1
|
Xiao W, Rank GH. Curing IndustrialSaccharomycesYeasts of Parasitic 2μm Plasmid. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-48-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiao
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 0W0
| | - Gerald H. Rank
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 0W0
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Reiser J, Glumoff V, Kälin M, Ochsner U. Transfer and expression of heterologous genes in yeasts other than Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2005; 43:75-102. [PMID: 2291442 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0009080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years, yeasts other than those belonging to the genus Saccharomyces have become increasingly important for industrial applications. Species such as Pichia pastoris, Hansenula polymorpha, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Yarrowia lipolytica and Kluyveromyces lactis have been modified genetically and used for the production of heterologous proteins. For a number of additional yeasts such as Schwanniomyces occidentalis, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii, Trichosporon cutaneum, Pachysolen tannophilus, Pichia guilliermondii and members of the genus Candida genetic transformation systems have been worked out. Transformation was achieved using either dominant selection markers based on antibiotic resistance genes or auxotrophic markers in conjunction with cloned biosynthetic genes involved in amino acid or nucleotide metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Reiser
- Institut für Biotechnologie, ETH-Hönggerberg, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Akada R, Matsuo K, Aritomi K, Nishizawa Y. Construction of recombinant sake yeast containing a dominant FAS2 mutation without extraneous sequences by a two-step gene replacement protocol. J Biosci Bioeng 2005; 87:43-8. [PMID: 16232423 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(99)80006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/1998] [Accepted: 10/06/1998] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel two-step gene replacement protocol was developed to construct a recombinant industrial yeast free of bacterial and drug-resistant marker sequences. A yeast strain exhibiting cerulenin resistance conferred by a dominant mutation of FAS2 was previously shown to produce high levels of a flavor component of Japanese sake. A N- and C-terminally truncated portion of the mutant FAS2 gene was subcloned to an integrating plasmid containing an aureobasidin A-resistant transformation marker and a galactose-inducible growth inhibitory sequence (GAL10p::GIN11). The plasmid was targeted into the chromosomal FAS2 locus of sake yeast Kyokai no. 7, resulting in a tandem repeat of inactive FAS2 sequences surrounding the integrated plasmid sequences. Cells containing the integrated plasmid were unable to grow on galactose medium due to the inhibitory effect of GAL10p::GIN11. This growth inhibition allowed efficient counter-selection for cells that had undergone homologous recombination between the FAS2 repeats by their growth on galactose medium. This recombination event resulted in loss of the integrated plasmid sequences and the resulting strains should contain a single copy of either wild-type or cerulenin-resistant FAS2. The selected cerulenin-resistant strains produced approximately 3.7-fold more ethyl caproate, a flavor component, than the Kyokai no. 7 strain. Southern blot and sequence analyses confirmed the presence of the FAS2 mutation and the absence of integrated plasmid sequences in the genome of the selected strain. This gene replacement method provides a straightforward approach for the construction of recombinant industrial yeasts free of undesirable DNA sequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Akada
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Tokiwadai, Ube 755-8611 Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Akada R. Genetically modified industrial yeast ready for application. J Biosci Bioeng 2002; 94:536-44. [PMID: 16233347 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(02)80192-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2002] [Accepted: 08/27/2002] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tremendous progress in the genetic engineering of yeast had been achieved at the end of 20th century, including the complete genome sequence, genome-wide gene expression profiling, and whole gene disruption strains. Nevertheless, genetically modified (GM) baking, brewing, wine, and sake yeasts have not, as yet, been used commercially, although numerous industrial recombinant yeasts have been constructed. The recent progress of genetic engineering for the construction of GM yeast is reviewed and possible requirements for their application are discussed. 'Self-cloning' yeast will be the most likely candidate for the first commercial application of GM microorganisms in food and beverage industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rinji Akada
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Tokiwadai, Ube 755-8611, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
|
6
|
MarıÌn D, Jiménez A, Fernández Lobato M. Construction of an efficient amylolytic industrial yeast strain containing DNA exclusively derived from yeast. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10764.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
7
|
Xie Q, Jiménez A. Molecular cloning of a novel allele of SMR1 which determines sulfometuron methyl resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1996; 137:165-8. [PMID: 8998980 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08100.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A different mutation (SMR1B) to SMR1-410 (ilv2), which determines resistance to sulfometuron methyl in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was cloned by PCR. Sequence analysis indicated a C to T change at position 575 of the ILV2 coding sequence, which results in a proline transition to leucine at position 192. Similarly to SMR1-410, the SMR1B gene was confirmed as a convenient dominant selective marker for yeast transformation including industrial strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Q Xie
