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Zheng Y, Chai L, Fan Y, Song YQ, Zee KY, Tu WW, Jin L, Leung WK. Th2 cell regulatory and effector molecules single nucleotide polymorphisms and periodontitis. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1641-1654. [PMID: 32745291 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ma0720-698rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the association between T helper 2 (Th2) cell regulatory and effector molecules' genetic polymorphisms and periodontitis. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of 11 Th2 cell regulatory or effector molecules genes (CD28, CTLA4, IL4, IL5, IL6, IL9, IL10, IL13, IL4R, GATA3, STAT6, and rs1537415; total 130 SNPs) were studied in Chinese nonsmokers (163 periodontitis-free controls, 141 periodontitis patients) using Sequenom iPlex assays. SNPs potentially associated with periodontitis (adjusted allelic P < 0.1) in this cross-sectional study were further investigated via meta-analysis. Allele G of rs4553808 in promoter of CTLA4 was more frequently detected in periodontitis than controls (P < 0.005), but did not remain significant after age and gender adjustment. Haplotype (GTT) in a block of three CTLA4 SNPs (rs4553808, rs16840252, rs5742909) was significantly associated with periodontitis. Meta-analysis of SNPs identified indicated allele T of CTLA4 rs5742909 (3 studies; 461 control, 369 periodontitis) and allele G of IL6 rs1800796 (18 studies; 2760 control, 2442 periodontitis) were significantly associated with periodontitis (OR = 1.44 and OR = 1.30, respectively). Within limitations of this study, a haplotype of CTLA4 concerning Th2 cell regulation, may be associated with periodontitis in Chinese nonsmokers followed. Meta-analysis indicated rs5742909 of CTLA4 and rs1800796 of IL6 appeared significantly associated with periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zheng
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lei Chai
- Rytime Dental Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanhui Fan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Current address: Phil Rivers Technology, Nanshan District, Haitian Second Road, Shenzhen, China
| | - You-Qiang Song
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kwan-Yat Zee
- Thornleigh Periodontal Clinic, Thornleigh, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wen Wei Tu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lijian Jin
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wai Keung Leung
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Cirelli T, Nepomuceno R, Rios ACS, Orrico SRP, Cirelli JA, Theodoro LH, Barros SP, Scarel-Caminaga RM. Genetic polymorphisms in the Interleukins IL1B, IL4, and IL6 are associated with concomitant periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Brazilian patients. J Periodontal Res 2020; 55:918-930. [PMID: 32648256 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL10, IL1A, IL1B, IL4, TNFA, IL6, OPG, RANK, and RANKL genes, "classically" related with periodontitis, could be associated with susceptibility to T2DM, and also with both diseases concomitantly. BACKGROUND There are common pathogenic mechanisms in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and periodontitis, but the knowledge of the genetic aspect of this is limited. In patients affected by concomitant T2DM and periodontitis, whose incidence is increasing, there is scarce information regarding the gene-phenotype association, including whether there are genes able to influence both diseases as comorbidities. METHODS Periodontal clinical parameters and biochemical profile (Insulin, Fasting Glycemia, HbA1c, Triglycerides, Total Cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol) data were obtained from 894 individuals divided into following three groups: Healthy (H; n = 347), Periodontitis (P; n = 348), and Periodontitis + T2DM (P + T2DM; n = 199). DNA from oral epithelial cells was collected for genotyping. Associations between SNPs and pathologies were tested by multiple logistic regression models, adjusting for age, sex, and smoking habits. We also investigated whether there are sex or smoking effects of each SNP in these phenotypes. RESULTS The rs1143634-GA (IL1B) SNP showed significantly less likely to develop P + T2DM for all population and mainly for women (adjusted OR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.16-0.88), while women carrying the rs224320 CT (IL4) were more susceptible to develop P + T2DM (adjusted OR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.04-3.15). Men carrying the rs1800795-CC (IL6) genotype were less likely to develop T2DM (adjusted OR = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.02-0.70, P = .01). CONCLUSIONS Some SNPs in the IL1B, IL4, and IL6 genes demonstrated sex-influenced association with concomitant periodontitis and T2DM, increasing the evidence of a common genetic component between these diseases and contributing with the understanding of their common pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamiris Cirelli
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University-UNESP, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara, Brazil.,Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, São Paulo State University-UNESP, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Rafael Nepomuceno
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University-UNESP, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara, Brazil.,Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, São Paulo State University-UNESP, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia S Rios
- Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, São Paulo State University-UNESP, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Silvana R P Orrico
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University-UNESP, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara, Brazil.,Advanced Research Center in Medicine, Union of the Colleges of the Great Lakes (UNILAGO), São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Joni A Cirelli
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University-UNESP, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Letícia H Theodoro
- Department of Surgery and Integrated Clinic, São Paulo State University-UNESP, School of Dentistry at Araçatuba, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Silvana P Barros
- Department of Periodontology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill-UNC, School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Raquel M Scarel-Caminaga
- Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, São Paulo State University-UNESP, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara, Brazil
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Martins E, César-Neto J, Albuquerque-Souza E, Rebeis E, Holzhausen M, Pannuti C, Mayer M, Saraiva L. One-year follow-up of the immune profile in serum and selected sites of generalized and localized aggressive periodontitis. Cytokine 2019; 116:27-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Analysis of the association of IL4 polymorphisms with orthodontic mini-implant loss. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2019; 48:982-988. [PMID: 30683542 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the association of clinical characteristics and IL4 tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; rs2227284 and rs2243268) with orthodontic mini-implant (MI) failure. The sample included 135 subjects of both sexes, mean age 48.7±10years (range 20-76years): 104 in the control group (patients without any MI loss) and 31 in the study group (patients presenting ≥1 MI loss). Genotypes were determined by real-time PCR. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed (P<0.05). No association was found between the selected tag SNPs and MI loss. The C allele of the IL4 rs2243268 polymorphism in the recessive model was more frequent in patients who had fewer MIs installed (≤2 vs. >2; P=0.043, odds ratio 0.65, 95% confidence interval 0.58-0.74). On multivariate analysis, smoking habit was significantly associated with the group with multiple MIs installed (P=0.036), however the significance of the association with rs2243268 was not maintained. No association was found between the socio-demographic, smoking, or genetic factors studied and MI loss. This study supports the interaction between host and environmental factors and its influence on susceptibility to orthodontic MI failure.
