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Major role of lactate dehydrogenase D-LDH1 for the synthesis of lactic acid in Fructobacillus tropaeoli CRL 2034. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:7409-7426. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10776-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Biocatalytic racemization of α-hydroxycarboxylic acids using a stereo-complementary pair of α-hydroxycarboxylic acid dehydrogenases. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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The D-2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase incorrectly annotated PanE is the sole reduction system for branched-chain 2-keto acids in Lactococcus lactis. J Bacteriol 2008; 191:873-81. [PMID: 19047348 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01114-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxyacid dehydrogenases of lactic acid bacteria, which catalyze the stereospecific reduction of branched-chain 2-keto acids to 2-hydroxyacids, are of interest in a variety of fields, including cheese flavor formation via amino acid catabolism. In this study, we used both targeted and random mutagenesis to identify the genes responsible for the reduction of 2-keto acids derived from amino acids in Lactococcus lactis. The gene panE, whose inactivation suppressed hydroxyisocaproate dehydrogenase activity, was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant His-tagged fusion protein was purified and characterized. The gene annotated panE was the sole gene responsible for the reduction of the 2-keto acids derived from leucine, isoleucine, and valine, while ldh, encoding L-lactate dehydrogenase, was responsible for the reduction of the 2-keto acids derived from phenylalanine and methionine. The kinetic parameters of the His-tagged PanE showed the highest catalytic efficiencies with 2-ketoisocaproate, 2-ketomethylvalerate, 2-ketoisovalerate, and benzoylformate (V(max)/K(m) ratios of 6,640, 4,180, 3,300, and 2,050 U/mg/mM, respectively), with NADH as the exclusive coenzyme. For the reverse reaction, the enzyme accepted d-2-hydroxyacids but not l-2-hydroxyacids. Although PanE showed the highest degrees of identity to putative NADP-dependent 2-ketopantoate reductases (KPRs), it did not exhibit KPR activity. Sequence homology analysis revealed that, together with the d-mandelate dehydrogenase of Enterococcus faecium and probably other putative KPRs, PanE belongs to a new family of D-2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases which is unrelated to the well-described D-2-hydroxyisocaproate dehydrogenase family. Its probable physiological role is to regenerate the NAD(+) necessary to catabolize branched-chain amino acids, leading to the production of ATP and aroma compounds.
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Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) constitute a diverse group of Gram positive obligately fermentative microorganisms which include both beneficial and pathogenic strains. LAB generally have complex nutritional requirements and therefore they are usually associated with nutrient-rich environments such as animal bodies, plants and foodstuffs. Amino acids represent an important resource for LAB and their utilization serves a number of physiological roles such as intracellular pH control, generation of metabolic energy or redox power, and resistance to stress. As a consequence, the regulation of amino acid catabolism involves a wide set of both general and specific regulators and shows significant differences among LAB. Moreover, due to their fermentative metabolism, LAB amino acid catabolic pathways in some cases differ significantly from those described in best studied prokaryotic model organisms such as Escherichia coli or Bacillus subtilis. Thus, LAB amino acid catabolism constitutes an interesting case for the study of metabolic pathways. Furthermore, LAB are involved in the production of a great variety of fermented products so that the products of amino acid catabolism are also relevant for the safety and the quality of fermented products.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernández
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias CSIC, Crta de Infiesto s/n, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
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Domenech J, Ferrer J. A new D-2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase with dual coenzyme-specificity from Haloferax mediterranei, sequence analysis and heterologous overexpression. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2006; 1760:1667-74. [PMID: 17049749 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2006] [Revised: 08/29/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A gene encoding a new D-2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.) from the halophilic Archaeon Haloferax mediterranei has been sequenced, cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli cells with the inducible expression plasmid pET3a. The nucleotide sequence analysis showed an open reading frame of 927 bp which encodes a 308 amino acid protein. Multiple amino acid sequence alignments of the D-2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase from H. mediterranei showed high homology with D-2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases from different organisms and other enzymes of this family. Analysis of the amino acid sequence showed catalytic residues conserved in hydroxyacid dehydrogenases with d-stereospecificity. In the reductive reaction, the enzyme showed broad substrate specificity, although alpha-ketoisoleucine was the most favourable of all alpha-ketocarboxylic acids tested. Kinetic data revealed that this new D-2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase from H. mediterranei exhibits dual coenzyme-specificity, using both NADPH and NADH as coenzymes. To date, all D-2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases have been found to be NADH-dependent. Here, we report the first example of a D-2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase with dual coenzyme-specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Domenech