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (UAM/CSIC), Universidad Autónoma, Canto Blanco, Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Academic studies and traditional breeding of yeasts depend upon their sporulation lifestyle. The strains used have been specially selected to sporulate readily and to mate producing new yeast types. Unfortunately brewing yeast strains do not behave in this way. They sporulate poorly, any spores which are formed are usually non-viable and any haploid strains produced are invariably non-maters. Only in recent years, with the development of recombinant-DNA techniques, has the specific breeding of new brewing yeast strains become widespread. Strains have been produced with the ability to ferment a wider range of carbohydrates, with altered flocculation properties and which produce beers with modified flavours. Many have been tested on the pilot scale and one, an amylolytic brewing yeast, has received approval for commercial use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R Hammond
- BRF International, Lyttel Hall, Nutfield, Redhill, Surrey, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gasent-Ramírez JM, Codón AC, Benítez T. Characterization of genetically transformed Saccharomyces cerevisiae baker's yeasts able to metabolize melibiose. Appl Environ Microbiol 1995; 61:2113-21. [PMID: 7793932 PMCID: PMC167483 DOI: 10.1128/aem.61.6.2113-2121.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Three transformant (Mel+) Saccharomyces cerevisiae baker's yeast strains, CT-Mel, VS-Mel, and DADI-Mel, have been characterized. The strains, which originally lacked alpha-galactosidase activity (Mel-), had been transformed with a DNA fragment which possessed an ILV1-SMR1 allele of the ILV2 gene and a MEL1 gene. The three transformed strains showed growth rates similar to those of the untransformed controls in both minimal and semi-industrial (molasses) media. The alpha-galactosidase specific activity of strain CT-Mel was twice that of VS-Mel and DADI-Mel. The yield, YX/S (milligrams of protein per milligram of substrate), in minimal medium with raffinose as the carbon source was 2.5 times higher in the transformed strains than in the controls and was 1.5 times higher in CT-Mel than in VS-Mel and DADI-Mel. When molasses was used, YX/S (milligrams of protein per milliliter of culture) increased 8% when the transformed strains CT-Mel and DADI-Mel were used instead of the controls. Whereas no viable spores were recovered from either DADI-Mel or VS-Mel tetrads, genetic analysis carried out with CT-Mel indicated that the MEL1 gene has been integrated in two of three homologous loci. Analysis of the DNA content by flow cytometry indicated that strain CT-Mel was 3n, whereas VS-Mel was 2n and DADI-Mel was 1.5n. Electrophoretic karyotype and Southern blot analyses of the transformed strains showed that the MEL1 gene has been integrated in the same chromosomic band, probably chromosome XIII, in the three strains.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
|
10
|
Xiao W, Rank GH. Polymorphism of 2-microns plasmids in industrial strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1993; 39:80-6. [PMID: 7765297 DOI: 10.1007/bf00166853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses of industrial Saccharomyces yeast DNA have identified eight 2-microns plasmid variants that fall into two distinct types. Type-I plasmids are of unique form, whereas type-II plasmids exist in seven distinct RFLP forms. Only two different 2-microns variants were observed in 35 bakers' strains analysed. One variant was the unique type-I whereas the second variant represents an ancestral form of the type-II plasmid. Sixteen of nineteen wine yeasts carried a distinctive type-II plasmid with a homologous STB repeat whereas ale and lager yeasts had a wide range of type-II variants. Relative to nuclear and mtDNA, 2-microns polymorphism is less diverse and not diagnostic for a specific strain. This 2-microns DNA polymorphism is a convenient and useful addendum to nuclear and mtDNA RFLP analyses but cannot serve as the sole marker for strain identification. A tentative phylogeny of industrial S. cerevisiae yeasts is suggested with origins in bakers' yeast carrying the ancestral type-II form.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Xiao
- Department of Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hussey C. Recombinant plasmids. SAFETY IN INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 1992. [PMCID: PMC7155667 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7506-1105-3.50010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
12
|
RANK GH, XIAO W. Alteration of Industrial Food and Beverage Yeasts by Recombinant DNA Technology. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb18574.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
13
|
Xiao W, Pelcher LE, Rank GH. Sequence diversity of yeast 2 microns RAF gene and its co-evolution with STB and REP1. Gene 1991; 101:75-80. [PMID: 1676387 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(91)90226-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite the extensive study of yeast 2 microns plasmid, the exact function of plasmid-encoded RAF gene is not clear. Variants of 2 microns plasmids from industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts were isolated and characterized. Sequencing of RAF alleles revealed about 8% nucleotide and 10% amino acid diversities between 2 microns variants of closely related strains, RAF sequence variations were correlated with STB-REP1 sequence diversity. We also used restriction fragment length polymorphism linkage to screen a large number of yeast strains from different fermentation industries. The results clearly show a tight linkage of STB-REP1-RAF variations. Thus, our observations suggest that plasmid-borne cis- and trans-acting elements co-evolved to form an optimal molecular parasite and that RAF may play a role in active plasmid partitioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Xiao
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
