1
|
Tunkala BZ, DiGiacomo K, Alvarez Hess PS, Dunshea FR, Leury BJ. In vitro protein fractionation methods for ruminant feeds. Animal 2023; 17:101027. [PMID: 38006851 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.101027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Estimating protein fractions and their degradation rate are vital to ensure optimum protein supply and degradation in the digestive system of ruminants. This study investigated the possibility of using the ANKOM gas production system and preserved rumen fluid to estimate the protein fractions and in vitro degradability of protein-rich feeds. Three in vitro methods: (1) gas production method (2) Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS), and (3) the unavailable nitrogen assay of Ross (uNRoss) were used to quantify protein fractions of four feeds (lupin meal, vetch grain, Desmanthus hay, and soybean meal). Rumen fluid mixed with 5% dimethyl sulfoxide and frozen at -20 °C was also compared against fresh rumen fluid in the gas production and uNRoss methods. All three methods ranked the feeds identically in the proportions of available (degradable or 'a + b') protein fractions as vetch grain, soybean meal, lupin meal, and Desmanthus hay in decreasing order. The use of fresh rumen fluid produced greater available protein fractions than preserved rumen fluid in all feeds. However, there was no difference between total gas production from lupin meal and vetch grain fermented for 16 h in either rumen fluid source. The in vitro degradable CP (IVDP) was higher for vetch grain (46 and 70%) at the 4th and 8th hours of incubation than other feeds, whereas soybean meal (85%) exceeded the other feeds after the 16th hour of incubation (P < 0.001). The greatest ammonia-N concentration was from soybean meal (1.27 mg/g) and lupin meal (0.87 mg/g) fermented for four hours using fresh rumen fluid. The proportion of fraction 'b' for soybean (82.1% CP) and lupin meals (39.4% CP) from the CNCPS method were not different (P = 0.001) from the fraction 'b' estimation of the gas production method for the same feeds (r = 0.99). Regardless of the methods, a greater water-soluble protein fraction was found from vetch grain (39.6-46.6% CP), and the proportion of fraction 'c' or unavailable protein in Desmanthus hay (39.1-41.5% CP) exceeded other substrates (P < 0.001). The strong positive correlation between fractions across different methods and identical ranking of feeds suggests the possibility of using ANKOM gas production apparatus for protein fractionation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Z Tunkala
- Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - K DiGiacomo
- Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - P S Alvarez Hess
- Agriculture Victoria Research, 1301 Hazeldean Road, Ellinbank, VIC 3821, Australia
| | - F R Dunshea
- Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Biological Sciences, The University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
| | - B J Leury
- Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Giger-Reverdin S, Maaroufi C, Peyronnet C, Sauvant D. Effects of particle size and dietary nitrogen content on the nutritive value of pea-based diets in mid-lactation goats. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
3
|
Tefera G, Tegegne F, Mekuriaw Y, Melaku S, Tsunekawa A. Effects of different forms of white lupin (Lupinus albus) grain supplementation on feed intake, digestibility, growth performance and carcass characteristics of Washera sheep fed Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) hay-based diets. Trop Anim Health Prod 2015; 47:1581-90. [PMID: 26250152 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-015-0901-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein is the major limiting nutrient in feeding ruminants especially in dryland areas. Thus, looking for locally available protein sources such as white lupin (Lupinus albus) grain is commendable. The objective of this experiment was to determine effects of supplementation of different forms of white lupin grain (WLG) on feed and nutrient intake, digestibility, growth and carcass characteristics. Twenty-five yearling male Washera sheep with initial body weight (BW) of 16.26 ± 1.41 kg (mean ± SD) were used. Animals were blocked into five based on their initial BW and were randomly assigned to one of the following five dietary treatments: Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) hay (RGH) alone (T1) or supplemented with 300 g (on dry matter (DM) basis) raw WLG (T2) or raw soaked and dehulled WLG (T3) or roasted WLG (T4) or raw soaked WLG (T5). Supplementation with WLG significantly improved total DM and nutrient intake (P < 0.001), nutrient digestibility (P < 0.01), and average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) (P < 0.001). Carcass quality parameters were significantly (P < 0.001) higher for supplemented sheep. However, the difference in carcass quality parameters among supplemented groups was not significant (P > 0.05). It is concluded that roasting white lupin grain can lead to a better feed and nutrient intake and consequently better carcass quality. White lupin grain can be recommended not only for maintenance but also for optimum performance of ruminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gebru Tefera
- Koga irrigation and watershed management project, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Firew Tegegne
- Department of Animal Production and Technology, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan.
