1
|
Wubetie BY, Tsunekawa A, Haregeweyn N, Tsubo M, Nigussie Z, Meshesha TM, Abe T. Analysis of Malnutrition among Children under Five Years across Contrasting Agroecosystems of Northwest Ethiopia: Application of Structural Equation Modeling. Nutrients 2024; 16:1208. [PMID: 38674898 PMCID: PMC11054005 DOI: 10.3390/nu16081208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Child malnutrition remains a public health challenge in developing countries, but a comprehensive understanding of its burden and its determinants in specific local contexts is generally lacking. This study examined the prevalence of malnutrition and its determinants among children aged <5 years across contrasting agroecosystems in northwest Ethiopia. A community-based cross-sectional study involving 400 respondents was employed. Data were collected through semi-structured questionnaires and anthropometric measurements, complemented with focus group discussions and key informant interviews. The direct and indirect effects of the determinants of malnutrition were examined using structural equation modeling (SEM). The overall prevalence of child malnutrition, measured using the Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure, was 49%, with notable variation across agroecosystems (from 36.1% [midland with red soil] to 59% [lowland and valley fragmented]). Disease experience had significant positive direct effects on malnutrition. Dietary intake had negative and significant total (direct and indirect) effects on malnutrition, partially mediated through disease experience. Serial mediation in SEM analysis revealed significant indirect relationships between malnutrition and food security, feeding and care practices, household environment, health services, maternal diet, maternal empowerment, household wealth, and nutrition-sensitive agricultural practices. In conclusion, child malnutrition was highly prevalent and higher among children in the lowland and valley fragmented agroecosystem, characterized by unfavorable agro-climatic conditions, lower wealth status, poor health services access, and higher disease (particularly malaria) exposure. This study demonstrates the dynamics and multifaceted nature of malnutrition, highlighting the importance of considering geographical differences when planning interventions for childhood malnutrition and its determinants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biruk Yazie Wubetie
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar P.O. Box 5501, Ethiopia
| | - Atsushi Tsunekawa
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan
| | - Nigussie Haregeweyn
- International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Tsubo
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan
| | - Zerihun Nigussie
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar P.O. Box 5501, Ethiopia
| | - Taye Minichil Meshesha
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
- School of Civil and Water Resources Engineering, Debre Markos Institute of Technology, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos P.O. Box 269, Ethiopia
| | - Takeshi Abe
- International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fenta AA, Tsunekawa A, Haregeweyn N, Yasuda H, Tsubo M, Borrelli P, Kawai T, Belay AS, Ebabu K, Berihun ML, Sultan D, Setargie TA, Elnashar A, Arshad A, Panagos P. An integrated modeling approach for estimating monthly global rainfall erosivity. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8167. [PMID: 38589610 PMCID: PMC11001900 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Modeling monthly rainfall erosivity is vital to the optimization of measures to control soil erosion. Rain gauge data combined with satellite observations can aid in enhancing rainfall erosivity estimations. Here, we presented a framework which utilized Geographically Weighted Regression approach to model global monthly rainfall erosivity. The framework integrates long-term (2001-2020) mean annual rainfall erosivity estimates from IMERG (Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission's Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM) with station data from GloREDa (Global Rainfall Erosivity Database, n = 3,286 stations). The merged mean annual rainfall erosivity was disaggregated into mean monthly values based on monthly rainfall erosivity fractions derived from the original IMERG data. Global mean monthly rainfall erosivity was distinctly seasonal; erosivity peaked at ~ 200 MJ mm ha-1 h-1 month-1 in June-August over the Northern Hemisphere and ~ 700 MJ mm ha-1 h-1 month-1 in December-February over the Southern Hemisphere, contributing to over 60% of the annual rainfall erosivity over large areas in each hemisphere. Rainfall erosivity was ~ 4 times higher during the most erosive months than the least erosive months (December-February and June-August in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere, respectively). The latitudinal distributions of monthly and seasonal rainfall erosivity were highly heterogeneous, with the tropics showing the greatest erosivity. The intra-annual variability of monthly rainfall erosivity was particularly high within 10-30° latitude in both hemispheres. The monthly rainfall erosivity maps can be used for improving spatiotemporal modeling of soil erosion and planning of soil conservation measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayele A Fenta
- International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Tsunekawa
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan
| | - Nigussie Haregeweyn
- International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yasuda
- Organization for Educational Support and International Affairs, Tottori University, Koyama Minami 4-101, Tottori, 680-8550, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Tsubo
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan
| | - Pasquale Borrelli
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
| | - Takayuki Kawai
- Graduate School of International Resource Sciences, Akita University, 1-1 Tegatagakuen-Machi, Akita, 010-8502, Japan
| | - Ashebir S Belay
- Department of Earth Science, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Kindiye Ebabu
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 1289, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Mulatu L Berihun
- Faculty of Civil and Water Resource Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 26, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 33031, USA
| | - Dagnenet Sultan
- Faculty of Civil and Water Resource Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 26, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesual A Setargie
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan
- Faculty of Civil and Water Resource Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 26, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Abdelrazek Elnashar
- Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of African Postgraduate Studies, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Arfan Arshad
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74075, USA
| | - Panos Panagos
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fenta AA, Tsunekawa A, Haregeweyn N, Tsubo M, Yasuda H, Kawai T, Berihun ML, Ebabu K, Sultan D, Mekuriaw S. An integrated framework for improving watershed management planning. Environ Res 2023; 236:116872. [PMID: 37573022 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Proper land use and management (LUM) planning is pivotal to curbing land degradation and ensuring sustainable use of limited watershed resources. Despite decades of research and development efforts, land degradation remains a serious environmental problem in many parts of the world. Issues regarding the sustainability of current LUM initiatives are due to poor linkages between the ecological and socio-economic dimensions of LUM decisions, and an integrated framework allowing LUM interventions to be properly planned and implemented is lacking. In this study, we developed an integrated framework to identify, evaluate, and propose LUM alternatives with ecological and socio-economic benefits. The framework comprises six components: (i) identification of land use problems and setting of objectives, (ii) identification of the best-performing land use-based integrated solutions, (iii) formulation of LUM alternatives and modeling of key indicators, (iv) cost-benefit analysis, (v) evaluation of the LUM alternatives with stakeholders engagement, and (vi) communication of the LUM alternatives to relevant stakeholders to obtain institutional and financial support for implementation. To demonstrate the use of this framework, we conducted a case study in the Aba Gerima watershed of the Upper Blue Nile basin in Ethiopia. This study used extensive plot- and watershed-scale observations (2015-2019) obtained under both conventional and improved sustainable land management practices. We analyzed changes in runoff, soil loss, soil organic carbon (SOC) stock, and land productivity of five LUM alternatives as compared to a baseline scenario (existing farming practices). The results showed that the LUM alternatives reduced runoff by 11-71% and soil loss by 66-95%, and SOC stock and watershed-scale land productivity were improved by 36-104% and 48-134%, respectively. Evaluation of LUM alternatives by stakeholders, including land users, policy makers, and researchers, produced divergent results. In particular, land users prioritized implementation of sustainable land management practices without altering existing land uses. The integrated framework developed in this study can serve as a valuable tool for identifying, evaluating, and proposing LUM alternatives and facilitating decision-making in planning and implementation of LUM practices in watersheds experiencing land degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayele Almaw Fenta
- International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Tsunekawa
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan
| | - Nigussie Haregeweyn
- International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Tsubo
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yasuda
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kawai
- Graduate School of International Resource Sciences, Akita University, 1-1 Tegatagakuen-machi, Akita 010-8502, Japan
| | - Mulatu Liyew Berihun
- Faculty of Civil and Water Resource Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 26, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida, FL, 33031, USA
| | - Kindiye Ebabu
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan; College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 1289, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Dagnenet Sultan
- Faculty of Civil and Water Resource Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 26, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Shigdaf Mekuriaw
- Amhara Region Agricultural Research Institute, Andassa Livestock Research Center, P.O. Box 27, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yibeltal M, Tsunekawa A, Haregeweyn N, Adgo E, Meshesha DT, Zegeye AD, Andualem TG, Oh SJ, Lee JC, Kang MW, Lee SS. Analyzing the contribution of gully erosion to land degradation in the upper Blue Nile basin, Ethiopia. Journal of Environmental Management 2023; 344:118378. [PMID: 37356332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Soil erosion has become a worldwide problem that threatens the environment and the future of economic and social development. The purpose of this study is to investigate the contribution of steep slopes and gullies to erosion in high precipitation tropical areas of the Ethiopian highlands. A trapezoidal weir was installed at the head and tail of the gully to monitor the discharge and sediment concentration from 2017 to 2020. Sediment yield and runoff are heavily influenced by the amount and timing of precipitation. The coefficients of variation for total sediment loads ranged from 65.1 to 96.1% at the head and 17.1-78.1% at the tail; the lowest coefficients were found in 2018 and the highest in 2020. Furthermore, 85% of the sediment at the tail comes from the gully, according to the four-year sediment budget. Further, a hysteretic analysis of suspended sediment concentration and runoff revealed that hilly sediment sources are limited (clockwise), then sediment can be transported through the gully via bank failures (counterclockwise). Study findings contributed to a classification of runoff patterns and an investigation of suspended sediment dynamics. In the gully tail, sediment yield was higher than in the head, suggesting gully sediment contributed more to sediment yield than large upland catchments. As a result of the study, we have been able to develop practical recommendations for managing gully erosion in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mesenbet Yibeltal
- Department of Environmental & Energy Engineering, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea; Faculty of Civil and Water Resource Engineering, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia
| | - Atsushi Tsunekawa
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan
| | - Nigussie Haregeweyn
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan
| | - Enyew Adgo
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Tesfa Gebrie Andualem
- Department of Hydraulic and Water Resources Engineering, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; UniSA-STEM, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Se Jin Oh
- Department of Environmental & Energy Engineering, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Cheol Lee
- Department of Environmental & Energy Engineering, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Woo Kang
- Department of Environmental & Energy Engineering, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Soo Lee
- Department of Environmental & Energy Engineering, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Berihun ML, Tsunekawa A, Haregeweyn N, Tsubo M, Fenta AA, Ebabu K, Bayabil HK, Dile YT. Predicting runoff and sediment responses to climate-resilient land use and management scenarios. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27452-w. [PMID: 37166726 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27452-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Soil erosion is the predominant agent affecting ecosystem services in the Ethiopian highlands. However, land management interventions aimed at controlling erosion in the region are hampered, mainly by a lack of watershed-based appropriate management practices and anticipated climate changes. This study examined the effectiveness of different land use changes and management scenarios in decreasing runoff and sediment loss under current and future climates in the drought-prone humid watershed of the Ethiopian highlands. We employed a modeling approach integrating observed data at watershed and plot scales with Soil and Water Assessment Tool. In the first step, we evaluated the impact of land use changes between 2006 and 2017 on runoff and sediment loss. Then, we developed five land use and management scenarios based on watershed land capabilities and selected land management practices. Model parameters were modified based on runoff and sediment loss results obtained from experimental plots of biophysical and agronomical land management practices in the watershed. The runoff and sediment loss were simulated under current (2014-2019) and future climates (the 2050s) for each land use and management scenario. Results revealed that land use changes (mainly an increase in Acacia decurrens plantations by 206%) alone between 2006 and 2017 reduced runoff by 31% and sediment loss by 45%. Under the current climate, the five land use and management scenarios reduced runoff by 71-95% and sediment loss by 75-96% compared to the baseline scenario. Under the future climate (2050s), these scenarios decreased runoff by 48-90% and sediment loss by 54-91%. However, their effectiveness was slightly decreased (5-23%) as a result of increases in rainfall (10-46%) and mean temperature (1.7-1.9 °C) in the 2050s. The scenario of improving vegetation cover through forage production and plantations in appropriate areas plus best land management practices was the most effective and climate-resilient of the five scenarios. This study suggests that evaluating the impact of land use and management practices under future climate change shows promise for guiding effective and sustainable interventions to adapt to climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mulatu Liyew Berihun
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan.
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Tropical Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Homestead, FL, USA.
