expression of PEPCK-C mRNA was transiently increased during early lactation, indicating that enhanced hepatic gluconeogenesis during this period may be tied to enhanced capacity for cytosolic rather than mitochondrial formation of phosphoenolpyruvate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Agca
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, USA
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Montesissa C, Anfossi P, Van't Klooster G, Mengelers M. The use of cultured hepatocytes from goats and cattle to investigate xenobiotic oxidative metabolism. Vet Res Commun 1996; 20:449-60. [PMID: 8908725 DOI: 10.1007/bf00419182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The oxidative metabolism of aldicarb (ALD), a carbamate pesticide, and fenbendazole (FBZ), an anthelmintic, was studied using cultured hepatocytes obtained from 4 goats and a bullock and incubated with ALD (50 mumol/L) and FBZ (10 mumol/L). The parent compounds and the metabolites were measured by HPLC. Both compounds are metabolized at the sulphur atom via two sequential oxidations, first to the sulphoxide (aldicarb sulphoxide and oxfendazole, respectively) and then to the sulphone. Oxfendazole and fenbendazole sulphone from FBZ, and aldicarb sulphoxide from ALD were found in both species. Aldicarb sulphone was not produced by the hepatocyte preparations from the bullock. The good correlation obtained comparing the in vitro results of FBZ metabolism with published in vivo data obtained on FBZ kinetics in the same species confirmed the usefulness of in vitro models for predictive analysis of in vivo xenobiotic biotransformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Montesissa
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Padova, Agripolis, Legnaro, Italy
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