- Departamento de Agroquímica y Bioquímica, Division de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
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Abstract
Lactobacilli play a substantial role in food biotechnology and influence our quality of life by their fermentative and probiotic properties. Despite their obvious importance in fermentation ecology and biotechnology only recent years have brought some insight into the genetics of lactobacilli. These genetic investigations allow the elucidation of traits determinative for competitiveness and ecology and thus product safety and quality. They have concentrated only on a small selection of lactobacilli whereas others are hardly touched or remained recalcitrant to genetic analysis and manipulation. The knowledge gained on the biochemistry, physiology, ecology and especially genetics is a prerequisite for the deliberate application and improved handling of lactobacilli in traditional and novel applications. In this review, the achievements in the genetics of lactobacilli are described including detection systems, genetic elements, host vector systems, gene cloning and expression and risk assessment of genetically engineered lactobacilli.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Vogel
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Ferain T, Schanck AN, Delcour J. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of glucose and citrate end products in an ldhL-ldhD double-knockout strain of Lactobacillus plantarum. J Bacteriol 1996; 178:7311-5. [PMID: 8955418 PMCID: PMC178649 DOI: 10.1128/jb.178.24.7311-7315.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We have examined the metabolic consequences of knocking out the two ldh genes in Lactobacillus plantarum using 13C nuclear magnetic resonance. Unlike its wild-type isogenic progenitor, which produced lactate as the major metabolite under all conditions tested, ldh null strain TF103 mainly produced acetoin. A variety of secondary end products were also found, including organic acids (acetate, succinate, pyruvate, and lactate), ethanol, 2,3-butanediol, and mannitol.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ferain
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Unité de Génétique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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9
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Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria are characterized by a relatively simple sugar fermentation pathway that, by definition, results in the formation of lactic acid. The extensive knowledge of traditional pathways and the accumulating genetic information on these and novel ones, allows for the rerouting of metabolic processes in lactic acid bacteria by physiological approaches, genetic methods, or a combination of these two. This review will discuss past and present examples and future possibilities of metabolic engineering of lactic acid bacteria for the production of important compounds, including lactic and other acids, flavor compounds, and exopolysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M de Vos
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, NIZO, Ede, The Netherlands
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Ferain T, Hobbs JN, Richardson J, Bernard N, Garmyn D, Hols P, Allen NE, Delcour J. Knockout of the two ldh genes has a major impact on peptidoglycan precursor synthesis in Lactobacillus plantarum. J Bacteriol 1996; 178:5431-7. [PMID: 8808932 PMCID: PMC178362 DOI: 10.1128/jb.178.18.5431-5437.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Most bacteria synthesize muramyl-pentapeptide peptidoglycan precursors ending with a D-alanyl residue (e.g., UDP-N-acetylmuramyl-L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala). However, it was recently demonstrated that other types of precursors, notably D-lactate-ending molecules, could be synthesized by several lactic acid bacteria. This particular feature leads to vancomycin resistance. Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic that blocks cell wall synthesis by the formation of a complex with the extremity of peptidoglycan precursors. Substitution of the terminal D-alanine by D-lactate reduces the affinity of the antibiotic for its target. Lactobacillus plantarum is a lactic acid bacterium naturally resistant to vancomycin. It converts most of the glycolytic pyruvate to L- and D-lactate by using stereospecific enzymes designated L- and D-lactate dehydrogenases, respectively. In the present study, we show that L. plantarum actually synthesizes D-lactate-ending peptidoglycan precursors. We also report the construction of a strain which is deficient for both D- and L-lactate dehydrogenase activities and which produces only trace amounts of D- and L-lactate. As a consequence, the peptidoglycan synthesis pathway is drastically affected. The wild-type precursor is still present, but a new type of D-alanine-ending precursor is also synthesized in large quantities, which results in a highly enhanced sensitivity to vancomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ferain