| | - Yeshambel Mekuriaw
- Department of Animal Production and Technology, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Melaku
- Haramaya University, School of Animal and Range Sciences, P.O.Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Atsushi Tsunekawa
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Giger-Reverdin S, Maaroufi C, Chapoutot P, Peyronnet C, Sauvant D. Influence of grinding on the nutritive value of peas for ruminants: comparison between in vitro and in situ approaches. Food Sci Nutr 2014; 2:308-20. [PMID: 25473488 PMCID: PMC4221829 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In ruminant nutrition, peas are characterized by high protein solubility and degradability, which impair its protein value estimated by the official in situ method. Grinding can be used as a technological treatment of pea seeds to modify their nutritional value. The aim of this study was to compare the in situ method with an in vitro method on the same pea either in a coarse pea flour form (PCF) or in a ground pea fine flour form (PFF) to understand the effect of grinding. Both forms were also reground (GPCF and GPFF). PCF presented a lower rate of in vitro degradation than PFF, and more stable fermentation parameters (pH, ammonia, soluble carbohydrates) even if gas production was higher for the PCF after 48 h of incubation. In situ dry matter and protein degradation were lower for PCF than those for PFF; these differences were more marked than with the in vitro method. Reground peas were very similar to PFF. The values for pea protein digestible in the intestine (PDI) were higher for PCF than those for PFF. This study points out the high sensitivity of the in situ method to grinding. The study needs to be validated by in vivo measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Giger-Reverdin
- INRA, UMR791 Modélisation Systémique Appliquée aux Ruminants F-75005, Paris, France ; AgroParisTech, UMR 791 Modélisation Systémique Appliquée aux Ruminants F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Chiraze Maaroufi
- INRA, UMR791 Modélisation Systémique Appliquée aux Ruminants F-75005, Paris, France ; AgroParisTech, UMR 791 Modélisation Systémique Appliquée aux Ruminants F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Chapoutot
- INRA, UMR791 Modélisation Systémique Appliquée aux Ruminants F-75005, Paris, France ; AgroParisTech, UMR 791 Modélisation Systémique Appliquée aux Ruminants F-75005, Paris, France
| | | | - Daniel Sauvant
- INRA, UMR791 Modélisation Systémique Appliquée aux Ruminants F-75005, Paris, France ; AgroParisTech, UMR 791 Modélisation Systémique Appliquée aux Ruminants F-75005, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
The effect of increasing the proportion of barley straw in pelleted concentrate diets given to lambs on rumen outflow rate and degradation of protein supplements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1017/s0003356100020572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTwo experiments are described in which growing lambs were offered ad libitum two concentrate pelleted diets containing 60 (diet C) or 230 (diet D) g/kg barley straw.In the first experiment, eight male and eight female lambs were used to determine the outflow rate from the rumen of chromium-mordanted fish meal and soya-bean meal, estimated from faecal marker excretion. Diet D promoted a higher rumen outflow rate (0·0769 per h) than diet C (0·0486 per h); no differences were found either between sexes or between Cr-mordanted protein supplements.In the second experiment, the rumen degradation of fish meal, soya-bean meal, sunflower meal, pea seeds and sweet lupin seeds was studied by incubating the supplements in polyester bags in the rumens of four lambs, following a change-over design. Increasing the proportion of straw to 230 g/kg increased the rate of nitrogen disappearance from all vegetable supplements, the differences being significant only for pea seeds.When degradation kinetics and outflow rates were considered together, effective nitrogen degradability of protein supplements was reduced by the increased proportion of dietary straw, indicating a greater influence of rumen outflow rate than of the increased rate of microbial degradation.
