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Ma X, Lv H, Chen M, Liu H, Xue S, Zhu Q, Wang X. Novel electrochemical sensor for determination of propyl gallate based on poly(γ-aminobutyric acid) incorporating gold nanoclusters. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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2
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dos Santos GKC, da Silva FGS, Ferreira AR, de Cássia Silva Luz R, Damos FS. Development of a self-powered photoelectrochemical system (SPPS) for the determination of propyl gallate. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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3
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Photoelectrochemical platform for sensing propyl gallate in edible oil samples based on CdTe quantum dots and poly(D-glucosamine). J Solid State Electrochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-018-04177-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Davoli E, Bastone A, Bianchi G, Salmona M, Diomede L. A simple headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method for the quantitative determination of the release of the antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene from chewing gum. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:859-864. [PMID: 28297743 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) are widely used to prevent oxidation and rancidity in foodstuffs, pharmaceutical preparations and cosmetic formulations. Although their safety has been thoroughly investigated, possible endocrine side-effects have been suggested. A useful method for the determination of BHA and BHT in foods is needed to estimate their daily intake through the diet. METHODS We selected commercial chewing gums as a model of a complex food matrix and developed a new method based on gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. This allows the determination of 130 pg/gum of BHA and 9 pg/gum of BHT. RESULTS Analysis of different chewing gums from the European market indicated that the two antioxidants were never used together and that the content of BHA was in the range of 220-348 μg/gum and BHT ranged from 278 up to 479 μg/gum. These amounts correspond to 86-157 mg/kg gum for BHA and 170-185 mg/kg gum for BHT, and are both within the maximum levels established by the European Food Safety Authority. Chewing a piece of gum for 15 min resulted in the release of up to 28% of BHA, but no release of BHT was detectable. CONCLUSIONS A new, simple and rapid method for the determination of BHA and BHT in chewing gums was described. This analytical method, based on headspace sampling, did not require the extraction of antioxidants from chewing gum samples, assuring the absence of any gum material contaminants that might affect the instrumentation. It is also automatable, employing a sequential automatic sampler. This method could be of interest to academic researchers and to food industrialists looking for a new methodological approach for BHA and BHT determination in foodstuffs with complex matrices. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Davoli
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via G. La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Bastone
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via G. La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Bianchi
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via G. La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Salmona
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via G. La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Diomede
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via G. La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
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Li J, Bi Y, Sun S, Peng D. Simultaneous analysis of tert-butylhydroquinone, tert-butylquinone, butylated hydroxytoluene, 2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, and δ-tocopherol in edible oils by normal-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Food Chem 2017; 234:205-211. [PMID: 28551227 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A normal-phase high performance liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous determination of tert-butylhydroquinone, tert-butylquinone, butylated hydroxytoluene, 2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, and δ-tocopherol in edible oils was investigated. A silica column was used to separate the analytes with the gradient elution. An ultraviolet-visible detector was set at dual wavelengths mode (280 and 310nm). The column temperature was 30°C. The analytes were directly extracted with methanol. Results showed that the normal-phase high performance liquid chromatography method performed well with wide liner ranges (0.10∼500.00μg/mL, R2>0.9998), low limits of detection and quantitation (below 0.40 and 1.21μg/mL, respectively), and good recoveries (81.38∼102.34% in soybean oils and 83.03∼100.79% in lard, respectively). The reduction of tert-butylquinone caused by the reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography during the injection was avoided with the current normal-phase method. The two isomers of butylated hydroxyanisole can also be separated with good resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Lipid Technology and Engineering, School of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanlan Bi
- Lipid Technology and Engineering, School of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shangde Sun
- Lipid Technology and Engineering, School of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dan Peng
- Lipid Technology and Engineering, School of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China.
