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Nie H, Zhang Y, Li M, Wang W, Wang Z, Zheng J. Expression of microbial lipase in filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger: a review. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:172. [PMID: 38841267 PMCID: PMC11147998 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-03998-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipase has high economic importance and is widely used in biodiesel, food, detergents, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. The rapid development of synthetic biology and system biology has not only paved the way for comprehensively understanding the efficient operation mechanism of Aspergillus niger cell factories but also introduced a new technological system for creating and optimizing high-efficiency A. niger cell factories. In this review, all relevant data on microbial lipase enzyme sources and general properties are gathered and updated. The relationship between A. niger strain morphology and protein production is discussed. The safety of A. niger strain is investigated to ensure product safety. The biotechnologies and factors influencing lipase expression in A. niger are summarized. This review focuses on various strategies to improve lipase expression in A. niger. The summary of these methods and the application of the gene editing technology CRISPR/Cas9 system can further improve the efficiency of constructing the engineered lipase-producing A. niger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Nie
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 China
| | - Yueting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 China
| | - Mengjiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 China
| | - Weili Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 China
| | - Jianyong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 China
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Yan Q, Han L, Liu X, You C, Zhou S, Zhou Z. Development of an auto-inducible expression system by nitrogen sources switching based on the nitrogen catabolite repression regulation. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:73. [PMID: 35484589 PMCID: PMC9047365 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01794-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The construction of protein expression systems is mainly focused on carbon catabolite repression and quorum-sensing systems. However, each of these regulatory modes has an inherent flaw, which is difficult to overcome. Organisms also prioritize using different nitrogen sources, which is called nitrogen catabolite repression. To date, few gene regulatory systems based on nitrogen catabolite repression have been reported. RESULTS In this study, we constructed a nitrogen switching auto-inducible expression system (NSAES) based on nitrogen catabolite regulation and nitrogen utilization in Aspergillus nidulans. The PniaD promoter that is highly induced by nitrate and inhibition by ammonia was used as the promoter. Glucuronidase was the reporter protein. Glucuronidase expression occurred after ammonium was consumed in an ammonium and nitrate compounding medium, achieving stage auto-switching for cell growth and gene expression. This system maintained a balance between cell growth and protein production to maximize stress products. Expressions of glycosylated and secretory proteins were successfully achieved using this auto-inducible system. CONCLUSIONS We described an efficient auto-inducible protein expression system based on nitrogen catabolite regulation. The system could be useful for protein production in the laboratory and industrial applications. Simultaneously, NSAES provides a new auto-inducible expression regulation mode for other filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Laichuang Han
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinyue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cuiping You
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shengmin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhemin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
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Pham JV, Yilma MA, Feliz A, Majid MT, Maffetone N, Walker JR, Kim E, Cho HJ, Reynolds JM, Song MC, Park SR, Yoon YJ. A Review of the Microbial Production of Bioactive Natural Products and Biologics. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1404. [PMID: 31281299 PMCID: PMC6596283 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and plants, produce secondary metabolites, also known as natural products. Natural products have been a prolific source and an inspiration for numerous medical agents with widely divergent chemical structures and biological activities, including antimicrobial, immunosuppressive, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities, many of which have been developed as treatments and have potential therapeutic applications for human diseases. Aside from natural products, the recent development of recombinant DNA technology has sparked the development of a wide array of biopharmaceutical products, such as recombinant proteins, offering significant advances in treating a broad spectrum of medical illnesses and conditions. Herein, we will introduce the structures and diverse biological activities of natural products and recombinant proteins that have been exploited as valuable molecules in medicine, agriculture and insect control. In addition, we will explore past and ongoing efforts along with achievements in the development of robust and promising microorganisms as cell factories to produce biologically active molecules. Furthermore, we will review multi-disciplinary and comprehensive engineering approaches directed at improving yields of microbial production of natural products and proteins and generating novel molecules. Throughout this article, we will suggest ways in which microbial-derived biologically active molecular entities and their analogs could continue to inspire the development of new therapeutic agents in academia and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janette V. Pham
- Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA, United States
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, United States
| | - Mariamawit A. Yilma
- Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA, United States