Collapse
|
6
|
Maaroufi C, Chapoutot P, Sauvant D, Giger-Reverdin S. Fractionation of pea flour with pilot scale sieving. II. In vitro fermentation of pea seed fractions of different particle sizes. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
7
|
Influence of the grinding level and extrusion on the nutritional value of lupin seed (Lupinus albus) for cattle in the context of the Dutch protein evaluation system. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
8
|
|
9
|
Kennedy PM, Murphy* MR. The Nutritional Implications of Differential Passage of Particles Through the Ruminant Alimentary Tract. Nutr Res Rev 2007; 1:189-208. [DOI: 10.1079/nrr19880014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
10
|
White CL, Staines VE, Staines MVH. A review of the nutritional value of lupins for dairy cows. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1071/ar06109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Australia is the world’s leading source of lupin grain, producing ~1 million tonnes annually, of which 30% is used by the domestic livestock industry and the rest is exported for use in animal diets, including dairy cows. The domestic dairy industry uses ~70 000 tonnes annually, mainly as a supplementary feed source in pasture-based systems. Although much published information exists on the nutritive value of lupins for dairy cows, it tends to be fragmented and, in some important instances, exists only in the form of reports or publications outside the mainstream scientific journals. This paper aims to present a critical assessment of the current knowledge regarding the nutritional value of lupins as a feed for dairy cows, and offers recommendations for future research.
For cows grazing pasture or fed diets based on conserved pasture or cereal hay, the mean fractional response to lupin feeding was 0.53 kg milk/kg DM lupins, with a range of 0–0.97 kg/kg. The mean fractional forage substitution rate was 0.54 kg DM/kg lupins, and this appeared to be independent of the type of basal forage.
In experiments using cows fed iso-nitrogenous and iso-energetic total mixed rations, substituting oilseed protein such as soybean meal with cracked lupin grain had no significant effects on yield of milk, fat, and protein, but it reduced milk protein concentration and had mixed effects on fat concentration. There were no significant differences in milk yield or in fat or protein concentration when lupins were substituted for other pulse grains such as faba beans or peas. Treatment of lupin grain with heat or formaldehyde reduced lupin protein degradability in the rumen, but was not shown to have consistent benefits over untreated lupins in terms of increased milk yield.
Substitution of cereal grains with an equivalent weight of lupins in dairy concentrate rations generally resulted in increased yield of milk, fat, and protein, and a higher fat concentration. The higher yield responses in most cases could be explained on the basis of the higher metabolisable energy content of lupins compared with cereal grains, although the contribution from a potentially lower incidence of rumen lactic acidosis could not be discounted.
Feeding Lupinus albus lupins to cows significantly increased the concentration of C18 : 1 in milk and reduced that of C12 : 0–C16 : 0, thus shifting the fatty acid profile of milk towards national dietary guidelines for improved cardiovascular health in human populations.
Although the review lists some recommendations for improving the nutritive value of lupins, current commercially available cultivars possess characteristics that make them attractive as a feedstuff for dairy cows.
