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Keithley RB, Metzinger MP, Rosado AM, Dovichi NJ. Manipulating ionic strength to improve single cell electrophoretic separations. Talanta 2013; 111:206-14. [PMID: 23622546 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A capillary electrophoresis system with ultrasensitive two-color laser-induced fluorescence detection was used to probe the effect of ionic strength on single cell separations of glycosphingolipids. Differentiated PC12 cells were incubated with two ganglioside substrates tagged with different fluorophores within the BODIPY family such that two distinct metabolic patterns could be simultaneously monitored. Aspiration of single differentiated PC12 cells suspended in a phosphate-buffered saline solution showed excessive peak dispersion, poor resolution, and peak efficiencies below 100,000 theoretical plates. Aspiration of single differentiated PC12 cells suspended in deionized water corrected peak dispersion. Average peak efficiencies ranged between 400,000 and 600,000 theoretical plates. Improved performance was due to the dilution of the high salt concentrations inside of single neuronal-like cells to produce field amplified sample stacking. Single cell separations showed the highest resolution when aspiration of single differentiated PC12 cells suspended in deionized water were separated using a running buffer of high ionic strength. The improvement in resolution allowed for the identification of analytes not previously detected in single cell metabolism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Keithley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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Abeytunga DTU, Oland L, Somogyi A, Polt R. Structural studies on the neutral glycosphingolipids of Manduca sexta. Bioorg Chem 2007; 36:70-6. [PMID: 18023840 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2007] [Revised: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 10/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) have been implicated as playing major roles in cellular interactions and control of cell proliferation in muticellular organisms. Moreover GSLs and other sphingolipids such as sphingomyelins, ceramides and sphingosines serve a variety of roles in signal transduction. Hence, identification of structures of GSLs in different biota will shed light in understanding their physiological role. During this study, the major glycosphingolipid component present in the extracts of stage-12 and stage-17/18 metamorphosing adults of Manduca sexta was identified as mactosyl ceramide. We report the isolation of several ceramide disaccharides, a ceramide trisaccharide and a ceramide tetrasaccharide. The GSL structures were confirmed by high-resolution mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry. The identity of the monosaccharides was proved using exoglycosidases. The predominant sphingosine chain-length varied from C-14 (tetradecasphing-4-enine) to C-16 (hexadecasphing-4-enine) in these GSLs. Sphingosines of both chain lengths were accompanied by their doubly unsaturated counterparts tetradecasphinga-4,6-diene and hexadecasphinga-4,6-diene. It is also interesting to note the presence of tetradecasphinganine and hexadecasphinganine in minute amounts in the form of a GSL in the extracts of M. sexta. The varying degrees of unsaturation in the sphingosine moiety of GSLs in M. sexta may be biologically significant in insect metamorphosis. The ceramide trisaccharides and ceramide tetrasaccharide belong to the arthro-series, The observation of fucose in the M. sexta GSLs is the first report of the presence of fucose in an arthroseries GSL.
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Yamazaki Y, Horibata Y, Nagatsuka Y, Hirabayashi Y, Hashikawa T. Fucoganglioside alpha-fucosyl(alpha-galactosyl)-GM1: a novel member of lipid membrane microdomain components involved in PC12 cell neuritogenesis. Biochem J 2007; 407:31-40. [PMID: 17608628 PMCID: PMC2267403 DOI: 10.1042/bj20070090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to search for novel components of lipid membrane microdomains involved in neural signalling pathways, mAbs (monoclonal antibodies) were raised against the detergent-insoluble membrane fraction of PC12 (pheochromocytoma) cells. Among the 22 hybrid clones, mAb PR#1 specifically detected a fucoganglioside Fuc(Gal)-GM1 [a-fucosyl(a-galactosyl)-GM1], a ganglioside homologous with GM1a (II3NeuAc,GgOse4Cer), as a novel member of microdomain components with biological functions. In the presence of mAb PR#1 in the culture medium, the outgrowth of neurites was induced in PC12 cells in a dose-dependent manner, with no effects on cell proliferation, suggesting that Fuc(Gal)-GM1 is preferentially involved in PC12 cell neuritogenesis. Effects through Fuc(Gal)-GM1 were different from those through GM1a during differentiation, e.g. under PR#1 treatment on Fuc(Gal)-GM1, round cell bodies with thinner cell processes were induced, whereas treatment with CTB (cholera toxin B subunit), a specific probe for GM1a, produced flattened cell bodies with thicker pro-cesses. Molecular analysis demonstrated that the PR#1-Fuc(Gal)-GM1 pathway was associated with Fyn and Yes of the Src family of kinases, although Src itself was not involved. No association was found with TrkA (tropomyosin receptor kinase A) and ERKs (extracellular-signal-regulated kinases), which are responsible for GM1a-induced differentiation. From these findings, it is suggested that a fucoganglioside Fuc(Gal)-GM1 provides a functional platform distinct from that of GM1a for signal transduction in PC12 cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Yamazaki