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Gonçalves PF, Harris TH, Elmariah T, Aukhil I, Wallace MR, Shaddox LM. Genetic polymorphisms and periodontal disease in populations of African descent: A review. J Periodontal Res 2017; 53:164-173. [PMID: 29105764 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Aggressive periodontitis is a rare but rapidly progressing form of periodontal disease that usually affects otherwise systemically healthy individuals, at a young age. It usually affects first molars and incisors, which are usually lost if treatment is not properly and early rendered. Although of low prevalence, it affects individuals of African descent at a higher prevalence, and usually multiple members within the same family. Several studies have been performed in the attempt to evaluate specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that could be associated with this disease. To the best of our knowledge, the present article provides the first review of the literature focusing on studies that evaluated SNPs in patients of African descent with aggressive periodontitis. Several SNPs have been evaluated in different genes according to their role in the pathogenesis of the disease, with positive and negative associations (such as IL1, FCGR3B, FPR1, LTF, CYBA, GLT6D1, TLR4) with both the localized and generalized forms of aggressive periodontitis. Given the complexity of periodontitis, the difficulty in gathering large cohorts diagnosed with this rare form of disease, and the fact that candidate gene studies may only determine part of the genetic risk of a disease, the search for specific SNPs associated with aggressive periodontitis seems to be a long one, most likely to result in the combination of multiple SNPs, in multiple genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Gonçalves
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - T H Harris
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - T Elmariah
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - I Aukhil
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - M R Wallace
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,University of Florida Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - L M Shaddox
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Ribeiro FV, Pino DS, Franck FC, Benatti BB, Tenenbaum H, Davies JE, Pimentel SP, Casarin RC, Cirano FR, Casati MZ. Resveratrol Inhibits Periodontitis-Related Bone Loss in Rats Subjected to Cigarette Smoke Inhalation. J Periodontol 2017; 88:788-798. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2017.170025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda V. Ribeiro
- Dental Research Division, School of Dentistry, Paulista University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danilo S. Pino
- Dental Research Division, School of Dentistry, Paulista University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe C. Franck
- Dental Research Division, School of Dentistry, Paulista University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno B. Benatti
- School of Dentistry, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Howard Tenenbaum
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sinai Health System, Chicago, IL
| | - John E. Davies
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto
| | - Suzana P. Pimentel
- Dental Research Division, School of Dentistry, Paulista University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato C. Casarin
- Dental Research Division, School of Dentistry, Paulista University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiano R. Cirano
- Dental Research Division, School of Dentistry, Paulista University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcio Z. Casati
- Dental Research Division, School of Dentistry, Paulista University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Cirelli T, Finoti LS, Corbi SCT, Anovazzi G, Nepomuceno R, Orrico SRP, Cirelli JA, Mayer MPA, Scarel-Caminaga RM. Absolute quantification of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in patients carrying haplotypes associated with susceptibility to chronic periodontitis: multifaceted evaluation with periodontitis covariants. Pathog Dis 2017; 75:4056145. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thamiris Cirelli
- Department of Morphology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, 14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, 14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Livia S. Finoti
- Department of Morphology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, 14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, 14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Sâmia C. T. Corbi
- Department of Morphology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, 14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, 14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Giovana Anovazzi
- Department of Morphology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, 14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, 14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Nepomuceno
- Department of Morphology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, 14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, 14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvana R. P. Orrico
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, 14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Joni A. Cirelli
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, 14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia P. A. Mayer
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Raquel M. Scarel-Caminaga
- Department of Morphology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, 14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Pigossi SC, Alvim-Pereira F, Alvim-Pereira CCK, Trevilatto PC, Scarel-Caminaga RM. Association of interleukin 4 gene polymorphisms with dental implant loss. IMPLANT DENT 2016; 23:723-31. [PMID: 25343318 DOI: 10.1097/id.0000000000000157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between interleukin 4 (IL4) polymorphisms/haplotypes and dental implant loss. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two hundred and seventy eight (n = 278) unrelated patients were divided into 2 groups: (1) control group (C) composed of 186 individuals presenting at least 1 osseointegrated implant and (2) study group (S) composed of 94 individuals presenting at least 1 implant loss. After DNA collection, IL4 polymorphisms were investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism and for the variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) only by PCR. RESULTS No association between alleles/genotypes of -590 (C/T) (P = 0.9704/P = 0.5992) and VNTR (P = 0.7155/P = 0.8789) polymorphisms and implant loss were found between the groups. Regarding +33 (C/T) polymorphism, no difference was found in genotype frequency (P = 0.1288), but the C allele was associated with implant loss (P = 0.0236, odds ratio = 1.61, 95% confidence interval = 1.1-2.4). Haplotype analysis showed no statistical differences between the groups. CONCLUSION The C allele of the +33 (C/T) polymorphism in the IL4 gene was associated with susceptibility to dental implant loss in Brazilians in the studied population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzane C Pigossi
- *PhD Student, Department of Morphology, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil. †Adjunct Professor, Department of Dentistry, University Federal of Sergipe, Lagarto, Brazil. ‡Adjunct Professor, University Federal of Sergipe, Department of Medicine, Lagarto, Sergipe, Brazil. §Full Professor, Center for Health and Biological Sciences, Pontifícia University Católica of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil. ‖Adjunct Professor, Department of Morphology, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
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Association between Polymorphisms in Interleukins 4 and 13 Genes and Chronic Periodontitis in a Han Chinese Population. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:8389020. [PMID: 27195298 PMCID: PMC4852399 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8389020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic periodontitis (CP) is one of the most common chronic inflammatory diseases and cytokines play a pivotal role in the regulation of immune response. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-13 (IL-13) are anti-inflammatory cytokines and several polymorphisms of them have been proved involved in periodontal disease. This study aimed to evaluate whether three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs2070874 and rs2243248 from IL4 and rs1800925 from IL13, are associated with CP in a Han Chinese population consisting of 440 moderate or severe CP patients and 324 healthy controls. Genomic DNA extracted from buccal epithelial cells of the included participants were genotyped using a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry method. No significant association between rs2070874 or rs1800925 and CP was found, while the frequencies of rs2243248 and two haplotypes C-G-T and C-T-T showed significant differences between the two groups. The results suggest that the polymorphism rs2243248 and haplotypes C-G-T and C-T-T may be associated with CP susceptibility in the present Han Chinese population.
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Chatzopoulos GS, Doufexi AE, Kalogirou F. Association of susceptible genotypes to periodontal disease with the clinical outcome and tooth survival after non-surgical periodontal therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2016; 21:e14-29. [PMID: 26595831 PMCID: PMC4765745 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.20638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The real clinical utility of genetic testing is the prognostic value of genetic factors in the clinical outcome of periodontal treatment and the tooth survival. A meta-analysis was undertaken to estimate the effect of a susceptible genotype to periodontitis on the clinical outcomes of non-surgical periodontal therapy and the tooth survival. Material and Methods A systematic search of MEDLINE-Pubmed, Cochrane Library and Scopus was performed. Additionally, a hand search was done in three journals. No specific language restriction was applied. Two reviewers screened independently titles and abstracts or full text copies. Quality assessment of all the included studies was held. Results Initial screening of electronic databases resulted in 283 articles. Ten studies met the inclusion criteria, nine of them examined the clinical outcome, while the other one investigated the tooth survival in susceptible individuals after non-surgical periodontal therapy. Eight of included studies were selected for the meta-analysis. IL-1 positive genotypes increase the risk of tooth loss, while no association found between the bleeding on probing (BOP), clinical attachment loss (CAL) and plaque index (PI) with the genotype status. Probing pocket depth (PPD) reduction in the first three months and in long-term results found to have a significant association with the genotype. Conclusions There is no difference in the clinical measurements after non-surgical periodontal treatment, apart from PPD. More publications are needed to identify a cause-effect relationship. Key words:Periodontal disease, periodontitis, periodontal therapy, clinical outcome, tooth loss, susceptibility, polymorphism, genotype, meta-analysis, systematic review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios-Sokratis Chatzopoulos
- Advanced Education Program in Periodontology, University of Minnesota, 515 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA,
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11
