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Venom Proteome of Spine-Bellied Sea Snake ( Hydrophis curtus) from Penang, Malaysia: Toxicity Correlation, Immunoprofiling and Cross-Neutralization by Sea Snake Antivenom. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 11:toxins11010003. [PMID: 30583590 PMCID: PMC6356285 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The venom proteome of Hydrophis curtus (synonym: Lapemis hardwickii) from Penang, Malaysia was investigated with nano-electrospray ionization-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-LCMS/MS) of the reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) venom fractions. Thirty distinct protein forms were identified as toxins from ten families. The three major protein families were phospholipase A2 (PLA2, 62.0% of total venom proteins), three-finger toxin (3FTX, 26.33%) and cysteine-rich secretory protein (CRiSP, 9.00%). PLA2 comprises diverse homologues (11 forms), predominantly the acidic subtypes (48.26%). 3FTX composed of one short alpha-neurotoxin (SNTX, 22.89%) and four long alpha-neurotoxins (LNTX, 3.44%). Both SNTX and LNTX were lethal in mice (intravenous LD50 = 0.10 and 0.24 μg/g, respectively) but the PLA2 were non-lethal (LD50 >1 μg/g). The more abundant and toxic SNTX appeared to be the main driver of venom lethality (holovenom LD50 = 0.20 μg/g). The heterologous Sea Snake Antivenom (SSAV, Australia) effectively cross-neutralized the venom (normalized potency = 9.35 mg venom neutralized per g antivenom) and the two neurotoxins in vivo, with the LNTX being neutralized more effectively (normalized potency = 3.5 mg toxin/g antivenom) than SNTX (normalized potency = 1.57 mg/g). SSAV immunorecognition was strong toward PLA2 but moderate-to-weak toward the alpha-neurotoxins, indicating that neutralization of the alpha-neurotoxins should be further improved.
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Neale V, Sotillo J, Seymour JE, Wilson D. The Venom of the Spine-Bellied Sea Snake (Hydrophis curtus): Proteome, Toxin Diversity and Intraspecific Variation. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122695. [PMID: 29231898 PMCID: PMC5751296 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The spine-bellied sea snake (Hydrophis curtus) is known to cause human deaths, yet its venom composition has not yet been proteomically characterised. An in-depth proteomic analysis was performed on H. curtus venom from two different seasons, January and June, corresponding to adults and subadults, respectively. Venoms from adult and subadult H. curtus individuals were compared using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) to detect intraspecific variation, and the molecular weight data obtained with ESI-MS were used to assess toxin diversity. RP-HPLC and LC-ESI-MS/MS were used to characterise the venom proteome and estimate the relative abundances of protein families present. The most abundant protein family in January and June venoms is phospholipase A2 (PLA2: January 66.7%; June 54.5%), followed by three-finger toxins (3FTx: January 30.4%; June 40.4%) and a minor component of cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISP: January 2.5%; June 5%). Trace amounts of snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMP), C-type lectins and housekeeping and regulatory proteins were also found. Although the complexity of the venom is low by number of families present, each family contained a more diverse set of isoforms than previously reported, a finding that may have implications for the development of next-generation sea snake antivenoms. Intraspecific variability was shown to be minor with one obvious exception of a 14,157-Da protein that was present in some January (adult) venoms, but not at all in June (subadult) venoms. There is also a greater abundance of short-chain neurotoxins in June (subadult) venom compared with January (adult) venom. These differences potentially indicate the presence of seasonal, ontogenetic or sexual variation in H. curtus venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Neale
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, McGregor Road, Smithfield, Cairns 4878, Australia.
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM) and Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics (CBMDT), James Cook University, McGregor Road, Smithfield, Cairns 4878, Australia.
| | - Javier Sotillo
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM) and Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics (CBMDT), James Cook University, McGregor Road, Smithfield, Cairns 4878, Australia.
| | - Jamie E Seymour
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM) and Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics (CBMDT), James Cook University, McGregor Road, Smithfield, Cairns 4878, Australia.
| | - David Wilson
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM) and Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics (CBMDT), James Cook University, McGregor Road, Smithfield, Cairns 4878, Australia.