del Pozo L, Abarca D, Claros MG, Jiménez A. Cycloheximide resistance as a yeast cloning marker. Curr Genet 1991; 19:353-8. [PMID: 1913874 DOI: 10.1007/bf00309595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In CYH2/cyh2 heterozygous diploids of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae resistance is dominant over sensitivity at low (0.5-5 micrograms/ml) cycloheximide (cyh) concentrations. The cyh-resistant haploid strain MMY1 confers relatively high (10 micrograms/ml) cyh-resistance to heterozygous diploids constructed by mating this strain with cyh-sensitive haploid strains. We present here a genetic and biochemical study of strain MMY1. Analysis of tetrads obtained from a MMY1 heterozygous diploid showed that two unlinked nuclear mutations, determining high- and low-cycloheximide resistance, were present in MMY1. From a genomic library of this strain, constructed in vector YCp50, two plasmids (pRC1 and pRC13) have been isolated which, respectively, confer high- and low-resistance phenotypes to cyh-sensitive S. cerevisiae strains. The restriction maps of pRC1 and pRC13 are totally unrelated. This finding suggests that the genes harboring the two mutations encoding cyh-resistance from MMY1 were cloned in plasmids pRC1 and pRC13, respectively. Pulse field gel electrophoresis showed that the DNA insert of pRC1 maps at either chromosome VII or XV, whereas that from pRC13 maps at chromosome XI. This latter gene appears to define a previously unreported locus and has been named cyh5. By restriction and nucleotide sequencing analysis, the cyh gene present in pRC1 has been shown to correspond to cyh2, which maps at chromosome VII. These results suggest that the dominant cyh-resistance phenotype conferred by MMY1 in heterozygous diploids is promoted by the presence of both cyh2 and cyh5.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L del Pozo
- Centro de Biología Molecular (C.S.I.C.-U.A.M.), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Canto Blanco, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wei XA, Pelcher LE, Rank GH. DNA sequence divergence and functional conservation at the STB locus of yeast 2 microns circle variants. J Bacteriol 1991; 173:1181-6. [PMID: 1671385 PMCID: PMC207240 DOI: 10.1128/jb.173.3.1181-1186.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
2 microns DNA isolated from industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts exhibited extensive restriction fragment length polymorphisms. At least five 2 microns species were identified from eleven [cir+] strains. Southern hybridization mapped restriction fragment length polymorphisms at STB, a cis-acting locus essential for plasmid partitioning. Some 2 microns variants (e.g., 4110-2 microns and 4108-2 microns) had an altered number of 125-bp consensus repeats at STB. However, the corresponding region of 7754-2 microns has only approximately 70% nucleotide sequence homology with the 125-bp STB consensus repeat. YRp plasmids containing 7754-2 microns STB behave as YEp plasmids in laboratory yeasts, thereby indicating STB sequence divergence coupled to conservation of function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X A Wei
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Xiao W, Pelcher LE, Rank GH. Evidence for cis- and trans-acting element coevolution of the 2-microns circle genome in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Mol Evol 1991; 32:145-52. [PMID: 1672551 DOI: 10.1007/bf02515386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We compared the DNA sequence of the yeast 2-microns plasmid cis-acting STB and transacting REP1 partition loci of laboratory haploid and industrial amphiploid strains. Several industrial strains had a unique STB sequence (type 1) sharing only 70% homology with laboratory STB (type 2). Type 1 plasmids had a REP1 protein with 6-10% amino acid substitutions when compared to REP1 of type 2 plasmids. All 2-microns variants that shared a similar STB consensus sequence exhibited a high degree of REP1 nucleotide and amino acid sequence conservation. These observations suggest molecular coevolution of trans-acting elements with cognate target DNA structure. Based on DNA sequencing and Southern hybridization analyses, we classified 2-microns variants into two main evolutionary lineages that differ at STB as well as REP1 loci. The role of molecular coevolution in yeast intra- and interspecies plasmid evolution was discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Xiao
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Oda Y, Ouchi K. Hybridization of Bakers' yeast by the rare-mating method to improve leavening ability in dough. Enzyme Microb Technol 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(90)90122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
18
|
Abstract
SMR1-410, a dominant resistance marker, was cloned into the FLP gene of 2 microns DNA to produce the chimeric YEp vector pWX823B. Selection for SMR1-410 at high concentrations of sulfometuron methyl maintained pWX823 at high copy number and resulted in the rapid and efficient loss of native 2 microns DNA. Using this protocol approximately 15% of the cells monitored showed loss of 2 microns DNA. The curing methodology is more efficient and convenient than previous methods and has the added advantage of being applicable to wild-type prototrophic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Xiao
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Xiao W, Rank GH. Cloning of industrial Saccharomyces 2-microns plasmid variants by in vivo site-specific recombination. Plasmid 1990; 23:67-70. [PMID: 1971952 DOI: 10.1016/0147-619x(90)90045-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Southern analyses defined several industrial Saccharomyces yeast strains with extensive 2-microns DNA polymorphism. Variants included insertions and deletions up to several hundred base pairs. To facilitate the investigation of yeast plasmid evolution we developed a novel method of cloning 2-microns plasmids by taking advantage of 2-microns circle in vivo site-specific recombination and an SMRI gene as a dominant selectable marker. This method can be applied to other organisms for the isolation of plasmid variants and provides a new approach to in vivo plasmid construction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Xiao
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|