- *Laboratory for Neural Architecture, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Horibata
- †Hirabayashi Research Unit, Neural Circuit Research Group, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yasuko Nagatsuka
- †Hirabayashi Research Unit, Neural Circuit Research Group, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hirabayashi
- †Hirabayashi Research Unit, Neural Circuit Research Group, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Hashikawa
- *Laboratory for Neural Architecture, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Ariga T, Yu RK. The role of globo-series glycolipids in neuronal cell differentiation--a review. Neurochem Res 1998; 23:291-303. [PMID: 9482241 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022445130743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in glycolipid composition as well as glycosyltransferase activities during cellular differentiation and growth have been well documented. However, the underlying mechanisms for the regulation of glycolipid expression remain obscure. One of the major obstacles has been the lack of a well defined model system for studying these phenomena. We have chosen PC12 pheochromocytoma cells as a model because (a) the properties of these cells have been well characterized, and (b) they respond to nerve growth factor (NGF) by differentiating into sympathetic-like neurons and are amenable to well-controlled experimentation. Thus, PC12 cells represent a suitable model for studying changes in glycolipid metabolism in relation to cellular differentiation. We have previously shown that subcloned PC12 cells accumulate a unique series of globo-series neutral glycolipids which are not expressed in parental PC12 cells. This unusual change in glycolipid distribution is accompanied by changes in the activities of specific glycosyltransferases involved in their synthesis and is correlated with neuritogenesis and/or cellular differentiation in this cell line. We have further demonstrated that changes in the glycosyltransferase activities may be modulated by the phosphorylation states of the cells via protein kinase systems. We conclude that these unique globo-series glycolipids may play a functional role in the initiation and/or maintenance of neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ariga
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0614, USA
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Kojima H, Nakamura K, Mineta-Kitajima R, Sone Y, Tamai Y. Biosynthesis of a blood group H1 antigen by alpha 1, 2-fucosyltransferase in PC12 cells. Glycoconj J 1996; 13:445-52. [PMID: 8781975 DOI: 10.1007/bf00731477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We have examined the expression of GDP-fucose: glycosphingolipid fucosyltransferase activity in PC12 cells and PC12 sublines in relation to the neuronal differentiation induced by nerve growth factor (NGF) or dexamethasone. Transfer of fucose to paragloboside (nLc4Cer) yielded a product which was determined to be a blood group H1 antigen (Fuc alpha 1-2Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc-Cer) by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis and enzymatic hydrolysis, suggesting that PC12 cells have an alpha 1,2-fucosyltransferase. Lactosylceramide was also fucosylated at a reduced rate. When the differentiation of PC12 cells and PC12 subline cells, PC12D and MR31, was induced by exposure to either NGF or dexamethasone, the fucosyltransferase activity for nLc4Cer was found to decrease in both cell lines, suggesting the association with cell differentiation. This is the first report of the presence of an alpha 1,2-fucosyltransferase in cultured neuronal cell lines which catalyses the in vitro biosynthesis from nLc4Cer of a type-2 chain glycosphingolipid having the blood group H1 determinant. The disaccharides, beta-lactose and N-acetyllactosamine, were also fucosylated by PC12 cell enzyme, although the specificity for the carbohydrate structure was different from that for glycosphingolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kojima
- Department of Biochemistry, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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Rasilo ML, Ito M, Yamagata T. Liberation of oligosaccharides from glycosphingolipids on PC12 cell surface with endoglycoceramidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 162:1093-9. [PMID: 2764919 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)90785-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Endoglycoceramidase (EGCase) cleaves the linkage between the oligosaccharide and ceramide of glycosphingolipids (Ito, M., and Yamagata, T., J. Biol. Chem. 261, 14278-14282, ibid, 264, in press). Intact cells of rat pheochromocytoma line PC12 were treated with the highly purified EGCase I and the oligosaccharides released were analyzed by HPLC. Cleavage of the oligosaccharides with the enzyme reached a plateau as the amount of the enzyme was increased. At maximum, 42% of the oligosaccharides from globoside, 40% from GalGb3Cer, and 60% from Gb3Cer were liberated during 1h of incubation without impairing the viability of cells. The only partial liberation indicates that not all oligosaccharides of cell surface glycosphingolipids are accessible to the enzyme. The use of EGCase offers an important new method to access the functions of glycosphingolipids on cell surface in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Rasilo