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Sousa Carvalho RM, Yotsumoto Neto S, Carvalho Silva F, Santos Damos F, de Cássia Silva Luz R. A Sensitive Sensor Based on CuTSPc and Reduced Graphene Oxide for Simultaneous Determination of the BHA and TBHQ Antioxidants in Biodiesel Samples. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sakae Yotsumoto Neto
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Maranhão; 65080-805 São Luís - MA Brazil
| | | | - Flavio Santos Damos
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Maranhão; 65080-805 São Luís - MA Brazil
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Xiang Y, Qian X, Hua M, Cheng B, Chen W, Li J. Voltammetric Determination of Dinonyl Diphenylamine and Butylated Hydroxytoluene in Mineral and Synthetic Oil. ANAL LETT 2016; 49:1526-1536. [PMID: 27365537 PMCID: PMC4917899 DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2015.1118484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A method is reported for the determination of diphenylamine and butylated hydroxytoluene in mineral and synthetic oil. The procedure used differential pulse voltammetry with a glassy carbon electrode. This method was then used for determining these antioxidants in supporting electrolyte consisting of dilute sulfuric acid and sodium dodecyl sulfonate in ethanol. Anodic peaks were obtained for both analytes. Oxidation peaks at 250 mV were observed from a mixture of butylated hydroxytoluene and dinonyl diphenylamine, allowing their simultaneous determination. This approach was successfully used for the determination of dinonyl diphenylamine and butylated hydroxytoluene in fortified mineral and synthetic oils with good accuracy and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Xiang
- Wuhan Research Institute of Materials Protection, State Key Laboratory of Special Surface Protection Materials and Application Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xuzheng Qian
- Wuhan Research Institute of Materials Protection, State Key Laboratory of Special Surface Protection Materials and Application Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Meng Hua
- MBE Department, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Bingxue Cheng
- Wuhan Research Institute of Materials Protection, State Key Laboratory of Special Surface Protection Materials and Application Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wu Chen
- Wuhan Research Institute of Materials Protection, State Key Laboratory of Special Surface Protection Materials and Application Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jian Li
- Wuhan Research Institute of Materials Protection, State Key Laboratory of Special Surface Protection Materials and Application Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Rapid Method for Extracting and Quantifying Synthetic Antioxidants in All Edible Fats and Oils. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0443-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Study of kinetic parameters and development of a voltammetric sensor for the determination of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) in oil samples. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2015; 52:6719-26. [PMID: 26396421 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-015-1796-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical behavior of artificial antioxidant, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), was investigated at a glassy carbon electrode modified with poly L- cysteine [poly (L- Cys/GCE)]. BHA exhibits a pair of well - defined redox peak on L- cysteine modified GCE with Epa = 69 mV and Epc = 4 mV. The modified electrode showed good electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of BHA under optimal conditions and exhibited a linear response in the range from 1.0 × 10(-5) to 1.0 × 10(-6) M with a correlation coefficient of 0.998. The limit of detection was found to be 4.1 × 10(-7) M. The kinetics parameters of the proposed sensor such as heterogeneous electron transfer rate, k s , and charge transfer coefficient,α, was calculated and found to be 1.20 s(-1) and 0.575 respectively. The average surface concentration of BHA on the surface of poly (L- Cys/GCE) was calculated to be 3.18 × 10(-4) mol cm(-2). The analytical utility of the proposed sensor was evaluated by the successful determination of BHA in coconut oil and sesame oil samples.
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Regina de Oliveira T, Grawe GF, Moccelini SK, Terezo AJ, Castilho M. Enzymatic biosensors based on ingá-cipó peroxidase immobilised on sepiolite for TBHQ quantification. Analyst 2014; 139:2214-20. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an00028e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Haq MA, Azam M, Hasnain A. Gum cordia as carrier of antioxidants: effects on lipid oxidation of peanuts. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2013; 52:2366-72. [PMID: 25829621 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-013-1199-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Performance of antioxidants is improved by incorporating them into polymer matrix such as polysaccharides based edible coatings. Gum cordia, an anionic polysaccharide extracted from the fruits of Cordia.myxa could be used as carrier of antioxidants by virtue of its strong adhering and emulsifying properties. This study aimed to explore the potential of gum cordia as carrier of antioxidants when applied as edible coating on peanuts. Gum Cordia was compared with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in delivering of antioxidants: butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and ascorbic acid (AA). Coated and uncoated peanuts were stored at 35 °C for 126 days and coating carrier effectiveness was measured by following lipid oxidation using chemical parameters (peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid reactive species) and sensory evaluation (oxidized flavor). Significant differences (p < 0.05) between coated and uncoated samples were observed. Gum cordia was found better than CMC to deliver the antioxidants. Gum cordia based coating in combination with BHA/BHT exhibited highest protection (290 % higher shelf life than control) based on peroxide value (40 meq.O2 kg(-1)) followed by gum codia plus BHT (244 %), gum cordia plus BHA (232 %), CMC plus BHA/BHT (184 %), CMC plus BHA (139 %), CMC plus BHT (119 %), gum cordia plus AA (96 %) and CMC plus AA (46 %).