- Faculty of Civil and Water Resources Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 26, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
| | - Atsushi Tsunekawa
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan
| | - Nigussie Haregeweyn
- International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Tsubo
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan
| | - Ayele Almaw Fenta
- International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan
| | - Kindiye Ebabu
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan
| | - Haimanote Kebede Bayabil
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Tropical Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Homestead, FL, USA
| | - Yihun Taddele Dile
- NextEra Energy Inc., Okeechobee Blvd Unit 1205, West Palm Beach, FL, 33411, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tiruneh GA, Meshesha DT, Adgo E, Tsunekawa A, Haregeweyn N, Fenta AA, Reichert JM, Aragie TM, Tilahun K. Monitoring impacts of soil bund on spatial variation of teff and finger millet yield with Sentinel-2 and spectroradiometric data in Ethiopia. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14012. [PMID: 36895390 PMCID: PMC9989656 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Data from remote sensing devices are essential for monitoring environmental protection practices and estimating crop yields. However, yield estimates in Ethiopia are based on time-consuming surveys. We used Sentinel-2, spectroradiometeric, and ground-truthing data to estimate the grain yield (GY) of two major crops, teff, and finger millet, in Ethiopia's Aba Gerima catchment in 2020 and 2021. At the flowering stage, we performed supervised classification on October Sentinel-2 images and spectral reflectance measurement. We used regression models to identify and predict crop yields, as evaluated by the coefficient of determination (adjusted R2) and root mean square error (RMSE). The enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and normalized-difference vegetation index (NDVI) provided the best fit to the data among the vegetation indices used to predict teff and finger millet GY. Soil bund construction increased the majority of vegetation indices and GY of both crops. We discovered a strong correlation between GY and the satellite EVI and NDVI. However, NDVI and EVI had the greatest influence on teff GY (adjusted R2 = 0.83; RMSE = 0.14 ton/ha), while NDVI had the greatest influence on finger millet GY (adjusted R2 = 0.85; RMSE = 0.24 ton/ha). Teff GY ranged from 0.64 to 2.16 ton/ha for bunded plots and 0.60 to 1.85 ton/ha for non-bunded plots using Sentinel-2 data. Besides, finger millet GY ranged from 1.92 to 2.57 ton/ha for bunded plots and 1.81 to 2.38 ton/ha for non-bunded plots using spectroradiometric data. Our findings show that Sentinel-2- and spectroradiometeric-based monitoring can help farmers manage teff and finger millet to achieve higher yields, more sustainable food production, and better environmental quality in the area. The study's findings revealed a link between VIs and soil management practices in soil ecological systems. Model extrapolation to other areas will necessitate local validation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gizachew Ayalew Tiruneh
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Debre Tabor University, P.O.Box 272, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia.,Department of Natural Resource Management, Bahir Dar University, P.O.Box 1289, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Derege Tsegaye Meshesha
- Department of Natural Resource Management, Bahir Dar University, P.O.Box 1289, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Enyew Adgo
- Department of Natural Resource Management, Bahir Dar University, P.O.Box 1289, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Atsushi Tsunekawa
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan
| | - Nigussie Haregeweyn
- International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan
| | - Ayele Almaw Fenta
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan
| | - José Miguel Reichert
- Soils Department, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Temesgen Mulualem Aragie
- Department of Natural Resource Management, Bahir Dar University, P.O.Box 1289, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Kefyialew Tilahun
- Department of Natural Resource Management, Bahir Dar University, P.O.Box 1289, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Haregeweyn N, Tsunekawa A, Tsubo M, Fenta AA, Ebabu K, Vanmaercke M, Borrelli P, Panagos P, Berihun ML, Langendoen EJ, Nigussie Z, Setargie TA, Maurice BN, Minichil T, Elias A, Sun J, Poesen J. Progress and challenges in sustainable land management initiatives: A global review. Sci Total Environ 2023; 858:160027. [PMID: 36356757 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable land management (SLM) is widely recognized as the key to reducing rates of land degradation, and preventing desertification. Many efforts have been made worldwide by various stakeholders to adopt and/or develop various SLM practices. Nevertheless, a comprehensive review on the spatial distribution, prospects, and challenges of SLM practices and research is lacking. To address this gap, we gathered information from a global SLM database provided by the World Overview of Conservation Approaches and Technologies (WOCAT) and two bibliographic databases of academic research. Over 1900 SLM practices and 1181 academic research papers from 129 and 90 countries were compiled and analyzed. Relatively better SLM dissemination was observed in dry subhumid countries and countries with medium scores on the Human Development Index (HDI), whereas dissemination and research were both lower in humid countries with low HDI values. Cropland was the main land use type targeted in both dissemination and research; degradation caused by water erosion and mitigation aimed at water erosion were also the main focus areas. Other dominant land use types (e.g., grazing) and SLM purposes (e.g., economic benefits) have received relatively less research attention compared to their dissemination. Overall, over 75 % of the 60 countries experiencing high soil erosion rates (>10 t ha-1 yr-1) also have low HDI scores, as well as poor SLM dissemination and research implying the limited evidence-based SLM dissemination in these countries. The limitation of research evidence can be addressed in the short term through integrating existing scientific research and SLM databases by adopting the proposed Research Evidence for SLM framework. There is, however, a great need for additional detailed studies of country-specific SLM challenges and prospects to create appropriate evidence-based SLM dissemination strategies to achieve multiple SLM benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nigussie Haregeweyn
- International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, Tottori 680-0001, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Tsunekawa
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan.
| | - Mitsuru Tsubo
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan.
| | - Ayele Almaw Fenta
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan; Department of Land Resources Management and Environmental Protection, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
| | - Kindiye Ebabu
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan; College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 1289, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
| | - Matthias Vanmaercke
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Pasquale Borrelli
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy.
| | - Panos Panagos
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), I-21027 Ispra, VA, Italy.
| | - Mulatu Liyew Berihun
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan; Faculty of Civil and Water Resource Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 26, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
| | | | - Zerihun Nigussie
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan; College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 1289, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
| | - Tadesual Asamin Setargie
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.
| | - Benedict Nzioki Maurice
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.
| | - Taye Minichil
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.
| | - Asres Elias
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8550, Japan.
| | - Jian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Earth System Resources and Environment of Tibetan Plateau, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
| | - Jean Poesen
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management, UMCS, Lublin, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ebabu K, Taye G, Tsunekawa A, Haregeweyn N, Adgo E, Tsubo M, Fenta AA, Meshesha DT, Sultan D, Aklog D, Admasu T, van Wesemael B, Poesen J. Land use, management and climate effects on runoff and soil loss responses in the highlands of Ethiopia. J Environ Manage 2023; 326:116707. [PMID: 36375436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Soil erosion by water is a major cause of land degradation in the highlands of Ethiopia and anywhere else in the world, but its magnitude and variability are rarely documented across land uses and climatological conditions. The purpose of this study was to examine runoff and soil loss responses under cropland (CL) and grazing land (GL) management practices in three climatic regions of the Ethiopian highlands: semi-arid (Mayleba), dry sub-humid (Gumara), and humid (Guder). We measured runoff and soil loss using runoff plots with and without soil and water conservation (SWC) measures (trenches, stone/soil bunds [embankments] with trenches on the upslope side, and exclosure) during the rainy season (July-September). The results revealed significant variation in runoff and soil loss amounts across land uses, SWC measures, and climatic regions. At Mayleba, seasonal runoff and soil loss in control plot were far higher from GL (280 mm, 26.5 t ha-1) than from CL (108 mm, 7.0 t ha-1) largely due to lack of protective vegetation cover and soil disruption because of intense grazing. In contrast, at Gumara and Guder, seasonal soil loss values were much higher from CL (21.4-71.2 t ha-1) than from GL (0.6-24.2 t ha-1) irrespective of runoff values. This was attributed to the excessive tillage/weeding operations involved in cultivation of teff (cereal crop) at Gumara and potato at Guder. Although SWC measures (practices) substantially reduced runoff and soil loss (decreased by 23%-86%) relative to control plot, seasonal soil loss under GL uses with trenches at Mayleba (12.6 t ha-1), CL with soil bunds and trenches at Gumara (22.1 t ha-1), and Guder (21.4 t ha-1) remained higher than the average tolerable soil loss rate (10 t ha-1 year-1) proposed for the Ethiopian highlands. This suggests that SWC measures should be carefully designed and evaluated specific to land use and climatic conditions. Overall, the results of this study can help improve SWC planning in regions where land use and climate impact on soil erosion vary across geographical areas, as they do in Ethiopia and anywhere else. However, further investigation is crucial with replication of measurements over years and locations to provide more accurate information on land use, management and climate controls on hydrological and soil erosion processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kindiye Ebabu
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan; College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 1289, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
| | - Gebeyehu Taye
- Department of Land Resources Management and Environmental Protection, Mekele University, P.O. Box 231, Mekele, Ethiopia
| | - Atsushi Tsunekawa
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan
| | - Nigussie Haregeweyn
- International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan
| | - Enyew Adgo
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 1289, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Mitsuru Tsubo
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan
| | - Ayele Almaw Fenta
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan; Department of Land Resources Management and Environmental Protection, Mekele University, P.O. Box 231, Mekele, Ethiopia
| | - Derege Tsegaye Meshesha
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 1289, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Dagnenet Sultan
- Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Dagnachew Aklog
- Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Teshager Admasu
- Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Bas van Wesemael
- Georges Lemaitre Center for Earth and Climate Research, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jean Poesen
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium; Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Maria-Curie Sklodowska University, Krasnicka Av. 2d, 20-718, Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hu Y, Gou X, Tsunekawa A, Cheng Y, Hou F. Assessment of the vegetation sensitivity index in alpine meadows with a high coverage and toxic weed invasion under grazing disturbance. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:1068941. [PMID: 36507459 PMCID: PMC9727404 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1068941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining healthy ecosystems is essential to ensure sustainable socio-economic development. Studies combining remote sensing data with grassland health assessments, extensively performed at different scales, are important for monitoring grassland health from a spatiotemporal perspective to enable scientific grazing management. However, most studies only use quantitative grassland degradation indices, such as grassland cover; this is done despite the fact that some degraded grasslands maintain a high level of cover solely by virtue of the proliferation of toxic weeds. Thus, seeking indices that are a more accurate representation of the health status of grassland vegetation is of utmost importance. Therefore, in order to accurately characterize the ecological integrity of grasslands (i.e., while limiting the impact of confounding variables such as weeds), we chose the grassland health comprehensive evaluation index VOR (vigor, organization, and resilience) to assess the health of grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau. We applied the VOR evaluation indices to two rangelands with different grazing intensity on the Tibetan Plateau, and extracted 11 commonly used vegetation indices based on remote sensing images of rangelands,then modeled them with the data from field surveys. Our results show that the FVC, PS, and VOR were higher in lightly grazed pastures than in heavily grazed pastures in the 2017 and 2018 growing seasons. At the beginning of the sampling period, Poaceae accounted for a greater proportion in the HG pasture. However, by August 2018, the proportion of Poaceae in the LG pasture exceeded that in the HG pasture. the proportion of Forbs in the HG pasture was significantly greater than that in the LG pasture. This indicates that vegetation response to grazing disturbance is not only a volume reduction but also a vegetation composition change. The ratio vegetation index was the most sensitive to the vegetation health response, enabling the quantification and prediction of regional vegetation health and objectively reflecting the actual condition of the grassland ecosystem. According to a multiple regression analysis, the main climatic limiting factor in the region is precipitation, which positively correlated with VOR; whereas, grazing disturbance is an important driving factor, and it is inversely correlated with VOR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau, Ministry of Education of China, Hohhot, China
| | - Xiaowei Gou
- Department of Grassland Resource and Ecology, College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Atsushi Tsunekawa
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau, Ministry of Education of China, Hohhot, China
- Department of Grassland Resource and Ecology, College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Hamasaka, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yunxiang Cheng
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau, Ministry of Education of China, Hohhot, China
| | - Fujiang Hou