Collapse
|
11
|
Sadeghi A, Nikkhah A, Shawrang P, Shahrebabak M. Protein degradation kinetics of untreated and treated soybean meal using SDS-PAGE. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
12
|
Tuncer S, Sacakli P. Rumen degradability characteristics of xylose treated canola and soybean meals. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(03)00117-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
13
|
The nutritive value for ruminants of lupin seeds from determinate and dwarf determinate plants. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(01)00306-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
14
|
Moss AR, Givens D, Grundy H, Wheeler K. The nutritive value for ruminants of lupin seeds from determinate plants and their replacement of soya bean meal in diets for young growing cattle. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(97)00041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
15
|
Sommer A, Chrenková M, Ceresnaková Z, Peisker M. [Effect of physical treatment of rapeseed expeller, wheat, corn and corn gluten feed on the degradability in the rumen and the enzymatic in vitro digestibility of nondegraded crude proteins]. ARCHIV FUR TIERERNAHRUNG 1994; 46:207-15. [PMID: 7717847 DOI: 10.1080/17450399409381770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The influence of physical treatment-expansion and flaking-on crude proteins degradability in the rumen was studied in maize, maize-gluten feed, rape extracted meal and in the expanded one at 120 degrees C and 150 degrees C, rape cake, wheat and flaked wheat by in sacco method. The enzymatic digestibility of crude protein in the rumen undegraded residues of the above mentioned feeds was determined by an enzymatically in vitro method. The treatment of feed decreased significantly the original solubility and theoretical degradability of crude proteins, and the amount of undegraded crude proteins was increased. Positive influence on the amount of enzymatically digested crude protein was determined in rape expanded at 120 degrees C and 150 degrees C (60, 61 and/or 68%). Flaking of wheat had a similar effect. Enzymatic digestibility at undegraded rests where increased by 8-10% after the heat treatment and it remained almost unchanged in expanded maize-gluten feed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Sommer
- Forschungsinstitut für Tierproduktion, Nitra, Slovakia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Murphy S, McNiven M. Raw or roasted lupin supplementation of grass silage diets for beef steers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0377-8401(94)90062-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
17
|
Sehgal J, Makkar G. Protein evaluation in ruminants in vitro, in sacco, in vivo protein degradability and microbial efficiency of different protein supplements in growing buffalo calves. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0377-8401(94)90023-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
18
|
Nutritive value of raw and roasted sweet white lupins (Lupinus albus) for lactating dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0377-8401(93)90083-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
19
|
May MG, Otterby DE, Linn JG, Hansen WP, Johnson DG, Putnam DH. Lupins (Lupinus albus) as a protein supplement for lactating Holstein dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 1993; 76:2682-91. [PMID: 8227670 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(93)77604-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to determine optimal substitution of lupin for soybean meal in dairy cattle diets; the effects of whole versus ground lupins and the effects of whole lupins versus whole soybeans on milk production were examined. In the first experiment, 57 cows were assigned randomly to treatments in blocks of five by calving order within parity. Treatments began 22 d postpartum and continued through d 140. Diets were isonitrogenously balanced using soybean meal as control: lupins replaced 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of supplemental protein. Cows that consumed 75% of supplemental protein as lupins produced more 3.5% FCM and fat than cows that consumed the control diet. In a second experiment, 30 primiparous cows were assigned randomly by calving order to either ground or whole lupins (60% of supplemental protein). Treatments began 32 +/- 3 d after calving and lasted for 84 d. Cows that consumed ground lupins produced more milk and 3.5% FCM than cows that consumed whole lupins. In the third experiment of 84 d, 28 primiparous midlactation cows were assigned randomly to diets containing whole lupins or whole soybeans to supply 1 kg of supplemental protein. Cows fed whole lupins produced milk with higher fat content, more 3.5% FCM, and more fat than cows consuming whole soybeans. Lupins are an acceptable supplemental protein source for dairy cows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M G May
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55018
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Michalet-Doreau B, Ould-Bah M. In vitro and in sacco methods for the estimation of dietary nitrogen degradability in the rumen: a review. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0377-8401(92)90112-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
21
|
Aguilera J, Bustos M, Molina E. The degradability of legume seed meals in the rumen: effect of heat treatment. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0377-8401(92)90090-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