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abdul Haq
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270 Pakistan
| | - Mahmood Azam
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270 Pakistan
| | - Abid Hasnain
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270 Pakistan
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Qualitative and quantitative electroanalysis of synthetic phenolic antioxidant mixtures in edible oils based on their acid-base properties. Food Chem 2011; 127:1361-9. [PMID: 25214139 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.01.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A simple electroanalytical method using square wave voltammetry at a Pt band ultramicroelectrode to perform a qualitative and quantitative analysis of different synthetic antioxidant mixtures permitted by official regulations in edible oils is proposed. The methodology was based on the comparison of voltammetric signals obtained in acetonitrile+0.1M (C4H9)4NF6P with those recorded in the same reaction medium when different aliquots of (C4H9)4NOH were added to allow a qualitative differentiation between antioxidants. Firstly, studies on solutions prepared from commercial reagents were carried out. Then, the results obtained were transferred to the analysis of a real matrix, i.e., an edible olive oil. From real samples spiked with a known amount of different synthetic antioxidant mixtures, we could deduce the presence of these antioxidants by comparing results obtained in the neutral medium with those obtained after the successive addition of base. The standard addition method was used to quantify the individually spiked synthetic antioxidants in the real sample. Recovery percentages were between 88% and 118%. The reproducibility was 1.5%, 3.1%, 4.1% and 4.1% in ACN+0.1M TBAHFP and 1.5%, 4.6%, 6.6% and 2.5% in Bz/EtOH (1:2)+0.1M H2SO4 for TBHQ, BHA, BHT and PG, respectively. The repeatability was 1% for PG in both media. These parameters show a good system performance.
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dos Santos Raymundo M, Marques da Silva Paula M, Franco C, Fett R. Quantitative determination of the phenolic antioxidants using voltammetric techniques. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2006.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Sin DW, Wong Y, Mak C, Sze S, Yao W. Determination of five phenolic antioxidants in edible oils: Method validation and estimation of measurement uncertainty. J Food Compost Anal 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2005.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Guo L, Xie MY, Yan AP, Wan YQ, Wu YM. Simultaneous determination of five synthetic antioxidants in edible vegetable oil by GC–MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:1881-7. [PMID: 16972057 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0738-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2006] [Revised: 08/02/2006] [Accepted: 08/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A simple, quick and nontoxic analytical method for the simultaneous determination of five synthetic antioxidants [t-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (BHA), 2,6-di-t-butyl-hydroxytoluene (BHT), t-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), ethoxyquin (EQ) and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxymethyl-phenol (Ionox 100)] in edible vegetable oil has been developed. The analytes were extracted by ethanol, then separated and detected by GC-MS. Extraction conditions such as volume of ethanol required, mixing time and number of extractions were investigated and optimized by an orthogonal array experimental design. The five compounds behaved linearly in the 0.100 approximately 20.0 mg/L concentration range, and the limits of detection (LOD) for BHA, BHT, TBHQ, EQ and Ionox-100 were 1.00, 0.92, 11.5, 0.83 and 1.39 microg/L, respectively. The recoveries at the tested concentrations of 1.00, 20.0 and 100 mg/kg were 75.6 approximately 123%, with coefficients of variation<10.0%. The proposed procedure was successfully applied to the simultaneous analysis of the five antioxidants in soybean oil, tea oil, edible blended oil, rap oil, peanut oil, peanut blended oil and sesame oil samples purchased from local supermarkets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Food Science of Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China
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Morales M, González M, Reviejo A, Pingarrón J. A composite amperometric tyrosinase biosensor for the determination of the additive propyl gallate in foodstuffs. Microchem J 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2004.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Hachuła U, Anikiel S, Połowniak M. Determination of gallic acid after thin-layer chromatographic and paper chromatographic separations. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2004. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.17.2004.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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A rapid gas chromatographic method for direct determination of BHA, BHT and TBHQ in edible oils and fats. Food Res Int 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0963-9969(01)00164-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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19
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Artificial neural networks and multivariate calibration for spectrophotometric differential kinetic determinations of food antioxidants. Anal Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00438-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Aguilar-Caballos M, Gómez-Hens A, Pérez-Bendito D. Simultaneous kinetic determination of butylated hydroxyanisole and propyl gallate by coupling stopped-flow mixing technique and diode-array detection. Anal Chim Acta 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(97)00441-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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