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Gonzales JR. T- and B-cell subsets in periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 2015; 69:181-200. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Yan Y, Weng H, Shen ZH, Wu L, Zeng XT. Association Between Interleukin-4 Gene −590 C/T, −33 C/T, and 70-Base-Pair Polymorphisms and Periodontitis Susceptibility: A Meta-Analysis. J Periodontol 2014; 85:e354-62. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2014.140317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Hakami Z, Kitaura H, Kimura K, Ishida M, Sugisawa H, Ida H, Jafari S, Takano-Yamamoto T. Effect of interleukin-4 on orthodontic tooth movement and associated root resorption. Eur J Orthod 2014; 37:87-94. [PMID: 25074244 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cju016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a recognized immunomodulatory cytokine that regulates bone homeostasis. However, the influence of IL-4 on orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) and subsequent root resorption is still unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of IL-4 on tooth movement and its associated root resorption in a mouse model. MATERIALS AND METHODS The maxillary first molars of four male mice for each experimental group were subjected to mesial force by a nickel titanium coil spring for 12 days. Control mice were not given appliances and injections. Varying doses of IL-4 were injected locally, adjacent to the first molar. Two sets of experiments were designed. The first set was composed of three groups: the control, treatment with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), or 1.5 µg/day of IL-4. The second set was composed of five groups: the control, treatment with 0 (PBS only), 0.015, 0.15, or 1.5 µg/day of IL-4. The distance of OTM was measured and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase positive cells along the loaded alveolar bone and root surface were identified. The root resorption associated with OTM was evaluated by a scanning electron microscope. RESULTS The amount of OTM and the number of osteoclasts were significantly decreased in the IL-4-treated mice. Moreover, IL-4 significantly suppressed force-induced odontoclasts and root resorption. CONCLUSION IL-4 inhibits tooth movement and prevents root resorption in the mouse model. These results suggest that IL-4 could be used as a useful adjunct to regulate the extent of OTM and also to control root resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaki Hakami
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Department of Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hideki Kitaura
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Department of Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kimura
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Department of Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masahiko Ishida
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Department of Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Haruki Sugisawa
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Department of Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroto Ida
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Department of Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Saeed Jafari
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Department of Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Teruko Takano-Yamamoto
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Department of Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
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Interleukin 4 haplotypes of susceptibility to chronic periodontitis are associated with IL-4 protein levels but not with clinical outcomes of periodontal therapy. Hum Immunol 2013; 74:1688-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.08.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Navarrete M, García J, Dutzan N, Henríquez L, Puente J, Carvajal P, Hernandez M, Gamonal J. Interferon-γ, interleukins-6 and -4, and factor XIII-A as indirect markers of the classical and alternative macrophage activation pathways in chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol 2013; 85:751-60. [PMID: 24070400 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.130078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages account for 5% to 30% of the inflammatory infiltrate in periodontitis and are activated by the classic and alternative pathways. These pathways are identified by indirect markers, among which interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin-6 (IL)-6 of the classic pathway and IL-4 of the alternative pathway have been studied widely. Recently, factor XIII-A (FXIII-A) was reported to be a good marker of alternative pathway activation. The aim of this study is to determine the macrophage activation pathways involved in chronic periodontitis (CP) by the detection of the indirect markers IFN-γ, IL-6, FXIII-A, and IL-4. METHODS Biopsies were taken from patients with CP (n = 10) and healthy individuals (n = 10) for analysis of IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-4, and FXIII-A by Western blot (WB), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The same biopsies of healthy and diseased gingival tissue were used, and the expressions of these markers were compared between healthy individuals and those with CP. RESULTS The presence of macrophages was detected by CD68+ immunohistochemistry and their IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-4, and FXIII-A markers by WB, IHC, and ELISA in all samples of healthy and diseased tissue. IL-6, IL-4, and FXIII-A were significantly higher in patients with CP, whereas FXIII-A was higher in healthy individuals. CONCLUSION The presence of IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-4, and FXIII-A in healthy individuals and in patients with CP suggests that macrophages may be activated by both classic and alternative pathways in health and in periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariely Navarrete
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
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Finoti LS, Anovazzi G, Pigossi SC, Corbi SCT, Teixeira SRL, Braido GVV, Kim YJ, Orrico SRP, Cirelli JA, Mayer MPA, Scarel-Caminaga RM. Periodontopathogens levels and clinical response to periodontal therapy in individuals with the interleukin-4 haplotype associated with susceptibility to chronic periodontitis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 32:1501-9. [PMID: 23748736 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-013-1903-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that results from an interaction between dental biofilm agents and the host immune-inflammatory response. Periodontopathogenic organisms, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola, as well as the host's susceptibility, represented by the host's genetic makeup, are the key factors that influence this complex disease. Recently, we identified haplotypes in the IL4 gene that were associated with chronic periodontitis (CP). This study aimed to evaluate whether subjects with different IL4 haplotypes (TCI/CCI and TTD/CTI) would be differentially colonized by periodontopathogens and whether they would respond differently to non-surgical periodontal therapy. Thirty-nine patients carrying the IL4 haplotype of genetic susceptibility to CP (IL4+) or protection against CP (IL4-) were evaluated. Those groups were further subdivided into individuals with CP (CP IL4+ or CP IL4-) and those that were periodontally healthy (H) (H IL4+ or H IL4-). CP patients were submitted to non-surgical periodontal therapy. Clinical and microbiological analyses were performed considering the data at baseline and 45 and 90 days after periodontal therapy. Periodontopathogens levels were evaluated by absolute quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The baseline data revealed that the total levels of periodontopathogens were higher in the CP IL4+ than in the CP IL4- groups. Clinical analyses revealed that the periodontal therapy was equally effective, independent of the subject's IL4 genetic load. The TCI/CCI IL4 haplotype, previously associated with genetic susceptibility to CP, was also associated with increased levels of periodontopathogenic bacteria, but this genetic background did not influence the response to non-surgical periodontal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Finoti
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Chambers M, Kirkpatrick G, Evans M, Gorski G, Foster S, Borghaei RC. IL-4 inhibition of IL-1 induced Matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) expression in human fibroblasts involves decreased AP-1 activation via negative crosstalk involving of Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:1398-408. [PMID: 23608488 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) over-expression is associated with tissue destruction in the context of chronic inflammation. Previous studies showed that IL-4 inhibits induction of MMP-3 by IL-1β, and suggested that AP-1 might be involved. Here we show that IL-1 induced binding of transcription factor AP-1 to the MMP-3 promoter consists primarily of c-Jun, JunB, and c-Fos and that binding of c-Jun and c-Fos is inhibited by the combination of cytokines while binding of Jun B is not. Mutation of the AP-1 site in the MMP-3 promoter decreased the ability of IL-4 to inhibit its transcription in transfected MG-63 cells. Western blotting showed that both cytokines activate Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), but with somewhat different kinetics, and that activation of JNK by both cytokines individually is inhibited by the combination. These results indicate that IL-4 inhibition of MMP-3 expression is associated with reduction of IL-1 induced binding of active forms of the AP-1 dimer, while less active JunB-containing dimers remain, and suggest that these changes are associated with decreased activation of JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariah Chambers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, 4170 City Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA
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Napimoga MH, Nunes LHAC, Maciel AAB, Demasi APD, Benatti BB, Santos VR, Bastos MF, de Miranda TS, Duarte PM. Possible involvement of IL-21 and IL-10 on salivary IgA levels in chronic periodontitis subjects. Scand J Immunol 2011; 74:596-602. [PMID: 21815905 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02605.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Specific cytokines and the costimulatory protein CD40 play role in inducing immunoglobulin (Ig)A production by B cells in the humoral immune response. However, to date, the role of these mediators was not investigated in chronic periodontitis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the local levels of interleukin (IL)-21, IL-21 receptor (IL-21R), IL-4, IL-10 and CD40 ligand (CD40L) on chronic periodontitis subjects and their relationship with the salivary levels of IgA. Gingival biopsies and un-stimulated saliva were collected from chronic periodontitis (n = 15) and periodontally healthy (n = 15) subjects. The mRNA levels of IL-4, IL-10, IL-21, IL-21R, CD40L in the gingival biopsies were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The salivary levels of IgA and the levels of IL-4 and IL-10 in the gingival biopsies were analyzed by ELISA. The mean levels of IgA were significantly higher in the chronic periodontitis compared to periodontally healthy group (P < 0.05). The mRNA levels for IL-21 was higher (P < 0.05) in the chronic periodontitis when compared to the healthy group. However, the expression of IL-21R and CD40L did not differ between groups. The IL-10 was significantly elevated at mRNA and protein levels in chronic periodontitis when compared to periodontally healthy group (P < 0.05). Conversely, the mRNA levels as well as the protein amount of IL-4 were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in chronic periodontitis than healthy ones. In conclusion, the upregulation of IL-21 and IL-10 and downregulation of IL-4 in periodontitis tissues may be collectively involved in the increased levels of salivary IgA in chronic periodontitis subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Napimoga
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, São Leopoldo Mandic Institute and Research Center, Campinas/SP, Brazil.