- College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fekadu G, Adgo E, Meshesha DT, Tsunekawa A, Haregeweyn N, Peng F, Tsubo M, Masunaga T, Tassew A, Mulualem T, Demissie S. Seasonal and diurnal soil respiration dynamics under different land management practices in the sub-tropical highland agroecology of Ethiopia. Environ Monit Assess 2022; 195:65. [PMID: 36329265 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10705-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The temporal dynamics of soil respiration change in response to different land management practices are not well documented. This study investigated the effects of soil bunds on the monthly and diurnal dynamics of soil respiration rates in the highlands of the Upper Blue Nile basin in Ethiopia. Six plots (with and without soil bunds, three replicates) were used for measurement of seasonal soil respiration, and 18 plots were used for measurement of diurnal soil respiration. We collected seasonal variation data on a monthly basis from September 2020 to August 2021. Diurnal soil respiration data were collected four times daily (5 a.m., 11 a.m., 5 p.m., and 11 p.m.) for 2 weeks from 16 to 29 September 2021. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed that seasonal soil respiration rates differed significantly (p < 0.05) between soil bund and control plots in all seasons. In plots with soil bunds, seasonal soil respiration rates were lowest in February (1.89 ± 0.3 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1, mean ± SE) and highest in October (14.54 ± 0.5 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1). The diurnal soil respiration rate was significantly (p < 0.05) higher at 11 a.m. than at other times, and was lowest at 5 a.m. Seasonal variation in soil respiration was influenced by soil temperature negatively and moisture positively. Diurnal soil respiration was significantly affected by soil temperature but not by soil moisture. Further study is required to explore how differences in soil microorganisms between different land management practices affect soil respiration rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Genetu Fekadu
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Enyew Adgo
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Derege Tsegaye Meshesha
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Atsushi Tsunekawa
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan
| | - Nigussie Haregeweyn
- International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan
| | - Fei Peng
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Beiluhe Observation and Research Station on Frozen Soil Engineering and Environment in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mitsuru Tsubo
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan
| | - Tsugiyuki Masunaga
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Shimane, Matsue, 690-0823, Japan
| | - Asaminew Tassew
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Temesgen Mulualem
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Simeneh Demissie
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yibeltal M, Tsunekawa A, Haregeweyn N, Meshesha DT, Billi P, Bedaso Z, Wubet A, Kang MW, Lee SS. Effect of exclosure on subsurface water level and sediment yield in the tropical highlands of Ethiopia. J Environ Manage 2022; 317:115414. [PMID: 35751249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Grazing is a major cause of soil erosion and land degradation across many parts of Ethiopia. This study examined the effects of exclosure on subsurface water levels, soil erosion, and the relationship between daily rainfall and subsurface water levels. Piezometers were used to measure subsurface water levels in the exclosure area during 2017-2020. We found that sediment yield, runoff, and the volume of subsurface water vary greatly depending on the exclosure and temporal practices used. Exclosure of grazing land was the most effective sustainable land management practice in reducing runoff and sediment yield. In 2019 and 2020, the subsurface water level continued to rise at piezometers with exclosure, which shows that exclosure contributed to the subsurface water level rising. In addition, piezometers in grazing land and the exclosure indicate that runoff trapped by acacia decurrens trees can contribute to significant differences in subsurface water levels. Higher runoff coefficients were observed in 2017 and 2018 than in 2019 and 2020, indicating that the exclosure greatly affects runoff; therefore, its implementation is vital to reduce runoff and enhance water conservation. Sediment yields measured for 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020 were 140.45, 133.15, 101.03, and 74.39 g L-1 day-1, respectively. In 2017 and 2018, sediment yield increased, while in 2019 and 2020 sediment yield decreased because of an exclosure around the gully's cross-section and communal grazing. This study shows that erosion is reduced by exclosure, possibly due to the restoration of protective vegetation cover. This study revealed that a minimum of human and livestock intervention during the study period considerably increased groundwater levels and decreased soil erosion. Generally, the results of this study indicated that exclosure has a considerable impact on runoff and sediment. Therefore, exclosure implementation is vital to reduce runoff and sediment and enhance water conservation, thus supporting the development of effective communal grazing land management measures on the study sites and other similar environmental settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mesenbet Yibeltal
- Department of Environmental & Energy Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26493, Republic of Korea; Faculty of Civil and Water Resource Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
| | - Atsushi Tsunekawa
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan
| | - Nigussie Haregeweyn
- International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan
| | - Derege Tsegaye Meshesha
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Paolo Billi
- International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan
| | - Zelalem Bedaso
- Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH, 45469-2364, USA
| | - Anteneh Wubet
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Min Woo Kang
- Department of Environmental & Energy Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Soo Lee
- Department of Environmental & Energy Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26493, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tiruneh GA, Meshesha DT, Adgo E, Tsunekawa A, Haregeweyn N, Fenta AA, Belay AW, Tadesse N, Fekadu G, Reichert JM. Use of soil spectral reflectance to estimate texture and fertility affected by land management practices in Ethiopian tropical highland. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270629. [PMID: 35862343 PMCID: PMC9302783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As classical soil analysis is time-consuming and expensive, there is a growing demand for visible, near-infrared, and short-wave infrared (Vis-NIR-SWIR, wavelength 350–2500 nm) spectroscopy to predict soil properties. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of soil bunds on key soil properties and to develop regression models based on the Vis-NIR-SWIR spectral reflectance of soils in Aba Gerima, Ethiopia. Soil samples were collected from the 0–30 cm soil layer in 48 experimental teff (Eragrostis tef) plots and analysed for soil texture, pH, organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (av. P), and potassium (av. K). We measured reflectance from air-dried, ground, and sieved soils with a FieldSpec 4 Spectroradiometer. We used regression models to identify and predict soil properties, as assessed by the coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), bias, and ratio of performance to deviation (RPD). The results showed high variability (CV ≥ 35%) and substantial variation (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001) in soil texture, OC, and av. P in the catchment. Soil reflectance was lower from bunded plots. The pre-processing techniques, including multiplicative scatter correction, median filter, and Gaussian filter for OC, clay, and sand, respectively were used to transform the soil reflectance. Statistical results were: R2 = 0.71, RPD = 8.13 and bias = 0.12 for OC; R2 = 0.93, RPD = 2.21, bias = 0.94 for clay; and R2 = 0.85 with RPD = 7.54 and bias = 0.0.31 for sand with validation dataset. However, care is essential before applying the models to other regions. In conclusion, the findings of this study suggest spectroradiometry can supplement classical soil analysis. However, more research is needed to increase the prediction performance of Vis-NIR-SWIR reflectance spectroscopy to advance soil management interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gizachew Ayalew Tiruneh
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Derege Tsegaye Meshesha
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Enyew Adgo
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Nigussie Haregeweyn
- International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | | | - Anteneh Wubet Belay
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Nigus Tadesse
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Genetu Fekadu
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - José Miguel Reichert
- Soils Department, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tiruneh GA, Meshesha DT, Adgo E, Tsunekawa A, Haregeweyn N, Fenta AA, Reichert JM. A leaf reflectance-based crop yield modeling in Northwest Ethiopia. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269791. [PMID: 35709196 PMCID: PMC9202864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Crop yield prediction provides information to policymakers in the agricultural production system. This study used leaf reflectance from a spectroradiometer to model grain yield (GY) and aboveground biomass yield (ABY) of maize (Zea mays L.) at Aba Gerima catchment, Ethiopia. A FieldSpec IV (350–2,500 nm wavelengths) spectroradiometer was used to estimate the spectral reflectance of crop leaves during the grain-filling phase. The spectral vegetation indices, such as enhanced vegetation index (EVI), normalized difference VI (NDVI), green NDVI (GNDVI), soil adjusted VI, red NDVI, and simple ratio were deduced from the spectral reflectance. We used regression analyses to identify and predict GY and ABY at the catchment level. The coefficient of determination (R2), the root mean square error (RMSE), and relative importance (RI) were used for evaluating model performance. The findings revealed that the best-fitting curve was obtained between GY and NDVI (R2 = 0.70; RMSE = 0.065; P < 0.0001; RI = 0.19), followed by EVI (R2 = 0.65; RMSE = 0.024; RI = 0.61; P < 0.0001). While the best-fitting curve was obtained between ABY and GNDVI (R2 = 0.71; RI = 0.24; P < 0.0001), followed by NDVI (R2 = 0.77; RI = 0.17; P < 0.0001). The highest GY (7.18 ton/ha) and ABY (18.71 ton/ha) of maize were recorded at a soil bunded plot on a gentle slope. Combined spectral indices were also employed to predict GY with R2 (0.83) and RMSE (0.24) and ABY with R2 (0.78) and RMSE (0.12). Thus, the maize’s GY and ABY can be predicted with acceptable accuracy using spectral reflectance indices derived from spectroradiometer in an area like the Aba Gerima catchment. An estimation model of crop yields could help policy-makers in identifying yield-limiting factors and achieve decisive actions to get better crop yields and food security for Ethiopia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gizachew Ayalew Tiruneh
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Derege Tsegaye Meshesha
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Enyew Adgo
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Atsushi Tsunekawa
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Hamasaka, Tottori, Japan
| | - Nigussie Haregeweyn
- International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, Hamasaka, Tottori, Japan
| | - Ayele Almaw Fenta
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Hamasaka, Tottori, Japan
| | - José Miguel Reichert
- Soils Department, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sun J, Wang Y, Piao S, Liu M, Han G, Li J, Liang E, Lee TM, Liu G, reas Wilkes, Liu S, Zhao W, Zhou H, Yibeltal M, Berihun ML, Browning D, Fenta AA, Tsunekawa A, Brown J, Willms W, Tsubo M. Toward a sustainable grassland ecosystem worldwide. Innovation (N Y) 2022; 3:100265. [PMID: 35722354 PMCID: PMC9201009 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2022.100265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
15
|
Sun J, Ye C, Liu M, Wang Y, Chen J, Wang S, Lu X, Liu G, Xu M, Li R, Liu S, Zhou H, Du Z, Peng F, Tsunekawa A, Tsubo M. Response of net reduction rate in vegetation carbon uptake to climate change across a unique gradient zone on the Tibetan Plateau. Environ Res 2022; 203:111894. [PMID: 34418448 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Tibetan Plateau (TP) has a variety of vegetation types that range from alpine tundra to tropic evergreen forest, which play an important role in the global carbon (C) cycle and is extremely vulnerable to climate change. The vegetation C uptake is crucial to the ecosystem C sequestration. Moreover, net reduction in vegetation C uptake (NRVCU) will strongly affect the C balance of terrestrial ecosystem. Until now, there is limited knowledge on the recovery process of vegetation net C uptake and the spatial-temporal patterns of NRVCU after the disturbance that caused by climate change and human activities. Here, we used the MODIS-derived net primary production to characterize the spatial-temporal patterns of NRVCU. We further explored the influence factors of the net reduction rate in vegetation C uptake (NRRVCU) and recovery processes of vegetation net C uptake across a unique gradient zone on the TP. Results showed that the total net reduction amount of vegetation C uptake gradually decreased from 2000 to 2015 on the TP (Slope = -0.002, P < 0.05). Specifically, an increasing gradient zone of multi-year average of net reduction rate in vegetation carbon uptake (MYANRRVCU) from east to west was observed. In addition, we found that the recovery of vegetation net C uptake after the disturbance caused by climate change and anthropogenic disturbance in the gradient zone were primarily dominated by precipitation and temperature. The findings revealed that the effects of climate change on MYANRRVCU and vegetation net C uptake recovery differed significantly across geographical space and vegetation types. Our results highlight that the biogeographic characteristics of the TP should be considered for combating future climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Chongchong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Miao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Ji Chen
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark; Aarhus University Centre for Circular Bioeconomy, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark; CLIMATE Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change, Aarhus University, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Shuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, China.
| | - Xuyang Lu
- Institute of Mountain Hazard and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Guohua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
| | - Ming Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Renqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Shiliang Liu
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Huakun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Restoration Ecology for Cold Regions in Qinghai, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China.
| | - Zhong Du
- College of Land and Resources, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637009, China.
| | - Fei Peng
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Atsushi Tsunekawa
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, 6800001, Japan.
| | - Mitsuru Tsubo
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, 6800001, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nigussie Z, Tsunekawa A, Haregeweyn N, Tsubo M, Adgo E, Ayalew Z, Abele S. Small-Scale Woodlot Growers' Interest in Participating in Bioenergy Market In Rural Ethiopia. Environ Manage 2021; 68:553-565. [PMID: 34427762 PMCID: PMC8417006 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-021-01524-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Production of value-added outputs from biomass residues represents an opportunity to increase the supply of renewable energy in Ethiopia. Particularly, agroforestry could provide biomass residues for improved bioenergy products. The aim of this study was to characterize the interest of growers to provide biomass residues to a hypothetical biomass feedstock market. This study relied on a survey conducted on a sample of 240 farmers. Although the awareness of potential biomass products was generally quite low, a majority of farmers expressed interest in supplying biomass residues, but the level of interest depended on certain individual socio-economic and demographic characteristics. For example, younger and female household heads were found to be more interested in participating in the hypothetical biomass market, as were households with an improved biomass stove, larger land holdings, and higher income levels. In addition, larger households and those that felt less vulnerable to firewood scarcity also expressed more interest. As a whole, the results imply that farmers, particularly those with younger and female heads of households, should be supported with programs tailored to ensure their inclusion in biomass supply chains. Respondents generally preferred farm-gate sales of biomass, so the collecting, baling, and transporting of woody residues need to be properly incentivized or new actors need to be recruited into the supply chain. Providing households with energy-efficient tools such as improved stoves would not only increase demand for biomass products, but also increase the amount of biomass residues that could be supplied to the market instead of used at home.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zerihun Nigussie
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan.