22
|
Michalet-Doreau B, Cerneau P. Influence of foodstuff particle size on in situ degradation of nitrogen in the rumen. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0377-8401(91)90100-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
23
|
Wright KL, Otterby DE, Linn JG, Stern MD, Marx GD, Johnson DG. Evaluation of white lupines and triticale in calf starter diets. J Dairy Sci 1989; 72:1002-11. [PMID: 2745803 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(89)79195-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
One hundred fifty-two Holstein calves were used to evaluate white lupines (Lupinus albus cv. Ultra) and triticale in starter diets. The basal diet contained corn, oats, minerals, and vitamins. Starter components were 1) 14% soybean meal; 2) 10% soybean meal and 27% triticale; 3) 22% lupines; 4) 16% lupines and 24.5% triticale; 5) 11% lupines and 8% soybean meal; and 6) 7% lupines, 5% soybean meal, and 26.5% triticale. Dietary CP was approximately 16% of DM. Data collection began on d 4 after birth and continued through d 56. Calves were fed 3.6 kg of fermented colostrum from d 4 to 14 and 4.5 kg of fermented whole milk from d 15 to weaning at d 28. Starter diets and water were offered for ad libitum consumption from d 4 to 56. Dietary treatment had no effect on starter intake or weight gains. Average total gains during the experimental period were 25.6, 23.0, 23.3, 23.2, 25.0, and 21.6 kg for treatments 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively. Calf health was excellent. Starter diets were examined in a dual flow continuous culture system to evaluate fermentation by rumen bacteria. Digestibilities of DM, organic matter, and total nonstructural carbohydrate did not differ among treatments. Ammonia N concentrations ranged from 11.9 to 13.8 mg/100 ml effluent. Chemical composition of bacteria, efficiency of bacterial protein synthesis, total VFA concentration in the effluent, and amino acid flow were similar for all treatments. The results indicate that lupines and triticale are satisfactory for use in calf starters when included in amounts equal to or less than those used in this experiment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K L Wright
- Department of Animal Science University of Minnesota St. Paul 55108
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Dove H, Milne JA, Sibbald AM, Lamb CS, McCormack HA. Circadian variation in abomasal digesta flow in grazing ewes during lactation. Br J Nutr 1988; 60:653-68. [PMID: 3219329 DOI: 10.1079/bjn19880135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
1. Lactating grazing ewes, fistulated at the rumen and abomasum were either not supplemented or offered, individually, 600 g/d of either pelleted, molassed sugar-beet pulp ('energy' supplement) or a pelleted 1:1 (w/w) mixture of this feed and formaldehyde-treated soya-bean meal ('protein' supplement). Digesta flows at the abomasum were estimated from the concentrations of the markers CrEDTA and ruthenium phenanthroline complex, during their administration by continuous intra-rumen infusion. Digesta samples were taken at 09.00 hours and at six further times at 4 h intervals. This was repeated 2 d later. 2. No significant difference in flow between days was noted. Daily flows of dry matter (DM) and non-ammonia-nitrogen (NAN) (g/d) in supplemented ewes were significantly higher than in unsupplemented ewes, both in total digesta and its particulate phase. However, there were significant differences between sampling times or significant interactions between sampling time and supplement treatment. The results were therefore examined by Fourier analysis for possible circadian variation in digesta flow. As there was marked between-animal variability in flow-rate, the digesta-flow values for each sampling time were re-expressed as percentages of the flows calculated from daily mean marker concentrations. 3. In unsupplemented animals, marked and significant circadian variation was then identified in the flow of DM, total N and NAN in both whole digesta and the particulate phase. There was also significant circadian variation in the flow of DM, total N and NAN in the digesta of the supplemented ewes. Curves were of the same general shape as those for unsupplemented animals, but some significant differences were found, principally for digesta NAN flow. In both supplemented and unsupplemented animals, peak flows occurred in the period 20.00-01.00 hours. The proportion of DM and NAN flowing in the particulate phase was relatively constant through the day for unsupplemented ewes, but significant circadian variation occurred for supplemented ewes. 4. The possible mechanisms generating the circadian variation in digesta flow, such as grazing behaviour and the rumen digestion of supplements, are discussed. Values are also presented to indicate the extent of the likely errors if digesta flows were estimated from samples which did not represent all stages of the circadian pattern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Dove
- CSIRO Division of Plant Industry, Canberra, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Spencer D, Higgins TJ, Freer M, Dove H, Coombe JB. Monitoring the fate of dietary proteins in rumen fluid using gel electrophoresis. Br J Nutr 1988; 60:241-7. [PMID: 3196671 DOI: 10.1079/bjn19880096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