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, United States
| | - Adriana Feliz
- Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA, United States
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, United States
| | - Murtadha T. Majid
- Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA, United States
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, United States
| | - Nicholas Maffetone
- Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA, United States
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, United States
| | - Jorge R. Walker
- Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA, United States
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, United States
| | - Eunji Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyo Je Cho
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jared M. Reynolds
- Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA, United States
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, United States
| | - Myoung Chong Song
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Ryeol Park
- Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA, United States
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, United States
- Natural Products Discovery Institute, Doylestown, PA, United States
| | - Yeo Joon Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
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Detry S, Składanowska K, Vuylsteke M, Savvides SN, Bloch Y. Revisiting the combinatorial potential of cytokine subunits in the IL-12 family. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 165:240-248. [PMID: 30885765 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The four core members of the Interleukin-12 (IL-12) family of cytokines, IL-12, IL-23, IL-27 and IL-35 are heterodimers which share α- and β-cytokine subunits. All four cytokines are immune modulators and have been proposed to play divergent roles in inflammatory arthritis. In recent years additional combinations of α- and β-cytokine subunits belonging to the IL-12 family have been proposed to form novel cytokines such as IL-39. However, the actual extent of the combinatorial potential of the cytokine subunits in the human IL-12 family is not known. Here, we identify several combinations of subunits that form secreted heterodimeric assemblies based on a systematic orthogonal approach. The heterodimers are detected in the conditioned media harvested from mammalian cell cultures transfected with unfused pairs of cytokine subunits. While certain previously reported subunit combinations could not be recapitulated, our approach showed robustly that all four of the canonical members could be secreted. Furthermore, we provide evidence for the interaction between Cytokine Receptor Like Factor 1 (CRLF1) and Interleukin-12 subunit alpha (p35). Similar to IL-27 and IL-35 this novel heterodimer is not abundantly secreted rendering isolation from the conditioned medium very challenging, unlike IL-12 and IL-23. Our findings set the stage for fine-tuning approaches towards the biochemical reconstitution of IL-12 family cytokines for biochemical, cellular, and structural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sammy Detry
- Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Unit for Structural Biology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katarzyna Składanowska
- Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Unit for Structural Biology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Savvas N Savvides
- Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Unit for Structural Biology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Yehudi Bloch
- Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Unit for Structural Biology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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Wakai S, Arazoe T, Ogino C, Kondo A. Future insights in fungal metabolic engineering. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 245:1314-1326. [PMID: 28483354 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.04.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi exhibit versatile abilities, including organic acid fermentation, protein production, and secondary metabolism, amongst others, and thus have applications in the medical and food industries. Previous genomic analyses of several filamentous fungi revealed their further potential as host microorganisms for bioproduction. Recent advancements in molecular genetics, marker recycling, and genome editing could be used to alter transformation and metabolism, based on optimized design carbolated with computer science. In this review, we detail the current applications of filamentous fungi and describe modern molecular genetic tools that could be used to expand the role of these microorganisms in bioproduction. The present review shed light on the possibility of filamentous fungi as host microorganisms in the field of bioproduction in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Wakai
- Graduate School of Science, Technology, and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Arazoe
- Graduate School of Science, Technology, and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Chiaki Ogino
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Graduate School of Science, Technology, and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan; Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan.
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Biopharmaceuticals from microorganisms: from production to purification. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47 Suppl 1:51-63. [PMID: 27838289 PMCID: PMC5156500 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of biopharmaceuticals dates from the 19th century and within 5–10 years, up to 50% of all drugs in development will be biopharmaceuticals. In the 1980s, the biopharmaceutical industry experienced a significant growth in the production and approval of recombinant proteins such as interferons (IFN α, β, and γ) and growth hormones. The production of biopharmaceuticals, known as bioprocess, involves a wide range of techniques. In this review, we discuss the technology involved in the bioprocess and describe the available strategies and main advances in microbial fermentation and purification process to obtain biopharmaceuticals.