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
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Bernard N, Johnsen K, Ferain T, Garmyn D, Hols P, Holbrook JJ, Delcour J. NAD(+)-dependent D-2-hydroxyisocaproate dehydrogenase of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus. Gene cloning and enzyme characterization. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 224:439-46. [PMID: 7925358 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.00439.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A genomic library from Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus was used to complement an Escherichia coli mutant strain deficient for both lactate dehydrogenase and pyruvate formate lyase, and thus unable to grow anaerobically. One recombinant clone was found to display a broad specificity NAD(+)-dependent D-2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase activity. The corresponding gene (named hdhD) was subcloned and sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence of the encoded enzyme indicates a 333-residue protein closely related to D-2-hydroxyisocaproate (i.e. 2-hydroxy-4-methyl-pentanoate) dehydrogenase (D-HO-HxoDH) of Lactobacillus casei and other NAD(+)-dependent D-lactate dehydrogenases (D-LDH) from several other bacterial species. The hdhD gene was overexpressed under the control of the lambda phage PL promoter and the enzyme was purified with a two-step method. The L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus enzyme, like that of L. casei, was shown to be active on a wide variety of 2-oxoacid substrates except those having a branched beta-carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bernard
- Unité de Génétique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
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Feil IK, Lerch HP, Schomburg D. Deletion variants of L-hydroxyisocaproate dehydrogenase. Probing substrate specificity. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 223:857-63. [PMID: 8055963 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb19062.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The substrate specificity and catalytic activity of the dinucleotide-dependent L-2-hydroxyisocaproate dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus confusus (L-HicDH) have been altered by modifying an enzyme region which is assumed to be involved in substrate recognition. The design of the variant enzymes was based on an amino acid alignment of the modified region with the functionally related L-lactate dehydrogenases. The best absolute sequence similarity for a protein with known tertiary structure was found for L-lactate dehydrogenase from dogfish (23%). In this study, the coenzyme loop, a functional element which is essential for catalysis and substrate specificity, was modified in order to identify the residues involved in the catalytic reaction and observe the effect on the substrate specificity. Deletions were introduced into the L-hydroxyisocaproate gene by site-directed mutagenesis. Several deletion-variant enzymes Ile100A delta, Lys100B delta, Leu101 delta, Asn105A delta and Pro105B delta showed an altered substrate specificity. For the variant enzyme with the deletion of Asn/Pro105A/B, 2-oxo carboxylic acids branched at C4 proved to be better substrates than 2-oxocaproate, the substrate with the best kcat/KM ratio known for the wild-type enzyme. The mutation resulted in a 5.2-fold increased catalytic efficiency towards 2-oxoisocaproate compared to the wild-type enzyme. After deleting Ile/Lys100A/B, 2-phenylpyruvate is the only substrate which is still converted at a significant catalytic rate. The kcat ratios of 2-oxocaproate versus 2-phenylpyruvate changed by a factor of 6500 when comparing wild-type enzyme and deletion-variant enzyme data. The single amino acid deletions in position 100A and 100B caused drastic reductions in the catalytic activity for all tested substrates, whereas the deletion of Lys100B, Leu101, Asn105A as well as Pro105B showed more specific modifications in catalytic rates and substrate recognition for each tested substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- I K Feil
- Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung, Department of Molecular Structure Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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Abstract
This paper reviews the present knowledge of the structure and properties of small (< 5 kb) plasmids present in Lactobacillus spp. The data show that plasmids from Lactobacillus spp., like many plasmids from other Gram-positive bacteria, display a modular organization and replicate by a mechanism of rolling circle replication. Structurally, plasmids from lactobacilli are closely related to plasmids from other Gram-positive bacteria. They contain elements (plus- and minus origin of replication, element(s) for control of plasmid replication, mobilization function) showing extensive similarity to analogous elements in plasmids from these other organisms. It is believed that lactobacilli have acquired such elements by intra- and/or intergenic transfer mechanisms. The first part of the review is concluded with a description of plasmid vectors with a Lactobacillus replicon and integrative vectors, including