1. When fractionated by sodium dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), strained rumen fluid from sheep fed on pelleted lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay showed no major protein components that stain with Coomassie Blue. This feature made it possible to monitor the fate of individual polypeptides within a protein mixture incubated in rumen fluid in vitro. 2. Extracts from a number of seed meals (sunflower (Helianthus annuus), lupin (Lupinus angustifolius), rape (Brassica napus) and pea (Pisum sativum L.)), as well as casein and bovine serum albumin, were examined in this system. The protein components of each seed type showed a wide range of resistances to degradation. One protein in pea seeds (pea albumin 1), which is particularly rich in cysteine, was almost as resistant to rumen degradation as bovine serum albumin. 3. Analysis of synthetic-fibre-bag experiments by SDS-PAGE showed that the rate of loss of total protein from solid meal residues does not provide an index of the resistance of individual protein components of the meal to rumen degradation. While there was no qualitative change in the protein profile of residual pea-seed meal inside a synthetic-fibre bag, there was considerable variation in the rate at which individual, solubilized protein components were degraded in the surrounding rumen fluid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Spencer
- Division of Plant Industry, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Fresh and dried brewers' grains as protein supplements to barley straw diets given to pregnant beef cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0377-8401(88)90052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
27
|
Guillaume B, Otterby DE, Linn JG, Stern MD, Johnson DG. Comparison of sweet white lupin seeds with soybean meal as a protein supplement for lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 1987; 70:2339-48. [PMID: 3693636 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(87)80294-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Data were from 45 Holstein cows (23 multiparous, 22 primiparous) assigned by calving date and parity within groups to one of two isonitrogenous (16% crude protein) diets. The diets were 50% forages (corn silage, alfalfa silage) and 50% concentrate, dry basis. In diet A, soybean meal supplied 34.2% of total crude protein; in diet B, ground sweet white lupin seeds provided 37.9% of total crude protein. Cows were fed once daily during the experimental period (d 4 to 116 postpartum). Cows fed lupins consumed significantly less dry matter, produced 1.8 kg/d less milk (but not significantly different), and had lower milk protein percent. Milk fat and total solids percents were similar. Reasons for reduced intake of cows fed lupins were not evident. Traces of alkaloids (.005% dry basis) were present in diet B. Combined results of in vitro continuous culture fermentation and in situ degradation measurements indicated that crude protein from lupins was more degradable than that of soybean meal. Poor performances of cows fed lupins could be partly due to a reduced true protein supply to the small intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Guillaume
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Amaning-Kwarteng K, Kellaway RC, Leibholz J, Kirby AC. Rumen degradation and fractional outflow rates of nitrogen supplements given to cattle eating sodium hydroxide-treated straw. Br J Nutr 1986; 55:387-98. [PMID: 3676166 DOI: 10.1079/bjn19860045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
1. Six rumen and abomasal cannulated heifers were used to study the effects of intake on the fractional outflow rates (FOR) of chromium-mordanted cotton-seed meal (Cr-CSM) and meat meal (Cr-MM), CrEDTA, ytterbium and lignin from the rumen. Values of FOR of Cr-CSM and Cr-MM were combined with values of nitrogen disappearance from the protein supplements, placed in porous synthetic (nylon) bags and incubated within the rumen (P), to calculate effective degradation (D) of CSM and MM when fed to heifers eating sodium hydroxide-treated straw. Also, N degradation in vivo (V) was measured as the difference between abomasal N flow and the sum of flows of microbial and endogenous N. 2. FOR were positively related to intake and differences between supplements were significant (P less than 0.01). FOR pertaining to high and low intakes respectively were 0.073 and 0.052 for Cr-CSM, 0.082 and 0.071 for Cr-MM, 0.030 and 0.023 for lignin, 0.082 and 0.073 for CrEDTA and 0.044 and 0.035 for Yb. 3. A rise of 28.8 and 13.4% in FOR of Cr-CSM and Cr-MM respectively, associated with an increase in intake from maintenance to 1.5 times maintenance, resulted in 10.7 and 2.2% reductions in D, 24 h after feeding, for CSM and MM respectively. 4. With the exception of CSM at the high intake, estimates of V were underestimated by D and were 8.6-25.0% greater than the D values when time of incubation (t) = infinity. The two techniques, however, ranked the degradation of the two supplements in the same order at both levels of intake. 5. Underestimation of V by D may be attributable to underestimation of P, overestimation of FOR (both resulting in underestimation of D) or overestimation of V due to biases associated with the estimation of this part of the comparison. The relative importance of these factors remains to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Amaning-Kwarteng
- Department of Animal Husbandry, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|