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research, Mitsubishi Kasei Institute of Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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Rasilo ML, Yamagata T. The glucose polymer of PC12 cells is susceptible to trypsinization. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 159:1-6. [PMID: 2538115 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)92395-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The glucose polymer of PC12 cells (Rasilo, M.-L. and Yamagata, T., 1988, FEBS Letters 227, 191-194 and Rasilo, M.-L. and Yamagata, T., 1988, Journal of Biochemistry, 104, 742-754) was found to be located on the cell surface. The polymer was liberated from the galactose-labeled cells with a trypsin treatment: maximally 65% of the glucose polymer was liberated, compared with 36% of the large glycopeptides. Even when the cells were incubated with the saline about one fourth of the polymer moved into the solution, but less than 8% of the large glycopeptides. Phosphatidyl inositol-specific phospholipase C failed to liberate the polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Rasilo
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research, Mitsubishi Kasei Institute of Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
A procedure is described for assay of GM1 and other gangliotetraose-type gangliosides at the picomole level. The gangliosides are absorbed onto polystyrene microwells and treated with neuraminidase and then with cholera toxin B subunits conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. Color is developed and quantified spectrophotometrically. Omission of neuraminidase gives a measure of GM1 alone. Linearity was obtained between 0.5 and 3 pmol. This procedure was applied to ganglioside mixtures isolated fron neuro-2A neuroblastoma and PC12 pheochromocytoma cells. For the latter, an additional step involving reaction with fucosidase increased the yield of GM1 due to the presence of fucosylated gangliosides. Application of the same reagents as a TLC overlay procedure to the gangliosides from neuro-2A cells revealed the presence of GD1a, GD1b, and GT1b in addition to GM1, thus confirming the presence of a family of gangliotetraose gangliosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Wu
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
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Characterization of a major neutral glycolipid in PC12 cells as III3Gal alpha-globotriaosylceramide by the method for determining glycosphingolipid saccharide sequence with endoglycoceramidase. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)37901-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Suchy SF, Yamamoto M, Barbero L, Schwarting GA. A monoclonal antibody, WCC4, recognizes a developmentally regulated ganglioside containing alpha-galactose and alpha-fucose present in the rat nervous system. Brain Res 1988; 440:25-34. [PMID: 3359208 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(88)91155-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A monoclonal antibody, WCC4, raised against PC12 cells, recognizes a ganglioside which is present in low concentrations in the postnatal rat nervous system. The antigen is also present in the adrenal and kidney, as determined immunohistochemically, but is not detectable in liver or spleen. A neutral glycosphingolipid is also immunoreactive. In the present report, the chemical characterization of this ganglioside, isolated from PC12 cells, and the anatomical distribution of the antigens recognized by the WCC4 antibody are described. By enzymatic cleavage of terminal saccharide moieties, the ganglioside is identified as alpha-galactosyl, (alpha-fucosyl) GM1. The ganglioside increases in concentration postnatally to day 35 (P35) and is present in a slightly diminished concentration in the adult. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that this glycolipid is also present on neuronal cell soma throughout the cerebrum, cerebellum and spinal cord. It is expressed in highest concentration in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus and is also present in the olfactory bulb, the molecular layer of the hippocampus, the piriform cortex, the olfactory tubercle and the entorhinal cortex. The dentate molecular layer receives most of its innervation from neurons in the entorhinal cortex, and gangliosides are known to have an effect on plasticity following entorhinal cortical lesions. Therefore, the WCC4 antibody should prove to be a useful tool for the study of the role of endogenous gangliosides in this region of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Suchy
- Department of Biochemistry, Eunice Kennedy Shriver Center for Mental Retardation, Inc., Waltham, MA 02254
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Ariga T, Kobayashi K, Kuroda Y, Yu RK, Suzuki M, Kitagawa H, Inagaki F, Miyatake T. Characterization of tumor-associated fucogangliosides from PC 12 pheochromocytoma cells. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)47916-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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