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
| | | | - Nigussie Haregeweyn
- International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Tsubo
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Enyew Adgo
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Zemen Ayalew
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Steffen Abele
- Department of Sustainable Regional Management, University of Applied Forest Sciences, Rottenburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mulualem T, Adgo E, Meshesha DT, Tsunekawa A, Haregeweyn N, Tsubo M, Ebabu K, Kebede B, Berihun ML, Walie M, Mekuriaw S, Masunaga T. Exploring the variability of soil nutrient outflows as influenced by land use and management practices in contrasting agro-ecological environments. Sci Total Environ 2021; 786:147450. [PMID: 33965819 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Improving our understanding of how different land uses and management practices affect soil nutrient outflows in sub-Saharan Africa could aid in developing sustainable practices. The objective of this study was to analyse the variation in outflows of soil total nitrogen (TN) and available phosphorus (Pav) as influenced by land use types (cropland, grazing land, and bushland) and land management practices (soil bunds for cropland and exclosures for non-croplands) in the three contrasting agro-ecological zones of the Upper Blue Nile basin, Ethiopia. Field data were collected for TN and Pav outflows by water erosion (Eo), leaching (Lo), product harvest (Ho), and gaseous emissions (Go) from 18 runoff plots (30 m × 6 m) for two years (2018-2019). TN and Pav losses significantly varied (p < 0.05, p < 0.01) among agro-ecological zones, land use types, and management practices. Losses of TN ranged from 39.6 to 55.5 kg ha-1 yr-1 and those of Pav from 4.1 to 5.9 kg ha-1 yr-1, with a total replacement cost of US$26-38 ha-1 yr-1. Nutrient losses and cost generally increased from lowland (Dibatie) to midland (Aba Gerima) to highland (Guder), although the highland and midland sites did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) in nutrient losses. Cropland showed significantly higher TN and Pav losses than other land use types, but TN loss did not differ significantly between grazing and bushland. In all land use types at all sites, the magnitude of nutrient losses was Ho >Eo >Lo >Go. In plots with land management practices, TN and Pav losses associated with Eo, Lo, and Go were reduced on average by 44-76%, 9-47%, and 1%-36%, respectively. These practices were most effective to reduce Eo nutrient losses. Further study is required to analyzing the soil nutrient balance and identify priority areas for implementing mitigation measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Temesgen Mulualem
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Amhara Region Bureau of Agriculture, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
| | - Enyew Adgo
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Derege Tsegaye Meshesha
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Atsushi Tsunekawa
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan
| | - Nigussie Haregeweyn
- International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Tsubo
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan
| | - Kindiye Ebabu
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Birhanu Kebede
- Faculty of Civil and Water Resources Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Mulatu Liyew Berihun
- Faculty of Civil and Water Resources Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Misganaw Walie
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Amhara Region Agricultural Research Institute, Andassa Livestock Research Center, P.O. Box 27, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Shigdaf Mekuriaw
- Amhara Region Agricultural Research Institute, Andassa Livestock Research Center, P.O. Box 27, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Tsugiyuki Masunaga
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Shimane, Matsue 690-0823, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fenta AA, Tsunekawa A, Haregeweyn N, Tsubo M, Yasuda H, Kawai T, Ebabu K, Berihun ML, Belay AS, Sultan D. Agroecology-based soil erosion assessment for better conservation planning in Ethiopian river basins. Environ Res 2021; 195:110786. [PMID: 33497678 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soil erosion by water is one of the main environmental concerns in Ethiopia. Several studies have examined this at plot and watershed scales, but no systematic study of soil erosion severity and management solutions at national scale is available. This study investigated soil erosion and the potential of land-cover- and agroecology-specific land management practices in reducing soil loss through employing the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation and the best available datasets. The mean rate of soil loss by water erosion in Ethiopia was estimated as 16.5 t ha-1 yr-1, with an annual gross soil loss of ca. 1.9 × 109 t, of which the net soil loss was estimated as ca. 410 × 106 t (22% of the gross soil loss). Soil loss varied across land cover types, 15 agroecological zones, and 10 river basins, with the main contributors in the respective analyses being cropland (ca. 23% of Ethiopia; 50% of the soil loss; mean soil loss rate of 36.5 t ha-1 yr-1), Moist Weyna Dega (ca. 10%; 20%; 33.3 t ha-1 yr-1), and the Abay basin (ca. 15%; 30%; 32.8 t ha-1 yr-1). Our results show that ca. 25% of Ethiopia (28 × 106 ha) has soil loss rates above 10 t ha-1 yr-1, which is higher than the tolerable soil loss limits estimated for Ethiopia. Ex-ante analysis revealed that implementation of land-cover- and agroecology-specific land management practices (level bunds, graded bunds, trenches, and exclosures combined with trenches and/or bunds) in such areas could reduce the mean soil loss rate from 16.5 t ha-1 yr-1 to 5.3 t ha-1 yr-1 (mean, by ca. 68%; range, 65-70%). Suitable land management practices in the Abay and Tekeze basins and Dega and Weyna Dega agroecologies, which experience particularly severe erosion, would account for ca. 50 and 70% of the estimated soil loss reduction, respectively. This study can help raise awareness among policy makers and land managers of the extent and severity of soil loss by water erosion for better conservation planning in river basins to support sustainable use of land and water resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayele Almaw Fenta
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan; Department of Land Resources Management and Environmental Protection, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
| | - Atsushi Tsunekawa
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan
| | - Nigussie Haregeweyn
- International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Tsubo
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yasuda
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kawai
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan
| | - Kindiye Ebabu
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan; College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 1289, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Mulatu Liyew Berihun
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan; Faculty of Civil and Water Resource Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 26, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Ashebir Sewale Belay
- Department of Earth Science, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Dagnenet Sultan
- Faculty of Civil and Water Resource Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 26, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kobayashi N, Hou F, Tsunekawa A, Yan T, Tegegne F, Tassew A, Mekuriaw Y, Mekuriaw S, Hunegnaw B, Mekonnen W, Ichinohe T. Laser methane detector-based quantification of methane emissions from indoor-fed Fogera dairy cows. Anim Biosci 2021; 34:1415-1424. [PMID: 33561924 PMCID: PMC8255885 DOI: 10.5713/ab.20.0739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Portable laser methane detectors (LMDs) may be an economical means of estimating CH4 emissions from ruminants. We validated an LMD-based approach and then used that approach to evaluate CH4 emissions from indigenous dairy cows in a dryland area of Ethiopia. Methods First, we validated our LMD-based approach in Simmental crossbred beef cattle (n = 2) housed in respiration chambers and fed either a high- or low-concentrate diet. From the results of the validation, we constructed an estimation equation to determine CH4 emissions from LMD CH4 concentrations. Next, we used our validated LMD approach to examine CH4 emissions in Fogera dairy cows grazed for 8 h/d (GG, n = 4), fed indoors on natural-grassland hay (CG1, n = 4), or fed indoors on Napier-grass (Pennisetum purpureum) hay (CG2, n = 4). All the cows were supplemented with concentrate feed. Results The exhaled CH4 concentrations measured by LMD were linearly correlated with the CH4 emissions determined by infrared-absorption-based gas analyzer (r2 = 0.55). The estimation equation used to determine CH4 emissions (y, mg/min) from LMD CH4 concentrations (x, ppm m) was y = 0.4259x+38.61. Daily CH4 emissions of Fogera cows estimated by using the equation did not differ among the three groups; however, a numerically greater milk yield was obtained from the CG2 cows than from the GG cows, suggesting that Napier-grass hay might be better than natural-grassland hay for indoor feeding. The CG1 cows had higher CH4 emissions per feed intake than the other groups, without significant increases in milk yield and body-weight gain, suggesting that natural-grassland hay cannot be recommended for indoor-fed cows. Conclusion These findings demonstrate the potential of using LMDs to valuate feeding regimens rapidly and economically for dairy cows in areas under financial constraint, while taking CH4 emissions into consideration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fujiang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agroecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Atsushi Tsunekawa
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori 680-0001, Japan
| | - Tianhai Yan
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, County Down BT26 6DR, UK
| | | | - Asaminew Tassew
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar 6000, Ethiopia
| | - Yeshambel Mekuriaw
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar 6000, Ethiopia
| | - Shigdaf Mekuriaw
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori 680- 8550, Japan.,Andassa Livestock Research Center, Amhara Region Agricultural Research Institute, Bahir Dar 6000, Ethiopia
| | - Beyadglign Hunegnaw
- Andassa Livestock Research Center, Amhara Region Agricultural Research Institute, Bahir Dar 6000, Ethiopia
| | - Wondimeneh Mekonnen
- Andassa Livestock Research Center, Amhara Region Agricultural Research Institute, Bahir Dar 6000, Ethiopia
| | - Toshiyoshi Ichinohe
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue 690-8504, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gou X, Tsunekawa A, Tsubo M, Peng F, Sun J, Li Y, Zhao X, Lian J. Seasonal dynamics of cattle grazing behaviors on contrasting landforms of a fenced ranch in northern China. Sci Total Environ 2020; 749:141613. [PMID: 32836130 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The number of livestock per unit area is commonly used as a proxy of grazing pressure in both experimental studies and grassland management. However, this practice ignores the impact of landform heterogeneity on the spatial distribution of grazing pressure, leading to localized patches of degraded grassland. The spatial distribution of actual grazing density thus needs to be examined. Owing to the corresponding changes in resource availability and energy consumption as livestock move across an elevation gradient, we predict that livestock will preferentially use low-land and that different temporal patterns of grazing pressure will occur in the contrasting landforms. GPS location data and a machine learning technique were used to identify the seasonal pattern and the factors driving grazing pressure on a fenced ranch. Over both low-land and sand-dune landforms, the proportion of time that livestock spent on foraging increased from 63% in July to 67% in August and 69% in September, and non-foraging behavior decreased correspondingly. In low-land, the log-transformed average foraging density significantly increased from 0.61 (i.e., total foraging behaviors in 5 days measured at 50-s intervals per 10 × 10 m grid) in July to 0.66 in August and 0.88 in September, whereas there was no significant change on sand-dunes. From July to September, the relative area of low-land foraged by cattle accounted for 31%, 35%, and 36%, respectively, and in sand-dunes the proportions increased from 45% to 47% to 51%. In low-land, the foraging density was negatively correlated with biomass (P = .07), total digestible nutrients (P < .05), and crude protein (P = .06) and positively correlated with acid detergent fiber (P < .05), whereas no such relationships were observed in sand-dunes. Our results indicate that topographic features should be considered when managing livestock, especially during periods with adverse conditions of herbage quality and quantity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Gou
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Tsunekawa
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan.
| | - Mitsuru Tsubo
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan.
| | - Fei Peng
- International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan; Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 73000, China.
| | - Jian Sun
- Synthesis Research Centre of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Yulin Li
- Naiman Desertification Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tongliao 028300, China.
| | - Xueyong Zhao
- Naiman Desertification Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tongliao 028300, China.