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Tan CH, Wong KY, Tan KY, Tan NH. Venom proteome of the yellow-lipped sea krait, Laticauda colubrina from Bali: Insights into subvenomic diversity, venom antigenicity and cross-neutralization by antivenom. J Proteomics 2017; 166:48-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Saoud S, Chérifi F, Benhassine T, Laraba-Djebari F. Purification and characterization of a platelet aggregation inhibitor and anticoagulant Cc 5_NTase, CD 73-like, from Cerastes cerastes venom. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2016; 31. [PMID: 27925690 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The present study is the first attempt to report the characterization of a nucleotidase from Cerastes cerastes venom. A 70 kDa 5'-nucleotidase (Cc-5'NTase) was purified to homogeneity. The amino acid sequence of Cc-5'NTase displayed high homology with many nucleotidases. Its activity was optimal at pH 7 with a specific hydrolytic activity toward mono-, di-, and triphosphate adenylated nucleotides. Cc-5'NTase preferentially hydrolyzed ADP and obeyed Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Among the metals and inhibitors tested, Ni2+ and Mg2+ completely potentiated enzyme activity, whereas EGTA, PMSF, iodoacetamide, vanillic acid, vanillyl mandelic acid, and 1,10-phenanthroline partially abolished its activity. Cc-5'NTase was not lethal for mice at 5 mg/kg and exhibited in vivo anticoagulant effect. It also dose-dependently inhibited adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation by converting adenosine diphosphate to adenosine and prohibited arachidonic acid-induced aggregation but was not effective on fibrinogen-induced aggregation. Cc-5'NTase could be a good tool as pharmacological molecule in thrombosis diagnostic and/or therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah Saoud
- USTHB, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, BP 32 El-Alia, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Fatah Chérifi
- USTHB, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, BP 32 El-Alia, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Traki Benhassine
- USTHB, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, BP 32 El-Alia, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Fatima Laraba-Djebari
- USTHB, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, BP 32 El-Alia, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
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Mitra J, Bhattacharyya D. Phosphodiesterase from Daboia russelli russelli venom: purification, partial characterization and inhibition of platelet aggregation. Toxicon 2014; 88:1-10. [PMID: 24932740 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) belong to a super-family of enzymes that have multiple roles in the metabolism of extracellular nucleotides and regulation of nucleotide-based intercellular signalling. A PDE from Russell's viper (Daboia russelli russelli) venom (DR-PDE) was purified by gel filtration, ion exchange and affinity chromatographies. Homogeneity of the preparation was verified by SDS-PAGE, SE-HPLC and mass spectrometry. It was free from 5'-nucleotidase, alkaline phosphatase and protease activities. Identity of the enzyme was ensured from partial sequence homology with other PDEs. DR-PDE was inactivated by polyvalent anti-venom serum and metal chelators. The enzyme was partially inhibited by the root extracts of four medicinal plants but remained unaffected by inhibitors of intracellular PDEs. DR-PDE hydrolyses ADP and thus, strongly inhibits ADP-induced platelet aggregation in human platelet rich plasma. This study leads to better understanding of a component of Russell's viper venom that affects homoeostatic system of the victim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotirmoy Mitra
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India
| | - Debasish Bhattacharyya
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India.
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Izidoro LFM, Sobrinho JC, Mendes MM, Costa TR, Grabner AN, Rodrigues VM, da Silva SL, Zanchi FB, Zuliani JP, Fernandes CFC, Calderon LA, Stábeli RG, Soares AM. Snake venom L-amino acid oxidases: trends in pharmacology and biochemistry. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:196754. [PMID: 24738050 PMCID: PMC3971498 DOI: 10.1155/2014/196754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
L-amino acid oxidases are enzymes found in several organisms, including venoms of snakes, where they contribute to the toxicity of ophidian envenomation. Their toxicity is primarily due to enzymatic activity, but other mechanisms have been proposed recently which require further investigation. L-amino acid oxidases exert biological and pharmacological effects, including actions on platelet aggregation and the induction of apoptosis, hemorrhage, and cytotoxicity. These proteins present a high biotechnological potential for the development of antimicrobial, antitumor, and antiprotozoan agents. This review provides an overview of the biochemical properties and pharmacological effects of snake venom L-amino acid oxidases, their structure/activity relationship, and supposed mechanisms of action described so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Fernando M. Izidoro
- Faculdade de Ciências Integradas do Pontal e Departamento de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliana C. Sobrinho
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Mirian M. Mendes
- Faculdade de Ciências Integradas do Pontal e Departamento de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Tássia R. Costa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Amy N. Grabner
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Veridiana M. Rodrigues
- Faculdade de Ciências Integradas do Pontal e Departamento de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Saulo L. da Silva
- Departamento de Química, Biotecnologia e Engenharia de Bioprocessos, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei (UFSJ), Campus Altoparaopeba, Ouro Branco, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernando B. Zanchi
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Juliana P. Zuliani
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Carla F. C. Fernandes
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Leonardo A. Calderon
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo G. Stábeli
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Andreimar M. Soares