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Santos VR, Ribeiro FV, Lima JA, Miranda TS, Feres M, Bastos MF, Duarte PM. Partial- and full-mouth scaling and root planing in type 2 diabetic subjects: a 12-mo follow-up of clinical parameters and levels of cytokines and osteoclastogenesis-related factors. J Periodontal Res 2011; 47:45-54. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01403.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Reichert S, Stein JM, Klapproth J, Zimmermann U, Reichert Y, Gläser C, Schaller HG, Schulz S. The genetic impact of the Q551R interleukin-4 receptor alpha polymorphism for aggressive or chronic periodontitis and the occurrence of periodontopathic bacteria. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56:1485-93. [PMID: 21733492 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Q551R polymorphism of the gene encoded for the α chain of the interleukin-4 receptor (IL-4RA) could influence both IL-4 and IL-13 signalling. Since both cytokines could be important in the pathogenesis of periodontitis the aim of this study was to evaluate putative associations of the Q551R polymorphism to generalized aggressive or chronic periodontitis and five periodontopathogens. DESIGN 154 patients with severe generalized periodontitis (chronic: n=68, mean age=48.7 ± 9.4 years; aggressive: n=86, mean age=40.4 ± 9.8 years) and controls without periodontitis (n=89, mean age=46.2 ± 10.8 years) were included. The Q551R polymorphism was analysed by PCR-SSP CTS-Kit, Heidelberg, Germany. Subgingival bacteria were determined molecular biologically using micro-Ident test (HainLifescience, Nehren, Germany). Distributions of single alleles and genotypes were calculated by Chi(2)-test with Yates correction or Fisher's exact test. Adjusted odds ratios were generated by logistic regression with respect to established cofactors for periodontitis. RESULTS The mutant allele R551 (p(Y)=0.013) and the genotypes QR+RR (p(B)=0.024) occurred more frequently amongst patients with chronic periodontitis vs. controls. Carriers of the Q551R polymorphism had an increased adjusted odds ratio for chronic periodontitis (OR=3.2, 95%CI 1.5-6.5, p=0.002) and severe periodontitis (chronic+aggressive) in general (OR=2.0, 95%CI 1.1-3.6, p=0.003). Moreover, in the total study cohort the Q551R polymorphism was associated with the presence of Tannerella forsythia (90.3% vs. 78.0%, p(Y)=0.01). CONCLUSIONS The Q551R IL-4RA polymorphism is a putative risk indicator for severe chronic periodontitis, but was not significant associated to AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Reichert
- University School of Dental Medicine, Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstr. 19, D-06108 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Orth RKH, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Dashper SG, Reynolds EC. Synergistic virulence of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola in a murine periodontitis model. Mol Oral Microbiol 2011; 26:229-40. [PMID: 21729244 DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-1014.2011.00612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Chronic periodontitis is characterized by the destruction of the tissues supporting the teeth and has been associated with the presence of a subgingival polymicrobial biofilm containing Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola. We have investigated the potential synergistic virulence of P. gingivalis and T. denticola using a murine experimental model of periodontitis. An inoculation regime of four intra-oral doses of 1 × 10(10) P. gingivalis cells induced significant periodontal bone loss compared with loss in sham-inoculated mice, whereas doses of 1 × 10(9) cells or lower did not induce bone loss. Inoculation with T. denticola with up to eight doses of 1 × 10(10) cells failed to induce bone loss in this model. However, four doses of a co-inoculum of a 1 : 1 ratio of P. gingivalis and T. denticola at 5 × 10(8) or 1 × 10(9) total bacterial cells induced the same level of bone loss as four doses of 1 × 10(10) P. gingivalis cells. Co-inoculation induced strong P. gingivalis-specific T-cell proliferative and interferon-γ-dominant cytokine responses, and induced a strong T. denticola-specific interferon-γ dominant cytokine response. Only at the higher co-inoculum dose of 1 × 10(10) total cells was a T. denticola-specific T-cell proliferative response observed. These data show that P. gingivalis and T. denticola act synergistically to stimulate the host immune response and to induce alveolar bone loss in a murine experimental periodontitis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K-H Orth
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School and Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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IL4 gene polymorphisms and their relation to periodontal disease in a Macedonian population. Hum Immunol 2011; 72:446-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 02/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Emingil G, Gürkan A, Atilla G, Kantarci A. Subantimicrobial-Dose Doxycycline and Cytokine-Chemokine Levels in Gingival Crevicular Fluid. J Periodontol 2011; 82:452-61. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2010.100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Santos VR, Ribeiro FV, Lima JA, Napimoga MH, Bastos MF, Duarte PM. Cytokine levels in sites of chronic periodontitis of poorly controlled and well-controlled type 2 diabetic subjects. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37:1049-58. [PMID: 20874828 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2010.01624.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study compared the levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-17 and IL-23 in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from well-controlled and poorly controlled type 2 diabetic subjects with chronic periodontitis, before and after periodontal therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS Eighteen well-controlled (glycated haemoglobin levels ≤8%) and 20 poorly controlled (glycated haemoglobin levels >8%) diabetic subjects were enrolled in this study. All subjects were submitted to non-surgical periodontal therapy. GCF sampling and clinical periodontal parameters were assessed before, 3 and 6 months post-therapy. Total amounts and concentrations of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17 and IL-23 in the GCF were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS The levels of IL-17 were higher in poorly than in well-controlled subjects (p<0.05), whereas the levels of IFN-γ were increased in well- compared with poorly controlled subjects at all experimental groups (p<0.05). In addition, IL-4 levels were lower in well- than poorly controlled diabetic subjects at baseline (p<0.05). There were no differences between groups for TNF-α and IL-23 at any time points (p>0.05). CONCLUSION These results indicate a predominance of pro-inflammatory T-helper type 1 (Th1)- or Th17-cytokines in sites of chronic periodontitis from type 2 diabetic subjects, according to their glycaemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Renata Santos
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, São Paulo, Brazil
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Salvi GE, Brown CE, Fujihashi K, Kiyono H, Smith FW, Beck JD, Offenbacher S. Inflammatory mediators of the terminal dentition in adult and early onset periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1998.tb02313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Anovazzi G, Kim YJ, Viana AC, Curtis KMC, Orrico SRP, Cirelli JA, Scarel-Caminaga RM. Polymorphisms and haplotypes in the interleukin-4 gene are associated with chronic periodontitis in a Brazilian population. J Periodontol 2010; 81:392-402. [PMID: 20192866 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2009.090392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some haplotypes in the interleukin-4 (IL4) gene were reported to influence IL-4 cytokine production and were associated with inflammatory diseases. Association studies focusing on IL4 gene polymorphisms and periodontal disease provided conflicting results. The aim of this study is to investigate whether IL4 gene polymorphisms and haplotypes were related to chronic periodontitis in a Brazilian population. METHODS The polymorphisms -590(C/T) and +33(C/T) in the IL4 gene were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment-length polymorphism methods; the variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) was identified by PCR. To assess the differences between the periodontitis group (n = 125) and control group (n = 125), the chi(2) test was used to assess genotype and allele distributions of individual polymorphisms. For haplotypes reconstructed by an expectation-maximization algorithm, the CLUMP program and Fisher exact test were used. Multivariate logistic regression modeling was used to assess the association of age, gender, smoking status, and polymorphism/haplotype with periodontitis. RESULTS The -590(T), +33(C), and insertion (I) of 70-base pair (bp) alleles and genotypes were more prevalent in the periodontitis group, even after adjusting for covariates. The -590, +33, and insertion (TCI) haplotype was associated with a susceptibility to periodontitis (adjusted odds ratio [OR(adjusted)] = 2.68; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.50 to 4.80) as was the genotype TCI/CCI (OR(adjusted) = 5.27; 95% CI = 2.28 to 12.18), whereas the TTD (OR(adjusted) = 0.48; 95% CI = 0.26 to 0.91), CTI (OR(adjusted) = 0.28, 95% CI = 0.11 to 0.70), and TTD/CTI (OR(adjusted) = 0.29; 95% CI = 0.08 to 1.13) genotypes were a associated with protection against the development of chronic periodontitis. CONCLUSION Significant associations between alleles, genotypes, and haplotypes of polymorphisms in the IL4 gene and chronic periodontitis were verified in Brazilian individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana Anovazzi
