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Ahmmed MK, Ahmmed F, Tian HS, Carne A, Bekhit AED. Marine omega-3 (n-3) phospholipids: A comprehensive review of their properties, sources, bioavailability, and relation to brain health. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 19:64-123. [PMID: 33319514 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
For several decades, there has been considerable interest in marine-derived long chain n-3 fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFAs) due to their outstanding health benefits. n-3 LCPUFAs can be found in nature either in triglycerides (TAGs) or in phospholipid (PL) form. From brain health point of view, PL n-3 is more bioavailable and potent compared to n-3 in TAG form, as only PL n-3 is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and can be involved in brain biochemical reactions. However, PL n-3 has been ignored in the fish oil industry and frequently removed as an impurity during degumming processes. As a result, PL products derived from marine sources are very limited compared to TAG products. Commercially, PLs are being used in pharmaceutical industries as drug carriers, in food manufacturing as emulsifiers and in cosmetic industries as skin care agents, but most of the PLs used in these applications are produced from vegetable sources that contain less (without EPA, DPA, and DHA) or sometimes no n-3 LCPUFAs. This review provides a comprehensive account of the properties, structures, and major sources of marine PLs, and provides focussed discussion of their relationship to brain health. Epidemiological, laboratory, and clinical studies on n-3 LCPUFAs enriched PLs using different model systems in relation to brain and mental health that have been published over the past few years are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirja Kaizer Ahmmed
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Fishing and Post-Harvest Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Bangladesh
| | - Fatema Ahmmed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Alan Carne
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Lipid profiles in different parts of two species of scallops ( Chlamys farreri and Patinopecten yessoensis ). Food Chem 2018; 243:319-327. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.09.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Richard G, Guérard F, Corporeau C, Lambert C, Paillard C, Pernet F. Metabolic responses of clam Ruditapes philippinarum exposed to its pathogen Vibrio tapetis in relation to diet. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 60:96-107. [PMID: 26921670 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of brown ring disease (BRD) development and algal diet on energy reserves and activity of enzymes related to energy metabolism, antioxidant system and immunity in Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum. We found that algal diet did not impact the metabolic response of clams exposed to Vibrio tapetis. At two days post-injection (dpi), activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) decreased whereas activities of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and catalase increased in infected clams, although no clinical signs were visible (BRD-). At 7 dpi, activities of several antioxidant and immune-related enzymes were markedly increased in BRD-likely indicating an efficient reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging compared to animals which developed clinical signs of BRD (BRD+). Therefore, resistance to BRD clinical signs appearance was associated with higher detoxification of ROS and enhancement of immune response. This study provides new biochemical indicators of disease resistance and a more comprehensive view of the global antioxidant response of clam to BRD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Richard
- UMR 6539 CNRS UBO IRD IFREMER, LEMAR - IUEM - UBO, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Technopôle Brest-Iroise - Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Fabienne Guérard
- UMR 6539 CNRS UBO IRD IFREMER, LEMAR - IUEM - UBO, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Technopôle Brest-Iroise - Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Charlotte Corporeau
- Ifremer, UMR 6539 LEMAR (CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer), Technopôle Brest-Iroise CS 10070, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Christophe Lambert
- UMR 6539 CNRS UBO IRD IFREMER, LEMAR - IUEM - UBO, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Technopôle Brest-Iroise - Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Christine Paillard
- UMR 6539 CNRS UBO IRD IFREMER, LEMAR - IUEM - UBO, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Technopôle Brest-Iroise - Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Fabrice Pernet
- Ifremer, UMR 6539 LEMAR (CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer), Technopôle Brest-Iroise CS 10070, 29280 Plouzané, France
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Characterization of a long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase 1 gene and association between its SNPs and growth traits in the clam Meretrix meretrix. Gene 2015; 566:194-200. [PMID: 25900031 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligases (ACSLs) play crucial roles in fatty acid (FA) metabolism. They convert free long-chain FA into acyl-CoAs, which are key intermediates in both anabolic and catabolic pathways. A long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase gene was cloned in the clam Meretrix meretrix (MmeACSL1), with a full-length cDNA of 1865 bp encoding 475 amino acids. Its expression was only detected in hepatopancreas by semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Expression level of MmeACSL1 exhibited a significant increase in a starvation experiment (P<0.05). This indicates that MmeACSL1 plays an important role in normal metabolism of M. meretrix and may be involved in energy supply and storage. Two exon SNPs and six intron SNPs were developed in this gene by direct sequencing. A marker-trait association analysis showed that five of these SNPs were significantly associated with growth traits (P<0.05). Also, haplotypes comprised of the five SNPs were revealed to be significantly growth-related (P<0.05), which further corroborates the relationship of this gene to growth traits of M. meretrix.