data concerning their structural and segregational stability. In the second part of this review we describe the progress that has been made during the last few years in identifying and characterizing elements that control expression of genetic information in lactobacilli. Based on the sequence of eleven identified and twenty presumed promoters, some preliminary conclusions can be drawn regarding the structure of Lactobacillus promoters. A typical Lactobacillus promoter shows significant similarity to promoters from E. coli and B. subtilis. An analysis of published sequences of seventy genes indicates that the region encompassing the translation start codon AUG also shows extensive similarity to that of E. coli and B. subtilis. Codon usage of Lactobacillus genes is not random and shows interspecies as well as intraspecies heterogeneity. Interspecies differences may, in part, be explained by differences in G+C content of different lactobacilli. Differences in gene expression levels can, to a large extent, account for intraspecies differences of codon usage bias. Finally, we review the knowledge that has become available concerning protein secretion and heterologous gene expression in lactobacilli. This part is concluded with a compilation of data on the expression in Lactobacillus of heterologous genes under the control of their own promoter or under control of a Lactobacillus promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Pouwels
- Department Molecular Genetics and Gene-Technology, TNO Medical Biological Laboratory, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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Heaton MP, Neuhaus FC. Biosynthesis of D-alanyl-lipoteichoic acid: cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression of the Lactobacillus casei gene for the D-alanine-activating enzyme. J Bacteriol 1992; 174:4707-17. [PMID: 1385594 PMCID: PMC206267 DOI: 10.1128/jb.174.14.4707-4717.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The D-alanine-activating enzyme (Dae; EC 6.3.2.4) encoded by the dae gene from Lactobacillus casei ATCC 7469 is a cytosolic protein essential for the formation of the D-alanyl esters of membrane-bound lipoteichoic acid. The gene has been cloned, sequenced, and expressed in Escherichia coli, an organism which does not possess Dae activity. The open reading frame is 1,518 nucleotides and codes for a protein of 55.867 kDa, a value in agreement with the 56 kDa obtained by electrophoresis. A putative promoter and ribosome-binding site immediately precede the dae gene. A second open reading frame contiguous with the dae gene has also been partially sequenced. The organization of these genetic elements suggests that more than one enzyme necessary for the biosynthesis of D-alanyl-lipoteichoic acid may be present in this operon. Analysis of the amino acid sequence deduced from the dae gene identified three regions with significant homology to proteins in the following groups of ATP-utilizing enzymes: (i) the acid-thiol ligases, (ii) the activating enzymes for the biosynthesis of enterobactin, and (iii) the synthetases for tyrocidine, gramicidin S, and penicillin. From these comparisons, a common motif (GXXGXPK) has been identified that is conserved in the 19 protein domains analyzed. This motif may represent the phosphate-binding loop of an ATP-binding site for this class of enzymes. A DNA fragment (1,568 nucleotides) containing the dae gene and its putative ribosome-binding site has been subcloned and expressed in E. coli. Approximately 0.5% of the total cell protein is active Dae, whereas 21% is in the form of inclusion bodies. The isolation of this minimal fragment without a native promoter sequence provides the basis for designing a genetic system for modulating the D-alanine ester content of lipoteichoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Heaton
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Cell Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
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Kochhar S, Hunziker PE, Leong-Morgenthaler P, Hottinger H. Evolutionary relationship of NAD(+)-dependent D-lactate dehydrogenase: comparison of primary structure of 2-hydroxy acid dehydrogenases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 184:60-6. [PMID: 1567457 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(92)91157-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A comparison of the primary structures of NAD(+)-dependent D-lactate dehydrogenase with L-lactate dehydrogenase and L-malate dehydrogenase failed to show any sequence similarity. However, D-2-hydroxyisocaproate dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus casei, glycerate dehydrogenase from cucumber, D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase and erythronate 4-phosphate dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli showed 38%, 24%, 24% and 22% amino acid identity, respectively. The profile analysis of the aligned sequences confirmed their relatedness. The hydropathy profiles of the aligned dehydrogenases were almost identical between residues 100-300 indicating largely preserved folding patterns of their polypeptide chains. The data suggest that L- and D-specific 2-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase genes evolved from two different ancestors and thus represent two different sets of enzyme families.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kochhar
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland
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