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Shin DS, Park JW, Suh JY, Lee JM. The expressions of inflammatory factors and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in human chronic periodontitis with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2010; 40:33-8. [PMID: 20498757 PMCID: PMC2872806 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2010.40.1.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to observe and quantify the expression of interleukin-4 (IL-4), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) in the gingival tissue of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and healthy adults with chronic periodontitis. METHODS Twelve patients with type 2 DM and chronic periodontitis (Group 3), twelve patients with chronic periodontitis (Group 2), and twelve healthy individuals (Group 1) were included in the study. Clinical criteria of gingival (sulcus bleeding index value, probing depths) and radiographic evidences of bone resorption were divided into three groups. The concentrations of cytokines were determined by a western blot analysis and compared using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test. RESULTS The expression levels of IFN-gamma and TIMP-2 showed an increasing tendency in Groups 2 and 3 when compared to Group 1. On the other hand, the expression of IL-4 was highest in Group 1. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that IFN-gamma and TIMP-2 may be involved in the periodontal inflammation associated with type 2 DM. IL-4 may be involved in the retrogression of the periodontal inflammation associated with type 2 DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Seok Shin
- Department of Periodontology, Kyungpook National University School of Dentistry, Daegu, Korea
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Schaefer AS, Richter GM, Nothnagel M, Manke T, Dommisch H, Jacobs G, Arlt A, Rosenstiel P, Noack B, Groessner-Schreiber B, Jepsen S, Loos BG, Schreiber S. A genome-wide association study identifies GLT6D1 as a susceptibility locus for periodontitis. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 19:553-62. [PMID: 19897590 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a widespread, complex inflammatory disease of the mouth, which results in a loss of gingival tissue and alveolar bone, with aggressive periodontitis (AgP) as its most severe form. To identify genetic risk factors for periodontitis, we conducted a genome-wide association study in German AgP patients. We found AgP to be strongly associated with the intronic SNP rs1537415, which is located in the glycosyltransferase gene GLT6D1. We replicated the association in a panel of Dutch generalized and localized AgP patients. In the combined analysis including 1758 subjects, rs1537415 reached a genome-wide significance level of P= 5.51 x 10(-9), OR = 1.59 (95% CI 1.36-1.86). The associated rare G allele of rs1537415 showed an enrichment of 10% in periodontitis cases (48.4% in comparison with 38.8% in controls). Fine-mapping and a haplotype analysis indicated that rs1537415 showed the strongest association signal. Sequencing identified no further associated variant. Tissue-specific expression analysis of GLT6D1 indicated high transcript levels in the leukocytes, the gingiva and testis. Analysis of potential transcription factor binding sites at this locus predicted a significant reduction of GATA-3 binding affinity, and an electrophoretic mobility assay indicated a T cell specific reduction of protein binding for the G allele. Overexpression of GATA-3 in HEK293 cells resulted in allele-specific binding of GATA-3, indicating the identity of GATA-3 as the binding protein. The identified association of GLT6D1 with AgP implicates this locus as an important susceptibility factor, and GATA-3 as a potential signaling component in the pathophysiology of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne S Schaefer
- Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Schittenhelmstrasse 12, Kiel, Germany.
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Duarte PM, de Mendonça AC, Máximo MBB, Santos VR, Bastos MF, Nociti Júnior FH. Differential cytokine expressions affect the severity of peri-implant disease. Clin Oral Implants Res 2009; 20:514-20. [PMID: 19302394 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2008.01680.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study assessed gene expression by quantitative polymerase chain reaction of inflammatory- [interleukin (IL)-12, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-4, and IL-10] and osteoclastogenesis-related factors [receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG)] in sites exhibiting different severities of peri-implant disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS Peri-implant soft tissue biopsies (n=48) were harvested from healthy implant (HI), mucositis (MC), initial peri-implantitis (IP) and severe peri-implantitis (SP) sites. RESULTS IL-12 and TNF-alpha mRNA levels were higher in SP, followed by IP and MC (P <0.05). IL-4 was higher in HI, followed by MC, SP and IP (P <0.05). IL-10 was the lowest in HI, while no differences were detected among the diseased groups (P>0.05). OPG mRNA levels were higher in HI, followed by IP, SP and MC, whereas RANKL was increased as the peri-implantitis severity increased (P<0.05). The highest OPG/RANKL ratio was observed in HI and the lowest in SP (P<0.01). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that expressions of inflammatory- and osteoclastogenesis-related factors may play an important role in the onset and severity of the peri-implant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poliana Mendes Duarte
- Department of Periodontics, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brazil. /
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Duarte PM, de Mendonça AC, Máximo MBB, Santos VR, Bastos MF, Nociti FH. Effect of Anti-Infective Mechanical Therapy on Clinical Parameters and Cytokine Levels in Human Peri-Implant Diseases. J Periodontol 2009; 80:234-43. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2009.070672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Bastos MF, Lima JA, Vieira PM, Mestnik MJ, Faveri M, Duarte PM. TNF-α and IL-4 levels in generalized aggressive periodontitis subjects. Oral Dis 2009; 15:82-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2008.01491.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pradeep AR, Roopa Y, Swati PP. Interleukin-4, a T-helper 2 cell cytokine, is associated with the remission of periodontal disease. J Periodontal Res 2008; 43:712-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2007.01079.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Holla LI, Fassmann A, Augustin P, Halabala T, Znojil V, Vanek J. The Association of Interleukin-4 Haplotypes With Chronic Periodontitis in a Czech Population. J Periodontol 2008; 79:1927-33. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2008.080035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Giannopoulou C, Mombelli A, Tsinidou K, Vasdekis V, Kamma J. Detection of gingival crevicular fluid cytokines in children and adolescents with and without fixed orthodontic appliances. Acta Odontol Scand 2008; 66:169-73. [PMID: 18568476 DOI: 10.1080/00016350802123126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the expression of IL-1beta, IL-4, and IL-8 in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of children, adolescents, and young adults with and without fixed orthodontic appliances. MATERIAL AND METHODS Eighty systemically healthy children and adolescents participated in the study: 56 aged between 8 and 16 years without any orthodontic appliance (Group A) and 24 aged between 10 and 20 years having worn fixed orthodontic appliances for at least 12 months (Group B). Clinical examination included presence or absence of plaque, probing depth, bleeding on probing, and gingival overgrowth. GCF was collected by means of Durapore strips from four randomly selected sites per subject. The contents of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta), interleukin-4 (IL-4), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were detected by ELISA, measured as total amounts (pg/30s) and expressed in log scale. RESULTS Statistically significant differences were noted for the mean log IL-1beta, IL-4, and IL-8 between the two groups: Group B showed significantly higher mean levels in log IL-1beta and log IL-8 compared to Group A. Mean levels of log IL-4 were lower in Group B, although they did not reach statistical significance. Furthermore, mean levels of log IL-1beta and log IL-8 were associated with bleeding sites (p<0.001) and gingival overgrowth, while mean level of log IL-4 was associated with non-bleeding sites and no gingival overgrowth (p<0.001). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that fixed orthodontic appliances result in an increase in the expression of IL-1beta and IL-8. This may reflect biologic activity in the periodontium during orthodontic tooth movement.