| | - Jie Lian
- Naiman Desertification Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tongliao 028300, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Berihun ML, Tsunekawa A, Haregeweyn N, Dile YT, Tsubo M, Fenta AA, Meshesha DT, Ebabu K, Sultan D, Srinivasan R. Evaluating runoff and sediment responses to soil and water conservation practices by employing alternative modeling approaches. Sci Total Environ 2020; 747:141118. [PMID: 32771781 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating runoff and sediment responses to human activities and climate variability is crucial for prioritizing erosion hotspots and implementing appropriate land management interventions. This study evaluated the separate and combined impacts of soil and water conservation (SWC) practices, land use/land cover, and climate variability, on runoff and sediment yield (SY) using two approaches in drought-prone watersheds of northwestern Ethiopia. In the first (paired watershed) approach, runoff and SY outputs of Kecha (treated) and Laguna (untreated) watersheds were compared. In the second approach, we compared data before and after the implementation of SWC practices in the Kecha watershed. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was adopted for both untreated and treated watersheds and used to evaluate runoff and SY responses in the two approaches. Paired watershed approach results revealed that the SWC practices reduced the surface runoff in Kecha by about 28-36% and SY by about 51-68% as compared to those in Laguna. Similarly, compared with the baseline data at Kecha, the SWC practices reduced the surface runoff and SY by about 40% and 43%, respectively, corresponding to about 65-78% of the total changes brought by changes in land use/land cover and climate variability. Hence, combining the two approaches helped reasonably estimate the reduction of surface runoff and SY due to SWC practices by about 28-40% and about 43-68%, respectively, implying that SWC practices had a considerably greater effect on SY than surface runoff. The study further revealed that the untreated Laguna watershed, where >86% of the total area is categorized as the very high soil erosion severity class, should be an immediate conservation priority. The findings of this study will be vital to devise future alternative land management scenarios in these watersheds and similar agro-ecological areas elsewhere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mulatu Liyew Berihun
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; Faculty of Civil and Water Resource Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 26, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
| | - Atsushi Tsunekawa
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan
| | - Nigussie Haregeweyn
- International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan
| | - Yihun Taddele Dile
- Spatial Science Laboratory, Ecosystem Science and Management Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77801, USA
| | - Mitsuru Tsubo
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan
| | - Ayele Almaw Fenta
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan
| | - Derege Tsegaye Meshesha
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 1289, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Kindiye Ebabu
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan; College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 1289, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Dagnenet Sultan
- Faculty of Civil and Water Resource Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 26, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Raghavan Srinivasan
- Spatial Science Laboratory, Ecosystem Science and Management Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Du W, Hou F, Tsunekawa A, Kobayashi N, Peng F, Ichinohe T. Effects of oat hay and leguminous forage mixture feeding on enteric methane emission, energy utilization, and feed conversion efficiency in male crossbred Simmental beef cattle. Anim Sci J 2020; 91:e13472. [PMID: 33078546 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dietary manipulation has the potential to mitigate methane (CH4 ) emission and to maintain or enhance livestock productivity. We conducted two experiments to investigate the effects of replacing oat hay by leguminous forages (alfalfa hay [AH], 0, 8, 16, and 24%, experiment 1; common vetch hay [CVH], 0, 10, 20, and 30%, experiment 2) on energy metabolism of crossbred Simmental cattle. In experiment 1, total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations increased quadratically with increasing AH proportions (p = .006) with a forage-to-concentrate ratio of approximately 50:50, whereas the CH4 energy to gross energy intake ratio (CH4 -E:GEI) was significantly lower with 16% AH compared with 24% AH diet (p < .05). In experiment 2, there were no differences in the total VFA concentrations among the four diet groups with a forage-to-concentrate ratio of around 60:40 (p > .05); however, CH4 -E:GEI was significantly lower in the 30% CVH diet compared with the 10% CVH diet (p < .05). There was no significant difference in feed conversion efficiency among the four diet groups in each experiment. The results suggest that substituting 16 and 30% oat hay by AH and CVH provide optimal diets with forage-to-concentrate ratios of 50:50 and 60:40, respectively, which may reduce CH4 emission without compromising the feed conversion efficiency of crossbred Simmental cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wuchen Du
- International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Fujiang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | | | | | - Fei Peng
- International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Toshiyoshi Ichinohe
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Peng F, Xue X, Li C, Lai C, Sun J, Tsubo M, Tsunekawa A, Wang T. Plant community of alpine steppe shows stronger association with soil properties than alpine meadow alongside degradation. Sci Total Environ 2020; 733:139048. [PMID: 32446054 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between soil properties and plant community determines the efficacy to restore the degraded grassland via improving soil properties. We conducted a field survey to investigate the relationship between plant community composition and soil physical and chemical properties alongside different degradation stages of alpine grassland. Results showed that with the increasing severity of degradation, the dominant plants shifted from sedge and graminoid species, respectively, to forbs species in alpine meadow (AM) and alpine steppe (AS). Species richness and diversity indices were unchanged until the severely degraded stage in both AM and AS. Forward selection showed bulk density (BD) and ammonia nitrogen (NH4+) at 10-20 cm, pH and the ratio of soil organic carbon to total nitrogen (C/N) at 0-10 cm were the four important variables being responsible for the species community variation alongside degradation of AS, which explained 18.7% of the total variance. Soil nitrate nitrogen (NO3-) and C/N at 20-30 cm, NH4+ at 10-20, and BD at 0-10 cm were the important variables in driving the community variance alongside degradation stages, which only explained 9.5% of the total variance of AM. The loss of dense root layer and the species community change induced change in BD, and difference in plant competition for available resources would lead to the stronger association between vegetation community and soil properties in AS than that in AM. Our results indicate that though improving soil nutrients and soil texture to restore the degraded AS may be more effective than to restore degraded AM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Peng
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan; Beiluhe Observation and Research Station on Frozen Soil Engineering and Environment in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
| | - Xian Xue
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Beiluhe Observation and Research Station on Frozen Soil Engineering and Environment in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Chengyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chimin Lai
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Synthesis Research Centre of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Mitsuru Tsubo
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | | | - Tao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sun J, Liu M, Fu B, Kemp D, Zhao W, Liu G, Han G, Wilkes A, Lu X, Chen Y, Cheng G, Zhou T, Hou G, Zhan T, Peng F, Shang H, Xu M, Shi P, He Y, Li M, Wang J, Tsunekawa A, Zhou H, Liu Y, Li Y, Liu S. Reconsidering the efficiency of grazing exclusion using fences on the Tibetan Plateau. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2020; 65:1405-1414. [PMID: 36659220 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Grazing exclusion using fences is a key policy being applied by the Chinese government to rehabilitate degraded grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and elsewhere. However, there is a limited understanding of the effects of grazing exclusion on alpine ecosystem functions and services and its impacts on herders' livelihoods. Our meta-analyses and questionnaire-based surveys revealed that grazing exclusion with fences was effective in promoting aboveground vegetation growth for up to four years in degraded alpine meadows and for up to eight years in the alpine steppes of the TP. Longer-term fencing did not bring any ecological and economic benefits. We also found that fencing hindered wildlife movement, increased grazing pressure in unfenced areas, lowered the satisfaction of herders, and rendered substantial financial costs to both regional and national governments. We recommend that traditional free grazing should be encouraged if applicable, short-term fencing (for 4-8 years) should be adopted in severely degraded grasslands, and fencing should be avoided in key wildlife habitat areas, especially the protected large mammal species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- Synthesis Research Centre of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Miao Liu
- Synthesis Research Centre of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bojie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - David Kemp
- Agricultural Systems Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
| | - Wenwu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Guohua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Guodong Han
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Management and Utilization, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010011, China
| | - Andreas Wilkes
- Values for Development Ltd, Bury St Edmunds, IP33 3EQ, UK
| | - Xuyang Lu
- Institute of Mountain Hazard and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Youchao Chen
- Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Genwei Cheng
- Institute of Mountain Hazard and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tiancai Zhou
- Synthesis Research Centre of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ge Hou
- Synthesis Research Centre of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tianyu Zhan
- Synthesis Research Centre of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fei Peng
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hua Shang
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, School Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Ming Xu
- Synthesis Research Centre of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, School Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; The College of Environment and Planning of Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Peili Shi
- Synthesis Research Centre of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yongtao He
- Synthesis Research Centre of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Meng Li
- Synthesis Research Centre of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jinniu Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Atsushi Tsunekawa
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, 6800001, Japan
| | - Huakun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Restoration Ecology for Cold Regions in Qinghai, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Synthesis Research Centre of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yurui Li
- Synthesis Research Centre of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shiliang Liu
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mekuriaw S, Tsunekawa A, Ichinohe T, Tegegne F, Haregeweyn N, Kobayashi N, Tassew A, Mekuriaw Y, Walie M, Tsubo M, Okuro T, Meshesha DT, Meseret M, Sam L, Fievez V. Effect of Feeding Improved Grass Hays and Eragrostis Tef Straw Silage on Milk Yield, Nitrogen Utilization, and Methane Emission of Lactating Fogera Dairy Cows in Ethiopia. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1021. [PMID: 32545346 PMCID: PMC7341230 DOI: 10.3390/ani10061021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The nutritionally imbalanced poor-quality diet feeding is the major constraint of dairy production in tropical regions. Hence, alternative high-quality roughage-based diets are required to improve milk yield and reduce methane emission (CH4). Thus, we tested the effects of feeding natural pasture hay, improved forage grass hays (Napier and Brachiaria Hybrid), and treated crop residues (Eragrostis tef straw) on nutrient digestibility, milk yield, nitrogen balance, and methane emission. The eight lactating Fogera cows selected for the experiment were assigned randomly to a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Cows were housed in well-ventilated individual pens and fed a total mixed ration (TMR) comprising 70% roughage and 30% concentrate. The four roughage-based basal dietary treatments supplemented with formulated concentrate were: Control (natural pasture hay (NPH)); treated teff straw silage (TTS); Napier grass hay (NGH); and Brachiaria hybrid grass hay (BhH). Compared with the control diet, the daily milk yield increased (p < 0.01) by 31.9%, 52.9%, and 71.6% with TTS, NGH, and BhH diets, respectively. Cows fed BhH had the highest dry matter intake (8.84 kg/d), followed by NGH (8.10 kg/d) and TTS (7.71 kg/d); all of these intakes were greater (p = 0.01) than that of NPH (6.21 kg/d). Nitrogen digestibility increased (p < 0.01) from the NPH diet to TTS (by 27.7%), NGH (21.7%), and BhH (39.5%). The concentration of ruminal ammonia nitrogen was higher for cows fed NGH than other diets (p = 0.01) and positively correlated with plasma urea nitrogen concentration (R² = 0.45). Feeding TTS, NGH, and BhH hay as a basal diet changed the nitrogen excretion pathway from urine to feces, which can help protect against environmental pollution. Estimated methane yields per dry matter intake and milk yield were decreased in dairy cows fed BhH, NGH, and TTS diets when compared to cows fed an NPH diet (p < 0.05). In conclusion, feeding of TTS, NGH, and BhH roughages as a basal diet to lactating dairy cows in tropical regions improved nutrient intake and digestibility, milk yield, nitrogen utilization efficiency, and reduced enteric methane emission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shigdaf Mekuriaw
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences (UGSAS), 4-101 Koyama-Minami Tottori-shi, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
- Amhara Region Agricultural Research Institute, Andassa Livestock Research Center, P.O. Box 27, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; (M.W.); (M.M.)
| | - Atsushi Tsunekawa
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan; (A.T.); (N.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Toshiyoshi Ichinohe
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan;
| | - Firew Tegegne
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 5501, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; (F.T.); (Y.M.); (A.T.); (D.T.M.); (L.S.)
| | - Nigussie Haregeweyn
- International Platform for Dry Land Research and Education, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan;
| | - Nobuyuki Kobayashi
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan; (A.T.); (N.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Asaminew Tassew
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 5501, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; (F.T.); (Y.M.); (A.T.); (D.T.M.); (L.S.)
| | - Yeshambel Mekuriaw
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 5501, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; (F.T.); (Y.M.); (A.T.); (D.T.M.); (L.S.)
| | - Misganaw Walie
- Amhara Region Agricultural Research Institute, Andassa Livestock Research Center, P.O. Box 27, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; (M.W.); (M.M.)
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 5501, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; (F.T.); (Y.M.); (A.T.); (D.T.M.); (L.S.)
| | - Mitsuru Tsubo
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan; (A.T.); (N.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Toshiya Okuro
- Laboratory of Landscape Ecology and Planning, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan;
| | - Derege Tsegaye Meshesha
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 5501, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; (F.T.); (Y.M.); (A.T.); (D.T.M.); (L.S.)
| | - Mulugeta Meseret
- Amhara Region Agricultural Research Institute, Andassa Livestock Research Center, P.O. Box 27, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; (M.W.); (M.M.)
| | - Laiju Sam
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 5501, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; (F.T.); (Y.M.); (A.T.); (D.T.M.); (L.S.)
| | - Veerle Fievez
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium;
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Imai S, Ito TY, Shinoda M, Tsunekawa A, Lhagvasuren B. The benefit and strategy of spring movements in Mongolian gazelles. J Mammal 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyz209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Animal movement is predicted to be nomadic in areas with low temporal predictability of environmental conditions, but it remains unclear whether the costs of nomadic movement outweigh the benefits received. To examine the spring movement strategy of Mongolian gazelles (Procapra gutturosa) in Mongolia, where predictability of vegetation conditions is relatively low, we identified the type of each movement, evaluated the preferred vegetation conditions for gazelles, and quantified the benefit achieved through each spring movement. The surveyed gazelles continuously preferred areas with intermediate normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values from May to July, and spatial and temporal shifts of the distribution of preferred areas explain the long-distance movements of many gazelles in spring. Three movement types, sedentary, linear, and nomadic movement, were identified. The period when benefit varied most greatly among individuals differed between the linear and nomadic movement types. During the spring movement period, the variance of benefit was larger for the nomadic movement type, whereas during the summer it was larger for the linear movement type, suggesting the existence of different movement strategies in the Mongolian gazelle. Linear long-distance movements over a short period in the linear movement type suggest the so-called jumper strategy, whereas other movement patterns might represent the searcher strategy. Benefit loss through movements of individuals in both strategies indicate low interannual predictability of vegetation conditions in the study area, and it would explain the co-existence of multiple movement types or strategies used by Mongolian gazelles in spring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Imai
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Takehiko Y Ito
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- Organization for the Strategic Coordination of Research and Intellectual Properties, Meiji University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Shinoda
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Badamjav Lhagvasuren
- Institute of General and Experimental Biology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Fenta AA, Tsunekawa A, Haregeweyn N, Poesen J, Tsubo M, Borrelli P, Panagos P, Vanmaercke M, Broeckx J, Yasuda H, Kawai T, Kurosaki Y. Land susceptibility to water and wind erosion risks in the East Africa region. Sci Total Environ 2020; 703:135016. [PMID: 31734497 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Land degradation by water and wind erosion is a serious problem worldwide. Despite the significant amount of research on this topic, quantifying these processes at large- or regional-scale remains difficult. Furthermore, very few studies provide integrated assessments of land susceptibility to both water and wind erosion. Therefore, this study investigated the spatial patterns of water and wind erosion risks, first separately and then combined, in the drought-prone region of East Africa using the best available datasets. As to water erosion, we adopted the spatially distributed version of the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation and compared our estimates with plot-scale measurements and watershed sediment yield (SY) data. The order of magnitude of our soil loss estimates by water erosion is within the range of measured plot-scale data. Moreover, despite the fact that SY integrates different soil erosion and sediment deposition processes within watersheds, we observed a strong correlation of SY with our estimated soil loss rates (r2 = 0.4). For wind erosion, we developed a wind erosion index by integrating five relevant factors using fuzzy logic technique. We compared this index with estimates of the frequency of dust storms, derived from long-term Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor Level-3 daily data. This comparison revealed an overall accuracy of 70%. According to our estimates, mean annual gross soil loss by water erosion amounts to 4 billion t, with a mean soil loss rate of 6.3 t ha-1 yr-1, of which ca. 50% was found to originate in Ethiopia. In terms of land cover, ca. 50% of the soil loss by water erosion originates from cropland (with a mean soil loss rate of 18.4 t ha-1 yr-1), which covers ca. 15% of the total area in the study region. Model results showed that nearly 10% of the East Africa region is subject to moderate or elevated water erosion risks (>10 t ha-1 yr-1). With respect to wind erosion, we estimated that around 25% of the study area is experiencing moderate or elevated wind erosion risks (equivalent to a frequency of dust storms >45 days yr-1), of which Sudan and Somalia (which are dominated by bare/sparse vegetation cover) have the largest share (ca. 90%). In total, an estimated 8 million ha is exposed to moderate or elevated risks of soil erosion by both water and wind. The results of this study provide new insights on the spatial patterns of water and wind erosion risks in East Africa and can be used to prioritize areas where further investigations are needed and where remedial actions should be implemented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayele Almaw Fenta
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan; Department of Land Resources Management and Environmental Protection, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
| | - Atsushi Tsunekawa
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan
| | - Nigussie Haregeweyn
- International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, Tottori 680-0001, Japan
| | - Jean Poesen
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Mitsuru Tsubo
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan
| | - Pasquale Borrelli
- Environmental Geosciences, University of Basel, Bernoulli Str 30, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Panos Panagos
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), I-21027, Ispra (VA), Italy
| | - Matthias Vanmaercke
- Department of Geography, University of Liège, Quartier Village 4, Clos Mercator 3, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Jente Broeckx
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Hiroshi Yasuda
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kawai
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan
| | - Yasunori Kurosaki
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhou TC, Sun J, Liu M, Shi PL, Zhang XB, Sun W, Yang G, Tsunekawa A. Coupling between plant nitrogen and phosphorus along water and heat gradients in alpine grassland. Sci Total Environ 2020; 701:134660. [PMID: 31704401 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The biogeochemical cycles of plant nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are interlinked by ecological processes, and the N and P cycles become uncoupled in response to global change experiments. However, the complex natural hydrothermal conditions in arid, semiarid and humid grassland ecosystems may have different effects on the availability of soil nutrients and moisture and may induce different balances between the N and P cycles. Here, we evaluated how the aridity index (AI) affects the balance between N and P of alpine grassland by the collected 115 sites along water and heat availability gradients on the Tibetan Plateau. We found that AI was negatively related to the variation in the coefficients of soil total dissolved N (TDN) and soil availability of P (SAP), and positive effects of AI, TDN and SAP on the coupling of plant N and P were detected. Thus, AI was positively correlated with soil nutrients and moisture, which may favor the co-uptake of soil nutrients by plants, resulting in a small variation in plant N and P in humid environments. Conversely, in arid environments with temporally variable soil nutrients, the plants tend to be more flexible in their N:P stoichiometry. Generally, our findings suggest that plant N and P could be more strongly coupled in humid conditions than in arid environments across alpine grasslands, with potential decoupling of the N biogeochemical cycle from P in an arid environment with an asynchronous dynamic of temperature and precipitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Cai Zhou
- Synthesis Research Centre of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Lhasa Plateau Ecosystem Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Jian Sun
- Synthesis Research Centre of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Miao Liu
- Synthesis Research Centre of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori 6800001, Japan.