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
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Sanchez-Amat A, Solano F, Lucas-Elío P. Finding new enzymes from bacterial physiology: a successful approach illustrated by the detection of novel oxidases in Marinomonas mediterranea. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:519-41. [PMID: 20411113 PMCID: PMC2855505 DOI: 10.3390/md8030519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification and study of marine microorganisms with unique physiological traits can be a very powerful tool discovering novel enzymes of possible biotechnological interest. This approach can complement the enormous amount of data concerning gene diversity in marine environments offered by metagenomic analysis, and can help to place the activities associated with those sequences in the context of microbial cellular metabolism and physiology. Accordingly, the detection and isolation of microorganisms that may be a good source of enzymes is of great importance. Marinomonas mediterranea, for example, has proven to be one such useful microorganism. This Gram-negative marine bacterium was first selected because of the unusually high amounts of melanins synthesized in media containing the amino acid L-tyrosine. The study of its molecular biology has allowed the cloning of several genes encoding oxidases of biotechnological interest, particularly in white and red biotechnology. Characterization of the operon encoding the tyrosinase responsible for melanin synthesis revealed that a second gene in that operon encodes a protein, PpoB2, which is involved in copper transfer to tyrosinase. This finding made PpoB2 the first protein in the COG5486 group to which a physiological role has been assigned. Another enzyme of interest described in M. mediterranea is a multicopper oxidase encoding a membrane-associated enzyme that shows oxidative activity on a wide range of substrates typical of both laccases and tyrosinases. Finally, an enzyme very specific for L-lysine, which oxidises this amino acid in epsilon position and that has received a new EC number (1.4.3.20), has also been described for M. mediterranea. Overall, the studies carried out on this bacterium illustrate the power of exploring the physiology of selected microorganisms to discover novel enzymes of biotechnological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Sanchez-Amat
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Francisco Solano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Patricia Lucas-Elío
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain; E-Mail:
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Aird SD. Snake venom dipeptidyl peptidase IV: taxonomic distribution and quantitative variation. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 150:222-8. [PMID: 18440846 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Revised: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the taxonomic distribution of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) activity in venoms of 59 ophidian taxa, representing seven subfamilies of the Families Elapidae and Viperidae. DPP IV activity is extremely variable at all taxonomic levels. It ranged from essentially none in laticaudine, hydrophiine, and some bungarine and elapine venoms, to 10.72 mumol 4-methoxy-beta-naphthylamine liberated per min per 200 mug venom, for Ophiophagus hannah. Intra- and interpopulational variation were examined among eight populations of prairie rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis viridis), Great Basin rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis lutosus) and southern Pacific rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis helleri). Among these populations, the mean weighted range of variation was 4.9-fold, and even among litter mates of C. v. lutosus, DPP IV activity varied as much as 5.6-fold. The two most salient findings, the near ubiquity of DPP IV in snake venoms and its great quantitative variability, even among full siblings, are paradoxical. The widespread distribution of the enzyme suggests an important role in envenomation, while the variable activity levels suggest that DPP IV and by extension, other individual enzymatic constituents, may not be under much individual selective pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Aird
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedical Studies, Department of Biology, Norfolk State University, 700 Park Avenue, WSB 224A, Norfolk, VA 23504, USA.
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Aird SD. Taxonomic distribution and quantitative analysis of free purine and pyrimidine nucleosides in snake venoms. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 140:109-26. [PMID: 15621516 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2004.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2004] [Revised: 09/22/2004] [Accepted: 09/24/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The nucleoside content of 32 elapid and viperid venoms was examined. Free purines, principally adenosine (ADO), inosine (INO), and guanosine (GUA), comprised as much as 8.7% of the solid components of some venoms. Thus, purines are far more abundant in some venoms than many proteinaceous toxins. Hypoxanthine (HYP) was found in about half of elapid and viperine venoms, in which it is a relatively minor constituent (<60 microg/g). Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) was tentatively identified in only three elapid and two viperid venoms. The pyrimidines, uridine (URI) and cytidine (CYT), were also found in most elapid and viperine venoms. In most of these, the amount of uridine was substantially greater than that of cytidine. Thymidine (THY) was not found in any venom, indicating that DNA from disintegration of glandular cells is not the source of venom nucleosides. In contrast to elapid and viperine venoms, most crotaline venoms are devoid of free nucleosides. Elapid and viperine venoms also contained other minor, low molecular weight constituents that could not be positively identified. Some had spectra identical to those of adenosine, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), inosine, xanthosine (XAN), and guanosine, while others had unique spectra. There is no apparent correlation between quantities of venom nucleosides and literature values for the three dominant venom enzymes that release endogenous nucleosides, 5'-nucleotidase (5NUC), phosphodiesterase (PDE), and alkaline phosphomonoesterase (PME).