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Hooshmand B, Hajilooi M, Rafiei A, Mani-Kashani KH, Ghasemi R. Interleukin-4 (C-590T) and interferon-gamma (G5644A) gene polymorphisms in patients with periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2008; 43:111-5. [PMID: 18230112 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2007.01006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Periodontitis is a multifactorial disease and immunologic and genetic factors have an important role in its pathogenesis. Mutation in the promoter regions of the interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma genes has been reported to modify the protein expression. The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible role of interleukin-4 (C-590T) and interferon-gamma (G5644A) polymorphisms in the susceptibility to periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this case-control study, 53 patients (36 women and 17 men), comprising 27 patients with aggressive periodontitis and 26 patients with chronic periodontitis, and 56 healthy volunteers, were enrolled. DNA was isolated from all subjects, and the polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primer method was used to study the interleukin-4 (C-590T) and interferon-gamma (G5644A) gene polymorphisms. RESULTS Our results showed no significant difference in the allele and genotype frequencies of interleukin-4 (C-590T) and interferon-gamma (G5644A) gene polymorphisms between patients with periodontal disease and controls. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the interleukin-4 (C-590T) and interferon-gamma (G5644A) gene polymorphisms may not be associated with the susceptibility of Iranian individuals to periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hooshmand
- Department of Peridontology, School of Dentistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Houri-Haddad Y, Wilensky A, Shapira L. T-cell phenotype as a risk factor for periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000 2007; 45:67-75. [PMID: 17850449 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2007.00227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yael Houri-Haddad
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Hadassah and The Hebrew University Medical Centers, Jerusalem, Israel
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Kara N, Keles GC, Sumer P, Gunes SO, Bagci H, Koprulu H, Bek Y. Association of the polymorphisms in promoter and intron regions of the interleukin-4 gene with chronic periodontitis in a Turkish population. Acta Odontol Scand 2007; 65:292-7. [PMID: 17851828 DOI: 10.1080/00016350701644040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The etiology of periodontitis is related to the interaction between micro-organisms and host responses. Host modifying factors, such as genetic predisposition, may increase the severity of periodontitis. Recent works have shown that the levels of cytokine expression are regulated by genetic polymorphisms, and that these variations can interfere with progression of the disease. This study therefore aimed to evaluate whether interleukin (IL) 4 gene polymorphisms are associated with severe generalized chronic periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Seventy-five severe generalized chronic periodontitis patients and 73 healthy subjects were examined. Blood samples were taken and genomic DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Identification of 70 base-pair repeat polymorphisms in intron 2 and C-->T polymorphisms at -590 position of the promoter region was performed through PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). RESULTS No significant differences were found in the allele and genotype frequencies between the control and periodontitis group. CONCLUSION The IL-4 polymorphisms were not related to severe generalized chronic periodontitis in a Turkish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurten Kara
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
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Gemmell E, Yamazaki K, Seymour GJ. Destructive periodontitis lesions are determined by the nature of the lymphocytic response. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 2007; 13:17-34. [PMID: 12097235 DOI: 10.1177/154411130201300104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
It is now 35 years since Brandtzaeg and Kraus (1965) published their seminal work entitled "Autoimmunity and periodontal disease". Initially, this work led to the concept that destructive periodontitis was a localized hypersensitivity reaction involving immune complex formation within the tissues. In 1970, Ivanyi and Lehner highlighted a possible role for cell-mediated immunity, which stimulated a flurry of activity centered on the role of lymphokines such as osteoclast-activating factor (OAF), macrophage-activating factor (MAF), macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF), and myriad others. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, attention focused on the role of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, and it was thought that periodontal destruction occurred as a series of acute exacerbations. As well, at this stage doubt was being cast on the concept that there was a neutrophil chemotactic defect in periodontitis patients. Once it was realized that neutrophils were primarily protective and that severe periodontal destruction occurred in the absence of these cells, attention swung back to the role of lymphocytes and in particular the regulatory role of T-cells. By this time in the early 1990s, while the roles of interleukin (IL)-1, prostaglandin (PG) E(2), and metalloproteinases as the destructive mediators in periodontal disease were largely understood, the control and regulation of these cytokines remained controversial. With the widespread acceptance of the Th1/Th2 paradigm, the regulatory role of T-cells became the main focus of attention. Two apparently conflicting theories have emerged. One is based on direct observations of human lesions, while the other is based on animal model experiments and the inability to demonstrate IL-4 mRNA in gingival extracts. As part of the "Controversy" series, this review is intended to stimulate debate and hence may appear in some places provocative. In this context, this review will present the case that destructive periodontitis is due to the nature of the lymphocytic infiltrate and is not due to periodic acute exacerbations, nor is it due to the so-called virulence factors of putative periodontal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gemmell
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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Gonzales JR, Mann M, Stelzig J, Bödeker RH, Meyle J. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the IL-4 and IL-13 promoter region in aggressive periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2007; 34:473-9. [PMID: 17451413 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2007.01086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION IL-4 and IL-13 polymorphisms have been shown to influence the susceptibility to systemic diseases. In this study, possible associations between the IL-4 -590 C-->T, IL-4 -34 C-->T, IL-13 -1112 C-->T and IL-13 -1512 A-->C promoter polymorphisms were investigated in subjects with generalized aggressive periodontitis (AgP) compared with healthy individuals. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fifty-eight patients with diagnosis of generalized AgP and 51 matched healthy controls participated in the study. Blood samples were collected and DNA isolated. Molecular analyses were performed by PCR-RFLP in a blind fashion. Genotype and allele frequencies among study groups were compared using Fisher's exact test (alpha value: 0.05). Pearson's chi(2) test was used for analysis of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. RESULTS The frequency of the IL-4 -590 T/T and IL-4 -34 T/T genotypes differed significantly between groups (p=0.05, 0.02, respectively), although the allele frequencies were similar. There was a higher frequency of the IL-4 -590 T/T and IL-4 -34 T/T genotypes in patients with AgP compared with controls. The genotype and allele frequencies of the IL-13 polymorphisms did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated an association between the IL-4 -590 T/T and IL-4 -34 T/T genotypes and AgP. Further research is necessary to prove if there is an association of these polymorphisms with AgP, and if the polymorphisms have a functional effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Gonzales
- Department of Periodontology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
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Guimarães MR, Nassar PO, Andia DC, Nassar CA, Spolidorio DMP, Rossa C, Spolidorio LC. Protective effects of Tacrolimus, a calcineurin inhibitor, in experimental periodontitis in rats. Arch Oral Biol 2007; 52:882-8. [PMID: 17367747 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2007.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2006] [Revised: 01/23/2007] [Accepted: 02/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Periodontitis is a well-appreciated example of leukocyte-mediated bone loss and inflammation with pathogenic features similar to those observed in other inflammatory diseases, such as arthritis. Since Tacrolimus, is an immunomodulatory drug used for the treatment of some cases of arthritis, we hypothesized that it may modulate periodontal disease. DESIGN Using a murine model of ligature-induced periodontal disease, we assessed the effects of daily administrations of Tacrolimus (1mg/kg body weight) on bone loss, enzymatic (myeloperoxidase) analysis, differential white blood cells counts, airpouch exudate and cytokine expression for 5-30 days. RESULTS Radiographic, enzymatic (myeloperoxidase) and histological analysis revealed that Tacrolimus reduced the severity of periodontitis. More specifically, Tacrolimus suppressed the expression of serum interleukin (IL-1beta), tumour necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), IL-6, airpouch exudate PGE(2) and leukocytosis usually observed after the induction of periodontitis. Tacrolimus treatment in periodontitis-induced rats conferred protection against the inflammation-induced tissue and bone loss associated with periodontitis, through a mechanism involving IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IL-6. CONCLUSIONS The effects of Tacrolimus on periodontal disease pathogenesis may provide clues to a novel approach to host modulation therapy in destructive periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Guimarães
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, Dental School of Araraquara (UNESP), State University of São Paulo, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Interleukin-4 inhibition of interleukin-1-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) is independent of lipoxygenase and PPARgamma activation in human gingival fibroblasts. BMC Mol Biol 2007; 8:12. [PMID: 17319946 PMCID: PMC1810308 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-8-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2006] [Accepted: 02/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin 4 (IL-4) has been shown to suppress interleukin-1 (IL-1) induced expression of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) in human synovial and gingival fibroblasts, but the mechanism of suppression has not been determined. Activators of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) have been shown to inhibit cytokine induced expression of MMPs in other cell types, and IL-4 has been shown to activate PPARγ by stimulating production of ligands through the lipoxygenase pathway. It has been suggested that PPARγ may inhibit expression of MMPs by competing with transcription factor AP-1 for binding to a putative composite binding element in the promoters. The objective of this study was to determine whether the suppressive effects of IL-4 on the IL-1 induced expression of MMP-3 involve activation of lipoxygenase and/or PPARγ. Results Western blotting revealed the presence of PPARγ in nuclear extract of HGF. IL-1 induced binding of nuclear extract to the putative composite PPRE/AP-1 site was diminished in the presence of pioglitazone, but there was no evidence of any change in the composition of the retarded complexes, and no evidence of PPARγ binding to this site. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), a non-selective lipoxygenase inhibitor, and MK886, a specific inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase, induced MMP-3 expression synergistically with IL-1. However IL-4 was still able to inhibit MMP-3 expression in the presence of NDGA or MK886 and IL-1. Activation of PPARγ with pioglitazone not only failed to inhibit IL-1 induced expression of MMP-3 mRNA, but rather super-induced MMP-3 in the presence of IL-1. PPARγ antagonist GW9662 failed to abolish the suppressive effects of IL-4. Another PPARγ activator, 15-deoxy-Delta12,14prostaglandin J2 (15dPGJ2), also super-induced MMP-3 mRNA, and this was due at least in part to increased transcription. Conclusion IL-4 suppression of IL-1-induced MMP-3 expression in HGF is independent of lipoxygenase activity and activation of PPARγ. Super-induction of MMP-3 by pioglitazone may have important implications for patients using pioglitazone to treat type II diabetes in the presence of chronic inflammation.