| | - Pei-Li Shi
- Synthesis Research Centre of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xu-Bo Zhang
- Synthesis Research Centre of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Wei Sun
- Synthesis Research Centre of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Gang Yang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
| | - Atsushi Tsunekawa
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori 6800001, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Du W, Hou F, Tsunekawa A, Kobayashi N, Peng F, Ichinohe T. Substitution of leguminous forage for oat hay improves nitrogen utilization efficiency of crossbred Simmental calves. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 104:998-1009. [PMID: 31891212 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Low nitrogen (N) utilization efficiency (NUE, the ratio of retained N to N intake [NI]) of ruminants is always a potential dietary protein wastage as well as a global environmental problem, and dietary N manipulation is the most effective way to improve NUE. We conducted 2 experiments to investigate the effects of replacing oat hay by leguminous forages (alfalfa hay [AH] in experiment [Exp] 1 and common vetch hay [CVH] in Exp 2) with 4 levels (0%, 8%, 16% or 24% AH and 0%, 10%, 20% or 30% CVH on dry matter [DM] basis) at the same crude protein (135 g/kg DM) and metabolizable energy (10.1 MJ/kg DM) on feed intake, N metabolism, NUE and blood composition of crossbred Simmental calves. Sixteen calves of each Exp were assigned to the four diets in a randomized block design. Faecal N (FN) output and the ratio of FN to NI increased with increasing AH/CVH proportions, whereas urinary N (UN) output, the ratio of UN to NI, and the ruminal ammonia N concentration gradually decreased in both experiments. Nutrient digestibility (DM, organic matter [OM] and neutral detergent fibre [NDF]) of calves showed a parabolic trend with gradually increasing AH/CVH proportions. The highest values of nutrient digestibility (DM, OM and NDF) of calves were observed in 16% AH in Exp 1 and 20% CVH in Exp 2. Our findings suggest that 16% and 20% substitution (as a percentage of the total DM allowance) of AH and CVH, respectively, for oat hay are optimal diets to improve NUE and reduce the potential impact of N excretion from livestock farming on the environment through shifting routes of N from urine to faeces without negative effects on live weight gain and nutrient digestibility of crossbred Simmental calves in dryland environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wuchen Du
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Fujiang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | | | | | - Fei Peng
- International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Toshiyoshi Ichinohe
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gou X, Tsunekawa A, Peng F, Zhao X, Li Y, Lian J. Method for Classifying Behavior of Livestock on Fenced Temperate Rangeland in Northern China. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:s19235334. [PMID: 31817009 PMCID: PMC6928611 DOI: 10.3390/s19235334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Different livestock behaviors have distinct effects on grassland degradation. However, because direct observation of livestock behavior is time- and labor-intensive, an automated methodology to classify livestock behavior according to animal position and posture is necessary. We applied the Random Forest algorithm to predict livestock behaviors in the Horqin Sand Land by using Global Positioning System (GPS) and tri-axis accelerometer data and then confirmed the results through field observations. The overall accuracy of GPS models was 85% to 90% when the time interval was greater than 300–800 s, which was approximated to the tri-axis model (96%) and GPS-tri models (96%). In the GPS model, the linear backward or forward distance were the most important determinants of behavior classification, and nongrazing was less than 30% when livestock travelled more than 30–50 m over a 5-min interval. For the tri-axis accelerometer model, the anteroposterior acceleration (–3 m/s2) of neck movement was the most accurate determinant of livestock behavior classification. Using instantaneous acceleration of livestock body movement more precisely classified livestock behaviors than did GPS location-based distance metrics. When a tri-axis model is unavailable, GPS models will yield sufficiently reliable classification accuracy when an appropriate time interval is defined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Gou
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan;
| | - Atsushi Tsunekawa
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan;
| | - Fei Peng
- International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 73000, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Xueyong Zhao
- Naiman Desertification Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tongliao 028300, China; (X.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Yulin Li
- Naiman Desertification Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tongliao 028300, China; (X.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Jie Lian
- Naiman Desertification Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tongliao 028300, China; (X.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Du W, Hou F, Tsunekawa A, Kobayashi N, Ichinohe T, Peng F. Effects of the Diet Inclusion of Common Vetch Hay Versus Alfalfa Hay on the Body Weight Gain, Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency, Energy Balance, and Enteric Methane Emissions of Crossbred Simmental Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E983. [PMID: 31752083 PMCID: PMC6912412 DOI: 10.3390/ani9110983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A low nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE, the ratio of retained N to N intake) and high methane (CH4) emissions of ruminants can lead to potentially high diet protein wastage and directly contribute to global warming. Diet manipulation is the most effective way to improve NUE or reduce CH4 emissions. This study investigated how replacing oat hay with alfalfa hay (AH) or common vetch hay (CVH) with different proportions (20% (20) and 40% (40) of the total dry matter (DM) allowance) affects the body weight gain (BWG), NUE, and CH4 emissions of crossbred Simmental cattle. The forage dry matter intake (DMI) and the total DMI of cattle fed on a CVH40 diet were significantly higher than the values for those fed on AH20 or AH40 diets (p < 0.05). There were no differences in the BWG for the four treatments observed, however, nutrient digestibility significantly decreased in the AH40 diet as compared with the AH20 diet (p < 0.05). The NUE was significantly lower in AH40 than in CVH20. The CH4 emissions were significantly lower for the CVH40 diet than with the AH20 diet (p < 0.05). Our findings suggest that a 20% AH and 40% CVH substitution for oat hay are the optimal proportions to maintain the BWG, NUE, nutrient digestibility, and reduce the CH4 emissions of crossbred Simmental cattle. Overall, CVH has a greater potential to reduce CH4 emissions than AH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wuchen Du
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8550, Japan;
| | - Fujiang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Atsushi Tsunekawa
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori 680-0001, Japan;
| | | | - Toshiyoshi Ichinohe
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue 690-8504, Japan;
| | - Fei Peng
- International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, Tottori 680-0001, Japan;
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mekuriaw S, Tsunekawa A, Ichinohe T, Tegegne F, Haregeweyn N, Nobuyuki K, Tassew A, Mekuriaw Y, Walie M, Tsubo M, Okuro T. Mitigating the anti-nutritional effect of polyphenols on in vitro digestibility and fermentation characteristics of browse species in north western Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 52:1287-1298. [PMID: 31728955 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-02126-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Browse species are important sources of forage for livestock in Ethiopia, especially during the dry season, when the quality and quantity of green herbage is limited. However, browse species have anti-nutritional factors, such as polyphenols. This study evaluated the extent to which polyethylene glycol (PEG) can reduce the anti-nutritional effects of polyphenols whose extent is expected to vary depending on the species type and season on the in vitro fermentation of these plant samples. We selected ten browse species commonly used as livestock feed based on their tannin content, and sixty samples of the leaf and twig of these species were collected during the wet and dry seasons. The study was designed as 10 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with 10 browse species (Acacia nilotica, Crateva adonsonia, Dombeya torrida, Ekebergia capensis, Ensete ventricosum, Erythrina brucei, Maesa lanceolate, Sesbania sesban, Stereospermum kunthianum, and Terminalia laxiflora), 2 seasons (wet and dry) and 2 states of PEG (with and without PEG). The effects of tannin on the nutritive characteristics were also evaluated by adding PEG as a tannin-binding agent. The chemical composition and in vitro fermentation products of these samples differed significantly (p < 0.001) among browse species. Specifically, total extractable phenol (TEP) ranged from 26.3 to 250.3 g/kg, total extractable tannin (TET) from 22.8 to 210.9 g/kg, and condensed tannin (CT) from 11.1 to 141.3 g/kg, respectively. Season, species, and their interaction have a significant (p < 0.05) effect on the chemical composition and fermentation characteristics of most browse species. The addition of PEG increased gas production (GP), in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), metabolizable energy (ME) concentration, dry matter degradability (DMD), and volatile fatty acids (VFA), on average, by 76.8%, 47.9%, 42.2%, 21.2%, and 20.2%, respectively. Secondary polyphenols (TEP, TET, CT, and SCT) were significantly (p < 0.001) and negatively correlated with GP, IVOMD, ME, and VFA. Preferable species namely E. ventricosum, S. sesban, M. lanceolata, E. capensis, and A. nilotica were selected for supplementation in terms of their chemical composition, IVOMD, and mitigating effects of PEG on anti-nutritional functions of their secondary compounds. In conclusion, PEG markedly reduced the anti-nutritional effects of polyphenols and improved the in vitro fermentation of browse species harvested in contrasting seasons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shigdaf Mekuriaw
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences (UGSAS), Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan. .,Amhara Regional Agricultural Research Institute, Andassa Livestock Research Center, P.O. Box, 27, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
| | - Atsushi Tsunekawa
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, Tottori Prefecture 680-0001, Japan.