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Influence of an intermittent food supply on energy storage by the subpolar deposit feeder Yoldia hyperborea (Bivalvia: Nuculanidae). Polar Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-013-1353-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Telahigue K, Hajji T, Rabeh I, Cafsi ME. The Effect of Starvation on the Biochemical Composition of the Digestive Gland, the Gonads and the Adductor Muscle of the Scallop <i>Flexopecten</i> <i>glaber</i>. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/fns.2013.44052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Itziou A, Dimitriadis VK. Multiple pollution biomarker application on tissues of Eobania vermiculata during two periods characterized by augmented and reduced snail activity. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2012; 86:13-22. [PMID: 23020987 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present study a package of biomarkers was applied on land snails E. vermiculata collected from polluted areas, as well as from an unpolluted reference one. Snail collection was performed during two different sampling periods characterized by reduced and augmented organism activity, October and May, respectively. The biomarkers applied were lysosomal membrane stability on digestive cells (LMS), neutral red lysosomal retention assay on haemocytes (NRR), morphometric changes of the lysosomal system (VDL, NDL), morphometric alterations of the neutral lipids (VDLP, NDLP), acetylcholinesterase activity on digestive gland and hemolymph (AChE), metallothionein content on digestive gland (MTs) and cyclic AMP content on digestive gland (cAMP). The results revealed significant differences in biomarker values between the two sampling periods. Significant differences were also detected among the sampling groups. The fluctuation of the parameters applied indicated that spring is a more suitable period for sampling conduction compared to autumn and that biomonitoring studies should be performed with special attention during the last mentioned period.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Itziou
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Pernet F, Pelletier CJ, Milley J. Comparison of three solid-phase extraction methods for fatty acid analysis of lipid fractions in tissues of marine bivalves. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1137:127-37. [PMID: 17097094 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Revised: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 10/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective of this study was to investigate the effect of using pre-packed Si (Si), manually packed silica hydrated with water (Si-H(2)O) and pre-packed aminopropyl-bonded silica (NH(2)), at various mass ratios of lipid to sorbent, on the recovery of polar lipids following the solid-phase extraction (SPE) of a standard mixture of lipids. We also applied SPE using these sorbents to the separation of lipids from oyster tissues and compared the fatty acid (FA) composition of each fraction. Recoveries of phospholipids after SPE using Si increased with an increasing ratio of lipid to sorbent. Although the use of Si-H(2)O improved the recovery of polar lipid compared to that obtained on Si, the neutral lipid from gills and muscles of oyster showed distorted FA compositions presumably due to a leakage of polar lipids. Finally, NH(2) eluted with methanol provided good recoveries of phospholipids from the standard mixture; although polar lipids of oyster tissues showed a reduction in 20:4n-6 and MUFA likely due to the selective retention of acidic phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Pernet
- Institut de Recherche sur les Zones Côtières, 232B rue de l'Eglise, Shippagan, Nouveau-Brunswick E8S 1J2, Canada.
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Pazos AJ, Silva A, Vázquez V, Pérez-Parallé ML, Román G, Sánchez JL, Abad M. Sterol composition of gonad, muscle and digestive gland of Pecten maximus from Málaga (South Spain). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2003; 134:435-46. [PMID: 12628375 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(02)00284-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sterol composition and content and their seasonal variations over 18 months were investigated in adductor muscle, digestive gland and gonads of Pecten maximus. Sterols were isolated by Silicagel 60 thin layer chromatography and identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Eleven sterols were identified, with cholesterol, brassicasterol, 24-methylenecholesterol and 22-trans-dehydrocholesterol being the principal components. The same sterols were found in all three tissues independent of season. The relative amounts of each sterol present in each tissue differed. Total sterol levels in gonad and muscle were higher than in digestive gland. Statistically significant differences (P<0.05) were found between the concentrations of each of the sterols isolated from the gonad or muscle and digestive gland. The seasonal variations in the sterol content of the gonad seem be related to the reproductive cycle, while the sterol content of the digestive gland appears to be linked to diet, mainly diatoms or dinoflagellates. The muscle sterol content showed minor changes throughout the year.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Pazos
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Pazos AJ, Sánchez JL, Román G, Luz Pérez-Parallé M, Abad M. Seasonal changes in lipid classes and fatty acid composition in the digestive gland of Pecten maximus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2003; 134:367-80. [PMID: 12568813 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(02)00286-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal variations in lipid classes and fatty acid composition of triacylglycerols and phospholipids in the digestive gland of Pecten maximus were studied over a period of 16 months. Acylglycerols predominated (19-77% of total lipids), in accordance with the role of the digestive gland as an organ for lipid storage in scallops. Seasonal variations were mainly seen in the acylglycerol content, while phospholipids (2.5-10.0% of total lipids) and sterols (1.9-7.4% of total lipids) showed only minor changes. The most abundant fatty acids were 14:0, 16:0, 18:0, 16:1(n-7), 18:1(n-9), 18:1(n-7), 18:4(n-3), 20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3) and these showed similar seasonal profiles in both, triacylglycerol and phospholipid fractions. In contrast to the phospholipid fraction, the triacylglycerol fraction contained more 20:5(n-3) than 22:6(n-3). In three phospholipid samples we noted a high percentage of a 22-2-non-methylene-interrupted fatty acid, previously described to have a structural role in several bivalve species. The main polyunsaturated fatty acids displayed important seasonal variations parallel to those of the acylglycerols, suggesting good nutritional conditions. A positive correlation existed between the level of saturated fatty acids and temperature, whereas the levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids correlated negatively with temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Pazos
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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