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Tsai CC, Ku CH, Ho YP, Ho KY, Wu YM, Hung CC. Changes in Gingival Crevicular Fluid Interleukin-4 and Interferon-gamma in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis Before and After Periodontal Initial Therapy. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2007; 23:1-7. [PMID: 17282979 DOI: 10.1016/s1607-551x(09)70367-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are pivotal to the immune response of chronic periodontitis. The present study investigated the changes of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in patients with chronic periodontitis before and after initial nonsurgical periodontal therapy (NSPT). GCF was collected from 17 patients by means of Periopaper at baseline and 1 month after NSPT. IL-4 and IFN-gamma were measured by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay. NSPT resulted in decreased total amount of IFN-gamma, increased concentration of IL-4, and increased ratio of IL-4 to IFN-gamma levels. We suggest that a low ratio of IL-4 to IFN-gamma levels might be involved in the destruction (diseased sites) of periodontal tissue, whereas an increased ratio of IL-4 to IFN-gamma levels could be related to the improvement of clinical periodontal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Cheng Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, and Department of Periodontics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Kamma JJ, Giannopoulou C, Vasdekis VGS, Mombelli A. Cytokine profile in gingival crevicular fluid of aggressive periodontitis: influence of smoking and stress. J Clin Periodontol 2004; 31:894-902. [PMID: 15367195 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2004.00585.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking and stress are considered risk factors that have been associated with periodontal disease progression. Conflicting results have been reported concerning the direct influence of smoking on the subgingival microbiota of periodontitis patients. Cytokine production may also be influenced by smoking and stress leading to an imbalance that disturbs the host-parasite relationship. AIM The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of cigarette smoking on the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-8 in aggressive or early onset periodontitis (EOP) patients and in healthy controls (H), psychosocial stress being considered as modifying factor. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixty-five EOP and 35 periodontally healthy individuals participated in this cross-sectional study. All the participants were interviewed about their smoking habits and their stressful social events. Clinical examination included the assessment of plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), clinical attachment level (CAL) and probing pocket depth (PPD). GCF was collected using durapore strips, from four sites per patient, randomly selected in each quadrant. The total amounts of IL-1beta, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-8 were measured in a total of 400 samples using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS All clinical parameters were significantly higher in the EOP group compared to the H group. There were no significant differences between EOP smokers and EOP non-smokers with regard to plaque accumulation, CAL and PPD of the sampling sites, whereas mean CAL and PPD of the diseased sites were greater in EOP smokers than in EOP non-smokers. In addition, EOP smokers seemed to have significantly less BOP and greater bone loss compared to EOP non-smokers. Significant interactions between "EOP" and "smoking" were present for total amounts of IL-1beta and IL-4. IL-1beta, IL-6 and IL-8 showed significant main effects with healthy smokers and healthy non-smokers, respectively. For IL-8, stress presented a statistically significant interaction with smoking status and EOP (F=4.742, p=0.030). More specifically EOP smokers were statistically affected by stress. CONCLUSIONS Smoking influences host-related factors including cytokine network. The relative importance of smoking and stress-related alterations and their precise mode of action in increasing the risk of aggressive periodontitis remains to be elucidated.
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Jenkins K, Javadi M, Borghaei RC. Interleukin-4 suppresses IL-1-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinase-3 in human gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontol 2004; 75:283-91. [PMID: 15068117 PMCID: PMC1595536 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2004.75.2.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In periodontitis, matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3, stromelysin 1) is present at increased levels in active disease sites compared to inactive or healthy sites, and the levels are correlated with clinical parameters and associated with progression of the disease. Interleukin (IL)-4 has been shown in human skin and synovial fibroblasts and articular chondrocytes to suppress IL-1-induced expression of MMP-3, but this has not been shown in human gingival fibroblasts. The objective of this study is to determine the effects of IL-4 on the IL-1-induced expression of MMP-3 in human gingival fibroblasts isolated from patients with periodontitis. METHODS Northern blot analysis was performed to determine the effects of IL-4 on the IL-1 induction of MMP-3 mRNA. MMP-3 protein levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels were measured by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). DNA binding of activator protein (AP)-1 and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB was assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). RESULTS Northern blot analysis revealed that co-incubation of gingival fibroblasts with IL-1 and IL-4 resulted in a significant decrease in MMP-3 mRNA levels compared to IL-1 alone, with a concomitant decrease in protein levels. This inhibition is dose-dependent, and is apparent as early as 3 hours after stimulation. IL-1-induced production of PGE2 was not affected in four of six cultures isolated from different individuals. Addition of exogenous PGE2 had no effect on the suppressive effects of IL-4. DNA binding of transcription factors AP-1 and NF-kappaB was not affected by IL-4. CONCLUSIONS IL-4 inhibits the IL-1 induction of MMP-3 in human gingival fibroblasts isolated from patients with periodontitis. This effect is independent of PGE2 and is not due to inhibition of the DNA binding activity of known transcription factors binding to the MMP-3 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ruth Carter Borghaei
- Address Correspondence to Ruth Carter Borghaei, Ph.D., Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, 4170 City Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19131, Tel.: 215 871-6454, FAX: 215 871-6865, e-mail:
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Gonzales JR, Kobayashi T, Michel J, Mann M, Yoshie H, Meyle J. Interleukin-4 gene polymorphisms in Japanese and Caucasian patients with aggressive periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2004; 31:384-9. [PMID: 15086621 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2004.00492.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recently, interleukin (IL) 4 gene polymorphisms have been analyzed in association with periodontitis. Genetic differences between Caucasian and Japanese patients with periodontitis have previously been detected. The aim of the present study was to analyze IL-4 genotypes in Caucasian and Japanese patients with aggressive periodontitis (AgP). MATERIAL AND METHODS One hundred and twenty-four subjects were included in the study, 31 Japanese and 30 Caucasian patients with generalized AgP, plus 30 Japanese and 33 Caucasian healthy controls. IL-4 polymorphisms were determined by polymerase chain reaction. A logistic regression was used to investigate the possible association of the genotypes with the disease in both populations. Odds ratio (OR) estimates were analyzed for allele frequencies. RESULTS No significant association of IL-4 polymorphisms with the risk of AgP was determined in either population. However, the allele frequencies showed different results between populations. The carriage of the polymorphism in intron 2 was higher in Caucasian patients compared with controls (OR: 2.0, 95% confidence interval: [1.0;4.2]. Furthermore, the frequency of the IL-4 promoter/intron 2 composite genotype (PP+/IP+) in patients and controls, respectively, was found to be approximately 25% and 60% higher in the Japanese population than in the Caucasian population. CONCLUSION There was no evidence of an association of IL-4 genotypes and AgP in either population, although the frequencies of the IL-4 genotypes in the Japanese and the Caucasians were different.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Gonzales
- Department of Periodontology, University of Giessen, Germany.