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Su X, Schmitz G, Zhang M, Mackie RI, Cann IKO. Heterologous gene expression in filamentous fungi. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2016; 81:1-61. [PMID: 22958526 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394382-8.00001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are critical to production of many commercial enzymes and organic compounds. Fungal-based systems have several advantages over bacterial-based systems for protein production because high-level secretion of enzymes is a common trait of their decomposer lifestyle. Furthermore, in the large-scale production of recombinant proteins of eukaryotic origin, the filamentous fungi become the vehicle of choice due to critical processes shared in gene expression with other eukaryotic organisms. The complexity and relative dearth of understanding of the physiology of filamentous fungi, compared to bacteria, have hindered rapid development of these organisms as highly efficient factories for the production of heterologous proteins. In this review, we highlight several of the known benefits and challenges in using filamentous fungi (particularly Aspergillus spp., Trichoderma reesei, and Neurospora crassa) for the production of proteins, especially heterologous, nonfungal enzymes. We review various techniques commonly employed in recombinant protein production in the filamentous fungi, including transformation methods, selection of gene regulatory elements such as promoters, protein secretion factors such as the signal peptide, and optimization of coding sequence. We provide insights into current models of host genomic defenses such as repeat-induced point mutation and quelling. Furthermore, we examine the regulatory effects of transcript sequences, including introns and untranslated regions, pre-mRNA (messenger RNA) processing, transcript transport, and mRNA stability. We anticipate that this review will become a resource for researchers who aim at advancing the use of these fascinating organisms as protein production factories, for both academic and industrial purposes, and also for scientists with general interest in the biology of the filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Su
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA; Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA; Equal contribution
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James ER, van Zyl WH, van Zyl PJ, Görgens JF. Recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen production in Aspergillus niger: evaluating the strategy of gene fusion to native glucoamylase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 96:385-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4191-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Efficient heterologous expression and secretion in Aspergillus oryzae of a llama variable heavy-chain antibody fragment V(HH) against EGFR. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 96:81-8. [PMID: 22644525 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4158-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have constructed a filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae that secretes a llama variable heavy-chain antibody fragment (V(HH)) that binds specifically to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in a culture medium. A major improvement in yield was achieved by fusing the V(HH) with a Taka-amylase A signal sequence (sTAA) and a segment of 28 amino acids from the N-terminal region of Rhizopus oryzae lipase (N28). The yields of secreted, immunologically active anti-EGFR V(HH) reached 73.8 mg/1 in a Sakaguchi flask. The V(HH) fragments were released from the sTAA or N28 proteins by an indigenous A. oryzae protease during cultivation. The purified recombinant V(HH) fragment was specifically recognized and could bind to the EGFR with a high affinity.
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Expression and export: recombinant protein production systems for Aspergillus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 87:1255-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2672-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lu X, Sun J, Nimtz M, Wissing J, Zeng AP, Rinas U. The intra- and extracellular proteome of Aspergillus niger growing on defined medium with xylose or maltose as carbon substrate. Microb Cell Fact 2010; 9:23. [PMID: 20406453 PMCID: PMC2874515 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-9-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger is well-known as a producer of primary metabolites and extracellular proteins. For example, glucoamylase is the most efficiently secreted protein of Aspergillus niger, thus the homologous glucoamylase (glaA) promoter as well as the glaA signal sequence are widely used for heterologous protein production. Xylose is known to strongly repress glaA expression while maltose is a potent inducer of glaA promoter controlled genes. For a more profound understanding of A. niger physiology, a comprehensive analysis of the intra- and extracellular proteome of Aspergillus niger AB1.13 growing on defined medium with xylose or maltose as carbon substrate was carried out using 2-D gel electrophoresis/Maldi-ToF and nano-HPLC MS/MS. Results The intracellular proteome of A. niger growing either on xylose or maltose in well-aerated controlled bioreactor cultures revealed striking similarities. In both cultures the most abundant intracellular protein was the TCA cycle enzyme malate-dehydrogenase. Moreover, the glycolytic enzymes fructose-bis-phosphate aldolase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase and the flavohemoglobin FhbA were identified as major proteins in both cultures. On the other hand, enzymes involved