| | - Toshiyoshi Ichinohe
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue-shi, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Firew Tegegne
- School of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 5501, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Nigussie Haregeweyn
- International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Kobayashi Nobuyuki
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, Tottori Prefecture 680-0001, Japan
| | - Asaminew Tassew
- School of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 5501, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Yeshambel Mekuriaw
- School of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 5501, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Misganaw Walie
- Amhara Regional Agricultural Research Institute, Andassa Livestock Research Center, P.O. Box, 27, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.,School of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 5501, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Mitsuru Tsubo
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, Tottori Prefecture 680-0001, Japan
| | - Toshiya Okuro
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Berihun ML, Tsunekawa A, Haregeweyn N, Meshesha DT, Adgo E, Tsubo M, Masunaga T, Fenta AA, Sultan D, Yibeltal M, Ebabu K. Hydrological responses to land use/land cover change and climate variability in contrasting agro-ecological environments of the Upper Blue Nile basin, Ethiopia. Sci Total Environ 2019; 689:347-365. [PMID: 31277003 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Land use/land cover (LULC) change and climate variability are two major factors controlling hydrological responses. The present study analyzed the separate and combined effects of these two factors on annual surface runoff and evapotranspiration (ET) after validating the selected models in three drought-prone watersheds of the Upper Blue Nile basin: Kasiry (highland), Kecha (midland), and Sahi (lowland). LULC maps were produced from aerial photographs and very-high-resolution satellite images from 1982, 2005/06 and 2016/17. During 1982-2016/17 the area covered by natural vegetation showed dramatic decreases, ranging from 60.2% in Kasiry to 51.8% in Sahi. In contrast, increases in cultivated land ranged from 36.7% in Kasiry to 279.6% in Sahi; the smaller increase in Kasiry resulted from the conversion of a portion of the cultivated land to an Acacia decurrens plantation after 2006. The observed LULC changes over the study period resulted in runoff increases ranging from 4% in Kecha to 28.7% in Kasiry. Climate variability in terms of annual rainfall had no significant effect on estimated runoff; whereas both LULC change and climate variability had significant effect on estimated ET. Though climate variability increased ET from 33.6% in Kecha to 42.1% in Kasiry, the LULC change related to the reduction in natural vegetation had an offsetting effect, which led to overall decreases in ET ranging from 15.8% in Kasiry to 32.8% in Kecha watershed. As changes in LULC and climate are expected to intensify in the future, it is important to study further hydrological responses considering these changes to devise future sustainable land and water management strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mulatu Liyew Berihun
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; Faculty of Civil and Water Resource Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 26, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
| | - Atsushi Tsunekawa
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan
| | - Nigussie Haregeweyn
- International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan
| | - Derege Tsegaye Meshesha
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 1289, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Enyew Adgo
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 1289, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Mitsuru Tsubo
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan
| | - Tsugiyuki Masunaga
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Shimane, Matsue 690-0823, Japan
| | - Ayele Almaw Fenta
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan
| | - Dagnenet Sultan
- Faculty of Civil and Water Resource Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 26, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Mesenbet Yibeltal
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; Faculty of Civil and Water Resource Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 26, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Kindiye Ebabu
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 1289, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wang Y, Sun J, Liu M, Zeng T, Tsunekawa A, Mubarak AA, Zhou H. Precipitation-use efficiency may explain net primary productivity allocation under different precipitation conditions across global grassland ecosystems. Glob Ecol Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
35
|
Imai S, Ito TY, Kinugasa T, Shinoda M, Tsunekawa A, Lhagvasuren B. Nomadic Movement of Mongolian Gazelles Identified through the Net Squared Displacement Approach. Mammal Study 2019. [DOI: 10.3106/ms2018-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Imai
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan
| | - Takehiko Y. Ito
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan
| | | | - Masato Shinoda
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tsunekawa
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan
| | - Badamjav Lhagvasuren
- Institute of General and Experimental Biology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ebabu K, Tsunekawa A, Haregeweyn N, Adgo E, Meshesha DT, Aklog D, Masunaga T, Tsubo M, Sultan D, Fenta AA, Yibeltal M. Effects of land use and sustainable land management practices on runoff and soil loss in the Upper Blue Nile basin, Ethiopia. Sci Total Environ 2019; 648:1462-1475. [PMID: 30340291 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the effect of land use and sustainable land management (SLM) practices on runoff and soil loss (SL) is essential for adopting suitable strategies to control soil erosion. The purpose of this study was to analyze runoff and SL from different land use types and evaluate the effectiveness of different SLM practices through monitoring runoff and sediment from 42 runoff plots (30 m × 6 m) in different agro-ecologies of the Upper Blue Nile basin of Ethiopia. Four treatments for croplands (control, soil bund, Fanya juu, and soil bund reinforced with grass) and three treatments for non-croplands (control, exclosure, and exclosure with trenches) were investigated during the rainy seasons. The results showed that runoff and SL varied greatly depending on agro-ecology, land use type, and SLM practice. Seasonal runoff ranged from 52 to 810 mm in 2015 and 37 to 898 mm in 2016, whereas SL ranged from 0.07 to 39.67 t ha-1 and 0.01 to 24.70 t ha-1. The highest rates were observed from untreated grazing land in the midland agro-ecology, largely because of heavy grazing and the occurrence of intense rain events. Runoff and SL were both significantly lower (P < 0.05) in SLM plots than in control plots. On average, seasonal runoff was reduced by 11% to 68%, and SL by 38% to 94% in SLM plots. Soil bund reinforced with grass in croplands and exclosure with trenches in non-croplands were found to be the most effective SLM practices for reducing both runoff and SL. Integrating structural and vegetative measures was therefore found to be the best way to control soil erosion and its consequences. Additional investigation is needed in consideration of ecological succession and other possible effects of these types of integrated measures, for example, the effects on soil properties, biomass, and biodiversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kindiye Ebabu
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 1289, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
| | | | - Nigussie Haregeweyn
- International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Enyew Adgo
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 1289, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Derege Tsegaye Meshesha
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 1289, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Dagnachew Aklog
- Center for International Affairs, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Tsugiyuki Masunaga
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Tsubo
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Dagnenet Sultan
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; Faculty of Civil and Water Resource Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Ayele Almaw Fenta
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Mesenbet Yibeltal
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; Faculty of Civil and Water Resource Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kobayashi N, Hou F, Tsunekawa A, Chen X, Yan T, Ichinohe T. Appropriate level of alfalfa hay in diets for rearing Simmental crossbred calves in dryland China. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2018; 31:1881-1889. [PMID: 29807412 PMCID: PMC6212736 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.18.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Objective In dryland areas of China, alfalfa hay (AH) is a possible substitute for concentrate feed for beef cattle. To evaluate the potential benefits of this substitution, we studied the effect of the ratio of AH intake to total dry matter (DM) intake on average daily body-weight gain (ADG), dietary energy utilization status, and economic benefit in Gansu province. Methods In each of two feeding trials in 2016 (trial 1 [T1], July 3 to 17; trial 2 [T2], August 15 to September 23), crossbred male Simmental calves were allocated to low AH (LA), medium AH (MA), and high AH (HA) feeding groups (n = 4 per group). The target ADG was set as 1 kg for both trials. In a one-way-layout design based on conventional feeding practices in the province, calves received diets containing the different AH amounts, with a constant ratio of corn stover:total DM and decreasing rations of concentrate feed proportional to the increase in AH. Calves in T1 received AH at 15% (T1-LA), 23% (T1-MA), or 31% (T1-HA) of their dietary DM allowances; those in T2 received 9% (T2-LA), 24% (T2-MA), or 34% (T2-HA) AH. Results Among the T1 groups, both ADG and economic benefit were highest in T1-LA; whereas in T2, they were higher in the T2-LA and T2-MA groups than in T2-HA. Energy digestibility did not significantly differ among the groups in either trial. The dietary AH inclusion ratios of 14% in the warm season and 8% to 21% in the cool season appeared to yield optimal ADG, metabolizable energy intake, and economic benefit. Conclusion Low-level inclusion of AH, ranging from 8% to 21%, is a practical approach for beef cattle feeding. This modified feeding regimen likely will promote increased growth performance during the fattening stage of beef steers in dryland areas of Gansu province, China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Kobayashi
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8550, Japan.,Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori 680-0001, Japan
| | - Fujiang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Atsushi Tsunekawa
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori 680-0001, Japan
| | - Xianjiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tianhai Yan
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT9 5PX, UK
| | - Toshiyoshi Ichinohe
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue 690-8504, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sultan D, Tsunekawa A, Haregeweyn N, Adgo E, Tsubo M, Meshesha DT, Masunaga T, Aklog D, Fenta AA, Ebabu K. Impact of Soil and Water Conservation Interventions on Watershed Runoff Response in a Tropical Humid Highland of Ethiopia. Environ Manage 2018; 61:860-874. [PMID: 29442141 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-018-1005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Various soil and water conservation measures (SWC) have been widely implemented to reduce surface runoff in degraded and drought-prone watersheds. But little quantitative study has been done on to what extent such measures can reduce watershed-scale runoff, particularly from typical humid tropical highlands of Ethiopia. The overall goal of this study is to analyze the impact of SWC interventions on the runoff response by integrating field measurement with a hydrological CN model which gives a quantitative analysis future thought. Firstly, a paired-watershed approach was employed to quantify the relative difference in runoff response for the Kasiry (treated) and Akusty (untreated) watersheds. Secondly, a calibrated curve number hydrological modeling was applied to investigate the effect of various SWC management scenarios for the Kasiry watershed alone. The paired-watershed approach showed a distinct runoff response between the two watersheds however the effect of SWC measures was not clearly discerned being masked by other factors. On the other hand, the model predicts that, under the current SWC coverage at Kasiry, the seasonal runoff yield is being reduced by 5.2%. However, runoff yields from Kasiry watershed could be decreased by as much as 34% if soil bunds were installed on cultivated land and trenches were installed on grazing and plantation lands. In contrast, implementation of SWC measures on bush land and natural forest would have little effect on reducing runoff. The results on the magnitude of runoff reduction under optimal combinations of SWC measures and land use will support decision-makers in selection and promotion of valid management practices that are suited to particular biophysical niches in the tropical humid highlands of Ethiopia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dagnenet Sultan
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan.
- School of Civil and Water Resource Engineering, Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 26, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
| | - Atsushi Tsunekawa
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan
| | - Nigussie Haregeweyn
- International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan
| | - Enyew Adgo
- Department of Natural Resources Management, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 1289, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Mitsuru Tsubo
- Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, 0083, South Africa
| | - Derege Tsegaye Meshesha
- Department of Natural Resources Management, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 1289, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Tsugiyuki Masunaga
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, 690-0823, Japan
| | - Dagnachew Aklog
- Center for International Affairs, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-8550, Japan
| | - Ayele Almaw Fenta
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Kindiye Ebabu
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
- Department of Natural Resources Management, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 1289, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Li H, Tsuchimoto S, Harada K, Yamasaki M, Sakai H, Wada N, Alipour A, Sasai T, Tsunekawa A, Tsujimoto H, Ando T, Tomemori H, Sato S, Hirakawa H, Quintero VP, Zamarripa A, Santos P, Hegazy A, Ali AM, Fukui K. Genetic Tracing of Jatropha curcas L. from Its Mesoamerican Origin to the World. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:1539. [PMID: 28936216 PMCID: PMC5594977 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Jatropha curcas L. (Jatropha), a shrub species of the family Euphorbiaceae, has been recognized as a promising biofuel plant for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, recent attempts at commercial cultivation in Africa and Asia have failed because of low productivity. It is important to elucidate genetic diversity and relationship in worldwide Jatropha genetic resources for breeding of better commercial cultivars. Here, genetic diversity was analyzed by using 246 accessions from Mesoamerica, Africa and Asia, based on 59 simple sequence repeat markers and eight retrotransposon-based insertion polymorphism markers. We found that central Chiapas of Mexico possesses the most diverse genetic resources, and the Chiapas Central Depression could be the center of origin. We identified three genetic groups in Mesoamerica, whose distribution revealed a distinct geographic cline. One of them consists mainly of accessions from central Chiapas. This suggests that it represents the original genetic group. We found two Veracruz accessions in another group, whose ancestors might be shipped from Port of Veracruz to the Old World, to be the source of all African and Asian Jatropha. Our results suggest the human selection that caused low productivity in Africa and Asia, and also breeding strategies to improve African and Asian Jatropha. Cultivars improved in the productivity will contribute to expand mass commercial cultivation of Jatropha in Africa and Asia to increase biofuel production, and finally will support in the battle against the climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Li
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka UniversityOsaka, Japan
| | - Suguru Tsuchimoto
- Plant Bioengineering for Bioenergy Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka UniversityOsaka, Japan
| | - Kyuya Harada
- Plant Bioengineering for Bioenergy Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka UniversityOsaka, Japan
| | - Masanori Yamasaki
- Kobe Food Resources Education and Research Center, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe UniversityHyogo, Japan
| | - Hiroe Sakai
- Plant Bioengineering for Bioenergy Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka UniversityOsaka, Japan
| | - Naoki Wada
- Plant Bioengineering for Bioenergy Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka UniversityOsaka, Japan
| | - Atefeh Alipour
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka UniversityOsaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sasai
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka UniversityOsaka, Japan
| | | | | | - Takayuki Ando
- The Center for International Affairs, Tottori UniversityTottori, Japan
| | | | - Shusei Sato
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku UniversityMiyagi, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Primitivo Santos
- College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los BanosLaguna, Philippines
| | - Adel Hegazy
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat CitySadat City, Egypt
| | - Abdalla M. Ali
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shambat, University of KhartoumKhartoum, Sudan
| | - Kiichi Fukui
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Osaka UniversityOsaka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Kiichi Fukui,
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Haregeweyn N, Tsunekawa A, Poesen J, Tsubo M, Meshesha DT, Fenta AA, Nyssen J, Adgo E. Comprehensive assessment of soil erosion risk for better land use planning in river basins: Case study of the Upper Blue Nile River. Sci Total Environ 2017; 574:95-108. [PMID: 27623531 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the drought-prone Upper Blue Nile River (UBNR) basin of Ethiopia, soil erosion by water results in significant consequences that also affect downstream countries. However, there have been limited comprehensive studies of this and other basins with diverse agroecologies. We analyzed the variability of gross soil loss and sediment yield rates under present and expected future conditions using a newly devised methodological framework. The results showed that the basin generates an average soil loss rate of 27.5tha-1yr-1 and a gross soil loss of ca. 473Mtyr-1, of which, at least 10% comes from gully erosion and 26.7% leaves Ethiopia. In a factor analysis, variation in agroecology (average factor score=1.32) and slope (1.28) were the two factors most responsible for this high spatial variability. About 39% of the basin area is experiencing severe to very severe (>30tha-1yr-1) soil erosion risk, which is strongly linked to population density. Severe or very severe soil erosion affects the largest proportion of land in three subbasins of the UBNR basin: Blue Nile 4 (53.9%), Blue Nile 3 (45.1%), and Jema Shet (42.5%). If appropriate soil and water conservation practices targeted ca. 77.3% of the area with moderate to severe erosion (>15tha-1yr-1), the total soil loss from the basin could be reduced by ca. 52%. Our methodological framework identified the potential risk for soil erosion in large-scale zones, and with a more sophisticated model and input data of higher spatial and temporal resolution, results could be specified locally within these risk zones. Accurate assessment of soil erosion in the UBNR basin would support sustainable use of the basin's land resources and possibly open up prospects for cooperation in the Eastern Nile region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nigussie Haregeweyn
- International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, Tottori 680-0001, Japan; Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori 680-0001, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Tsunekawa
- International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, Tottori 680-0001, Japan; Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori 680-0001, Japan
| | - Jean Poesen
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Division of Geography and Tourism, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 E, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Mitsuru Tsubo
- Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Agricultural Research Council, South Africa
| | | | - Ayele Almaw Fenta
- Department of Land Resources Management and Environmental Protection, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Jan Nyssen
- Geography Department, Gent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Enyew Adgo
- Department of Natural Resources Management, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Imai S, Ito TY, Kinugasa T, Shinoda M, Tsunekawa A, Lhagvasuren B. Effects of spatiotemporal heterogeneity of forage availability on annual range size of Mongolian gazelles. J Zool (1987) 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Imai
- Arid Land Research Center Tottori University Tottori Japan
| | - T. Y. Ito
- Arid Land Research Center Tottori University Tottori Japan
| | - T. Kinugasa
- Department of Agriculture Tottori University Tottori Japan
| | - M. Shinoda
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - A. Tsunekawa
- Arid Land Research Center Tottori University Tottori Japan
| | - B. Lhagvasuren
- Institute of General and Experimental Biology Mongolian Academy of Sciences Ulaanbaatar Mongolia
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tefera G, Tegegne F, Mekuriaw Y, Melaku S, Tsunekawa A. Effects of different forms of white lupin (Lupinus albus) grain supplementation on feed intake, digestibility, growth performance and carcass characteristics of Washera sheep fed Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) hay-based diets. Trop Anim Health Prod 2015; 47:1581-90. [PMID: 26250152 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-015-0901-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein is the major limiting nutrient in feeding ruminants especially in dryland areas. Thus, looking for locally available protein sources such as white lupin (Lupinus albus) grain is commendable. The objective of this experiment was to determine effects of supplementation of different forms of white lupin grain (WLG) on feed and nutrient intake, digestibility, growth and carcass characteristics. Twenty-five yearling male Washera sheep with initial body weight (BW) of 16.26 ± 1.41 kg (mean ± SD) were used. Animals were blocked into five based on their initial BW and were randomly assigned to one of the following five dietary treatments: Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) hay (RGH) alone (T1) or supplemented with 300 g (on dry matter (DM) basis) raw WLG (T2) or raw soaked and dehulled WLG (T3) or roasted WLG (T4) or raw soaked WLG (T5). Supplementation with WLG significantly improved total DM and nutrient intake (P < 0.001), nutrient digestibility (P < 0.01), and average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) (P < 0.001). Carcass quality parameters were significantly (P < 0.001) higher for supplemented sheep. However, the difference in carcass quality parameters among supplemented groups was not significant (P > 0.05). It is concluded that roasting white lupin grain can lead to a better feed and nutrient intake and consequently better carcass quality. White lupin grain can be recommended not only for maintenance but also for optimum performance of ruminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gebru Tefera
- Koga irrigation and watershed management project, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Firew Tegegne
- Department of Animal Production and Technology, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan.