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Aird
- Department of Chemistry, Norfolk State University, 700 Park Avenue, WSB 224A, Norfolk, VA 23504, USA.
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Valério AA, Corradini AC, Panunto PC, Mello SM, Hyslop S. Purification and characterization of a phosphodiesterase from Bothrops alternatus snake venom. JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 2002; 21:495-503. [PMID: 12638651 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022414503995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A phosphodiesterase was purified from the venom of the snake Bothrops alternatus by a combination of gel filtration and ion exchange chromatographies. In SDS-PAGE, the enzyme gave a single band with a molecular mass of 105 kDa, which was unaltered in the presence of beta-mercaptoethanol, indicating that the protein contained no subunits. A single protein band was also observed in native PAGE. There were no contaminating 5'-nucleotidase, alkaline phosphatase and protease activities. The enzyme was recognized by commercial bothropic antiserum and gave a single band in immunoblotting. The enzyme had a pH optimum in the range of 7.5-9.5 and the optimum temperature was 60 degrees C, with activity being rapidly lost within 1 min at > or = 70 degrees C. The Km of the enzyme was 2.69 mM. PDE activity was potentiated by cobalt and, to a lesser extent, by calcium, whereas copper, manganese, zinc, EDTA, and beta-mercaptoethanol were inhibitory. These properties show that this enzyme is very similar to that isolated from other snake venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Valério
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6111, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Abstract
L-amino acid oxidases are widely found in snake venoms and are thought to contribute to the toxicity upon envenomation. The mechanism of these toxic effects and whether they result from the enzymatic activity are still uncertain although many papers describing the biological and pharmacological effects of L-amino acid oxidases have appeared recently, which provide more information about their action on platelets, induction of apoptosis, haemorrhagic effects, and cytotoxicity. This review summarizes the physiochemical properties, structural characteristics and various biological functions of snake venom L-amino acid oxidases (SV-LAAOs). In addition, the putative mechanisms of SV-LAAO-induced platelet aggregation and apoptosis of cells are discussed in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Du
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Berne, Freiestrasse 1, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
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Ali SA, Alam JM, Abbasi A, Zaidi ZH, Stoeva S, Voelter W. Sea snake Hydrophis cyanocinctus venom. II. Histopathological changes, induced by a myotoxic phospholipase A2 (PLA2-H1). Toxicon 2000; 38:687-705. [PMID: 10673160 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(99)00184-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A toxic phospholipase A2 (PLA2-H1), isolated from the venom of the sea snake Hydrophis cyanocinctus, was tested for its ability to induce myonecrosis and histopathological changes in albino rats and mice. Induction of myonecrosis was demonstrated by their ability to release creatine kinase (CK) from damaged muscle fibers and direct histopathological examination of the injected muscles (i.m.). PLA2-H1 exhibits intense myonecrosis characterized by the changes including, necrosis and edematous appearance with cellular infiltrate, vacuolation and degenerated muscle cells with delta lesions and heavy edema in between the cells. No myoglobinuria was noted in any group of animals. The purified PLA2-H1 was also administered intraperitoneally into the experimental animals and tissue samples were taken at several time intervals. Light microscopic examination of the kidney sections revealed severe damage, evident by focal tubular necrosis, complete disquamation of epithelial lining and epithelial degeneration of tubules in all test animals. Light micrographs of liver sections after 24 h of injection shows fatty infiltration in parenchyma and squashed hepatocytes, while after 48 h, fatty vacuolation of parenchyma in a generalized pattern was observed. Furthermore, sections of the lungs of the same group of animals (48 h) show dilated bronchia and marked infiltration of inflammatory cells within alveoli. Our results suggest that the purified PLA2-H1 induced moderate myotoxicity in muscles and mild histopathological changes in other vital organs without myoglobinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Ali
- International Centre for Chemical Sciences, HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Pakistan.
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