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Pontes CC, Gonzales JR, Novaes AB, Taba Júnior M, Grisi MFM, Michel J, Meyle J, de Souza SLS. 'Interleukin-4 gene polymorphism and its relation to periodontal disease in a Brazilian population of African heritage'. J Dent 2004; 32:241-6. [PMID: 15001290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2003.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2003] [Revised: 10/20/2003] [Accepted: 11/26/2003] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Host modifying factors, such as genetic predisposition, may increase severity of periodontitis. Genetic polymorphisms in interleukin-4 (IL-4) genes seem to influence host response to microbial challenge. Two IL-4 polymorphisms were found in association with asthma and atopy, and later with aggressive periodontitis in Caucasians. There seems to be a trend for racial differences regarding polymorphisms. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate if these IL-4 polymorphisms were associated with periodontal disease in a Brazilian population of African heritage. METHODS Sixty patients were divided into two groups: periodontitis group (n = 30) and control group (n = 30) Blood samples were taken and genomic DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Identification of 70 bp repeat polymorphism in intron 2 and in the -590 position of the promoter region was performed through PCR-RFLP and electrophoresis in agarose gel. RESULTS No significant differences were found in the genotype frequency of the polymorphisms between control and periodontitis group. Chi square test and Mann-Whitney test were used for statistical analysis. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that the studied IL-4 polymorphisms were not related to periodontal disease susceptibility in this African-American Brazilian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Cruvinel Pontes
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Giannopoulou C, Cappuyns I, Mombelli A. Effect of smoking on gingival crevicular fluid cytokine profile during experimental gingivitis. J Clin Periodontol 2003; 30:996-1002. [PMID: 14761123 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-051x.2003.00416.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking is a significant risk factor in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease, able to influence both the subgingival microbiota and host responses. AIM The aim of the present study was to determine the influence of smoking on the amount of IL-1beta, IL-4 and IL-8 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) during experimental gingivitis in humans. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty-two healthy subjects, 10 smokers and 12 non-smokers, participated in the study. After professional cleaning, they performed optimal hygiene to reach perfect clinical gingival health. Oral hygiene measures were ceased for a period of 10 days. Clinical indices, including plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD) and bleeding on probing (BOP), were assessed 2 days before (day -2), at the beginning (day 0) and at the end of the experimental gingivitis period (day 10). At the same time, GCF was collected from 12 sites in each patient, by means of durapore filter membranes. Total amounts of IL-1beta, IL-4 and IL-8 were determined by enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay. RESULTS Clinical data revealed that both smokers and non-smokers showed an increase in PI, GI and BOP scores during the experiment. Although no differences were noted with regard to PI at day 10, the GI and BOP were significantly less pronounced in smokers than non-smokers (p < 0.005). Non-smokers showed higher total amounts of IL-4 but lower amounts of IL-8 than smokers, throughout the experiment. Total amounts of IL-1beta and IL-8 increased significantly during plaque accumulation in both groups. IL-4 remained stable for the smoker group and decreased for the non-smoker group. CONCLUSIONS The present results indicate that smoking interferes with cytokine production. When performing studies regarding the pathogenesis of periodontitis, the smoking status of the participants needs to be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Giannopoulou
- Division of Physiopathology and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
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Kang BY, Choi YK, Choi WH, Kim KT, Choi SS, Kim K, Ha NJ. Two polymorphisms of interleukin-4 gene in Korean adult periodontitis. Arch Pharm Res 2003; 26:482-6. [PMID: 12877559 DOI: 10.1007/bf02976867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Adult periodontitis is a multifactoral disease characterized by multiple genetic and environmental factors. In view of the importance of interleukin-4 (IL-4) gene as a genetic factor for adult periodontitis, we investigated the relationship between two polymorphisms (-590 C --> T polymorphism and 70 bp repeat polymorphism) of the human IL-4 gene and adult periodontitis in the Korean population. Genomic DNA was extracted from white blood cells of 32 adult periodontitis patients and 150 normal controls, respectively. There were no significant differences in the allele, genotype and haplotype distributions of two polymorphisms between normal controls and adult periodontitis group. Therefore, our results suggest that IL-4 gene locus contributes little to the interindividual susceptibility for adult periodontitis in Korean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Yong Kang
- Research Institute for Life Science, Sahmyook University, Seoul 139-742, Korea
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Houri-Haddad Y, Itzchaki O, Ben-Nathan D, Shapira L. The effect of chronic emotional stress on the humoral immune response to Porphyromonas gingivalis in mice. J Periodontal Res 2003; 38:204-9. [PMID: 12608916 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0765.2003.20390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that psychological stress plays a significant role in the outcome of infectious diseases, but data related to the effect of stress on periodontal infection is limited. The present study was designed to test the impact of emotional stress on the humoral immune response to the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis in a mouse model of local inflammation. Chambers constructed from titanium wire were implanted in the subcutaneous dorsolumbar region of mice. All mice were immunized with P. gingivalis followed by an intrachamber challenge with the bacteria. One group of mice was used as control, while the other two experienced experimental stress conditions (isolation/restraint stress). Stress-1 group was stressed during the immunization period, while Stress-2 group was stressed during the local challenge period. Chamber exudates and serum were collected and analyzed for levels of anti-P. gingivalis antibodies (IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a). The levels of serum antibodies to P. gingivalis were not different between the three tested groups, excluding increased levels of IgG2a in Stress-1 group at baseline. The levels of antibodies in the chamber exudates were significantly lower in the stressed groups at baseline, but higher at d 7. The IgG1 to IgG2a ratio was significantly higher in the control group compared with the two stressed groups. The findings of the present study suggest that chronic psychological stress had a marked impact on the localized response to P. gingivalis challenge. The lower IgG1/IgG2a ratio observed in the stress groups suggests elevated Th1 response during stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Houri-Haddad
- Department of Periodontology, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
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Giannopoulou C, Kamma JJ, Mombelli A. Effect of inflammation, smoking and stress on gingival crevicular fluid cytokine level. J Clin Periodontol 2003; 30:145-53. [PMID: 12622857 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-051x.2003.300201.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that cytokines are pivotal to the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases and may be used as markers in diagnosis. AIM The aim of the present study was to determine the levels of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-8 in gingival crevicular fluid of periodontally healthy and diseased individuals and to study their association to smoking, stress and clinical periodontal parameters. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 80 patients were included in the study : 20 patients with early onset or aggressive periodontitis (EOP), 20 with chronic adult periodontitis (AP), 20 with gingivitis (G) and 20 patients with healthy periodontium (H). GCF was collected by means of Durapore strips, from four sites per patient, randomly selected in each quadrant. The contents of IL- 1beta, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-8 were measured in 320 samples by use of commercially available sandwich enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assays. RESULTS In periodontally diseased subjects the total amounts of IL-1beta, IL-6 and IL-8 were significantly elevated as compared to healthy subjects, whereas IL-4 showed an inverse relationship to periodontal status and higher amounts were found in the healthy group. The amounts of all four cytokines were positively correlated with probing depths. IL-4, IL-6 and IL-8 were significantly correlated to smoking while stress was associated with IL-1beta, IL-6 and IL-8 levels. CONCLUSIONS The present data suggest that crevicular IL-1beta, IL-6 and IL-8 reflect the activity of periodontal destruction, whereas IL-4 shows an inverse correlation to it. The enhanced production of inflammatory cytokines in the presence of smoking and stress may have clinical consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Giannopoulou
- Division of Physiopathology and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Medical Faculty, University of Geneva, Switzerland, Private practice, Athens, Greece.
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