| | - Yeshambel Mekuriaw
- Department of Animal Production and Technology, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Melaku
- Haramaya University, School of Animal and Range Sciences, P.O.Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Atsushi Tsunekawa
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Okada A, Ito TY, Buuveibaatar B, Lhagvasuren B, Tsunekawa A. Genetic structure in Mongolian gazelles based on mitochondrial and microsatellite markers. Mamm Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
44
|
Haregeweyn N, Tesfaye S, Tsunekawa A, Tsubo M, Meshesha DT, Adgo E, Elias A. Dynamics of land use and land cover and its effects on hydrologic responses: case study of the Gilgel Tekeze catchment in the highlands of Northern Ethiopia. Environ Monit Assess 2015; 187:4090. [PMID: 25407989 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-4090-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Unprecedented land use and land cover (LULC) changes in the Gilgel Tekeze catchment of the upper Nile River basin in Ethiopia may have far-reaching consequences for the long-term sustainability of the natural resources base. This study analyzed the dynamics and hydrologic effects of LULC changes between 1976 and 2003 as shown in satellite imagery. The effects of these LULC changes on the hydrologic response were investigated using the WetSpa model to estimate spatially distributed average annual evapotranspiration, surface runoff, and groundwater recharge. Digital image analysis revealed major increments of cultivated land and settlements of 15.4 and 9.9%, respectively, at the expense of shrubland and grazing lands. Population growth and the associated demand for land were found to be the major driving forces. The WetSpa simulation showed an increase in annual surface runoff of 101 mm and a decrease in groundwater recharge of 39 mm over the period 1976-2003. These results signify an increasing threat of moisture unavailability in the study area and suggest that appropriate land management measures under the framework of the integrated catchment management (ICM) approach are urgently needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nigussie Haregeweyn
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Haregeweyn N, Tsunekawa A, Tsubo M, Meshesha D, Melkie A. Analysis of the invasion rate, impacts and control measures of Prosopis juliflora: a case study of Amibara District, Eastern Ethiopia. Environ Monit Assess 2013; 185:7527-7542. [PMID: 23400818 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3117-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The tree Prosopis juliflora, introduced to Ethiopia in the 1970s to curb desertification, is imposing significant ecosystem and socioeconomic challenges. The objectives of this study are therefore to analyze the dynamics and associated impacts of the P. juliflora invasion over the period 1973-2004 and to evaluate the effectiveness of the management measures implemented to date. This required the analysis of Landsat images, field surveys, the use of structured questionnaires, and interviews. P. juliflora was found to invade new areas at an average rate of 3.48 km(2)/annum over the period 1973-2004. The high germination nature of the seed, mechanisms of seed dispersal, and its wide-range ecological adaptability are the main drivers for the high invasion rate. By the year 2020, approximately 30.89 % of the study area is projected to be covered by P. juliflora. The expansion has affected human health, suppressed indigenous plants, and decreased livestock productivity. The management measures that have been implemented are not able to yield the desirable results because of the limited spatial scale, cost, and/or improper planning and implementation. Therefore, the formulation of a strategy for management approaches that include the engagement of the community and the limiting of the number of vector animals within the framework of the current villagization program remain important. Moreover, risk assessment should be completed in the future before an exotic species is introduced into a certain area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Haregeweyn
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ito TY, Lhagvasuren B, Tsunekawa A, Shinoda M, Takatsuki S, Buuveibaatar B, Chimeddorj B. Fragmentation of the habitat of wild ungulates by anthropogenic barriers in Mongolia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56995. [PMID: 23437291 PMCID: PMC3577783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Habitat loss and habitat fragmentation caused by anthropogenic activities are the main factors that constrain long-distance movement of ungulates. Mongolian gazelles (Procapra gutturosa) and Asiatic wild asses (Equus hemionus) in Mongolia are facing habitat fragmentation and loss. To better understand how their movements respond to potential anthropogenic and natural barriers, we tracked 24 Mongolian gazelles and 12 wild asses near the Ulaanbaatar-Beijing Railroad and the fenced international border between Mongolia and China between 2002 and 2012. None of the tracked gazelles crossed the railroad, even though gazelles were captured on both sides of the tracks at the start of the study. Similarly, we did not observe cross-border movements between Mongolia and China for either species, even though some animals used areas adjacent to the border. The both species used close areas to the anthropogenic barriers more frequently during winter than summer. These results suggest strong impacts by the artificial barriers. The construction of new railroads and roads to permit mining and other resource development therefore creates the threat of further habitat fragmentation, because the planned routes will divide the remaining non-fragmented habitats of the ungulates into smaller pieces. To conserve long-distance movement of the ungulates in this area, it will be necessary to remove or mitigate the barrier effects of the existing and planned roads and railroads and to adopt a landscape-level approach to allow access by ungulates to wide ranges throughout their distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Y Ito
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Haregeweyn N, Berhe A, Tsunekawa A, Tsubo M, Meshesha DT. Integrated watershed management as an effective approach to curb land degradation: a case study of the Enabered watershed in northern Ethiopia. Environ Manage 2012; 50:1219-1233. [PMID: 23076659 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-012-9952-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Integrated watershed management (IWM) is an advanced land-management approach that has been widely implemented in Tigray region of northern Ethiopia since 2004. The general aim of this study was to analyze to what extent the IWM approach is effective in curbing land degradation in the fragile drylands of the Enabered watershed in Tigray. This study assessed the impacts of IWM on (1) land-use and land-cover change and (2) the decrease of runoff loss and soil loss due to sheet and rill erosion and gully erosion. The watershed characteristics and implemented IWM measures were mapped in the field. Land use and land cover, runoff, and soil losses were compared before (2004) and after (2009) the IWM interventions. Plantations and exclosures increased significantly at the expense of grazing lands and bushland. Runoff and sheet and rill erosion decreased by 27 and 89 %, respectively, and gully channels were reclaimed. The decrease in sheet and rill erosion resulted from changes in crop cover (48 %) and conservation-practice (29 %) factors, as represented by C and P of the Universal Soil Loss Equation. The results showed that land degradation has been curbed as a result of IWM intervention. A key factor to this success was the effectiveness of the implementation approach for the main IWM components, including the participation of the local community in the form of a contribution of 20 days of free labor. Based on these results, IWM may be implemented in other regions with similar environmental and socioeconomic situations.
Collapse
|
48
|
Kinugasa T, Tsunekawa A, Shinoda M. Increasing nitrogen deposition enhances post-drought recovery of grassland productivity in the Mongolian steppe. Oecologia 2012; 170:857-65. [PMID: 22584584 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-012-2354-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Arid regions are prone to drought because annual rainfall accumulation depends on a few rainfall events. Natural plant communities are damaged by drought, but atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition may enhance the recovery of plant productivity after drought. Here, we investigated the effect of increasing N deposition on post-drought recovery of grassland productivity in the Mongolian steppe, and we examined the influence of grazing in this recovery. We added different amounts of N to a Mongolian grassland during two sequential drought years (2006 and 2007) and the subsequent 3 years of normal rainfall (2008-2010) under grazed and nongrazed conditions. Aboveground biomass and number of shoots were surveyed annually for each species. Nitrogen addition increased grassland productivity after drought irrespective of the grazing regime. The increase in grassland productivity was associated with an increase in the size of an annual, Salsola collina, under grazed conditions, and with an increase in shoot emergence of a perennial, Artemisia adamsii, under nongrazed conditions. The addition of low N content simulating N deposition around the study area by the year 2050 did not significantly increase grassland productivity. Our results suggest that increasing N deposition can enhance grassland recovery after a drought even in arid environments, such as the Mongolian steppe. This enhancement may be accompanied by a loss of grassland quality caused by an increase in the unpalatable species A. adamsii and largely depends on future human activities and the consequent deposition of N in Mongolia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Kinugasa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wang S, Xie B, Yin L, Duan L, Li Z, Eneji AE, Tsuji W, Tsunekawa A. Increased UV-B radiation affects the viability, reactive oxygen species accumulation and antioxidant enzyme activities in maize (Zea mays L.) pollen. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 86:110-6. [PMID: 19906093 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00635.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The increase in UV-B radiation reaching the earth's surface has prompted extensive studies on the effects of UV-B on plants. However, most of these studies have not addressed the close characteristics related to future survival of plant populations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of UV-B radiation on reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and antioxidant defense system in relation to germination, tube length and viability of maize pollen. Our results indicate that increased UV-B radiation decreased the pollen germination rate and tube length in vitro and also its fertilization ability in the field. Production of O(2)(*-) and H(2)O(2) increased by UV-B radiation treatment, and their continuous accumulation resulted in lipid peroxidization. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and DPPH-radical scavenging were decreased by increased UV-B radiation. The increased ROS and lipid peroxidization, and decreased activities of the antioxidants may be attributed to the effects of UV-B radiation on pollen germination, tube growth and fertilization ability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiwen Wang
- State Key Lab of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Agronomy, Center of Crop Chemical Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Mu H, Kurozawa Y, Kotani K, Liu G, Liu P, Tsunekawa A, Shunichiro N, Ito TY. Health-related quality of life and recognition of desertification among inhabitants of the Loess Plateau region of China: findings for city and village communities. J Environ Health 2008; 70:38-43. [PMID: 18236936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This article elucidates the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) the recognition of desertification among people living in the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China. HRQOL was assessed with a three-dimensional survey of general health perception, vitality, and general mental health based on a 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). Scores for general health perception were approximately the same in the city and the village communities. Vitality and mental health scores were significantly lower for women in the village communities than for other groups. In the village communities, HRQOL was significantly and positively correlated with income. The inhabitants of the village communities were more satisfied with their life situation than those in the city, in spite of the economic gap between them. Levels of recognition of desertification were lower in the village communities than in the city.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haosheng Mu
- Division of Health Administration and Promotion, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Nishi-cho, Yonago, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|