in the removal of reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide dismutase and peroxiredoxin, were present at elevated levels in the culture growing on maltose but only in minor amounts in the xylose culture. The composition of the extracellular proteome differed considerably depending on the carbon substrate. In the secretome of the xylose-grown culture, a variety of plant cell wall degrading enzymes were identified, mostly under the control of the xylanolytic transcriptional activator XlnR, with xylanase B and ferulic acid esterase as the most abundant ones. The secretome of the maltose-grown culture did not contain xylanolytic enzymes, instead high levels of catalases were found and glucoamylase (multiple spots) was identified as the most abundant extracellular protein. Surprisingly, the intracellular proteome of A. niger growing on xylose in bioreactor cultures differed more from a culture growing in shake flasks using the same medium than from the bioreactor culture growing on maltose. For example, in shake flask cultures with xylose as carbon source the most abundant intracellular proteins were not the glycolytic and the TCA cycle enzymes and the flavohemoglobin, but CipC, a protein of yet unknown function, superoxide dismutase and an NADPH dependent aldehyde reductase. Moreover, vacuolar proteases accumulated to higher and ER-resident chaperones and foldases to lower levels in shake flask compared to the bioreactor cultures. Conclusions The utilization of xylose or maltose was strongly affecting the composition of the secretome but of minor influence on the composition of the intracellular proteome. On the other hand, differences in culture conditions (pH control versus no pH control, aeration versus no aeration and stirring versus shaking) have a profound effect on the intracellular proteome. For example, lower levels of ER-resident chaperones and foldases and higher levels of vacuolar proteases render shake flask conditions less favorable for protein production compared to controlled bioreactor cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lu
- Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr, Braunschweig, Germany
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Storms R, Zheng Y, Li H, Sillaots S, Martinez-Perez A, Tsang A. Plasmid vectors for protein production, gene expression and molecular manipulations in Aspergillus niger. Plasmid 2004; 53:191-204. [PMID: 15848224 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2004.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2004] [Revised: 09/23/2004] [Accepted: 10/04/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We constructed three sets of plasmids for use in Aspergillus niger. These plasmids were assembled using various combinations of a series of modular DNA cassettes that included a selectable marker, pyrG, derived from Aspergillus nidulans; two promoter regions for directing protein expression; a cassette derived from the AMA1 replicator sequence to support autonomous replication; and a reporter gene based on the A. niger lacA gene. One set included integrating and autonomously replicating plasmids for the expression of homologous and heterologous proteins. The second was a set of autonomously replicating plasmids, with a secreted beta-galactosidase encoding reporter gene, for studying gene regulation events. The third set included pyrG-derived gene-blaster cassettes suitable for genome manipulation by targeted gene replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reginald Storms
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Que., Canada H4B 1R6.
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Punt PJ, van Biezen N, Conesa A, Albers A, Mangnus J, van den Hondel C. Filamentous fungi as cell factories for heterologous protein production. Trends Biotechnol 2002; 20:200-6. [PMID: 11943375 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7799(02)01933-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi have been used as sources of metabolites and enzymes for centuries. For about two decades, molecular genetic tools have enabled us to use these organisms to express extra copies of both endogenous and exogenous genes. This review of current practice reveals that molecular tools have enabled several new developments. But it has been process development that has driven the final breakthrough to achieving commercially relevant quantities of protein. Recent research into gene expression in filamentous fungi has explored their wealth of genetic diversity with a view to exploiting them as expression hosts and as a source of new genes. Inevitably, the progress in the 'genomics' technology will further develop high-throughput technologies for these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Punt
- TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Dept of Applied Microbiology and Gene Technology, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ, Zeist, The Netherlands.
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Lugones LG, Scholtmeijer K, Klootwijk R, Wessels JG. Introns are necessary for mRNA accumulation in Schizophyllum commune. Mol Microbiol 1999; 32:681-9. [PMID: 10361273 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1999.01373.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The cDNA coding sequence of the Agaricus bisporus hydrophobin gene ABH1 under the regulation sequences of the Schizophyllum commune SC3 hydrophobin gene gave no expression in S. commune. In contrast, the genomic coding sequence (containing three introns) produced high levels of ABH1 mRNA when transformed to S. commune in the same configuration. Apparently, introns were needed for the accumulation of mRNAs from the ABH1 gene. When the effect of intron deletion on expression of the homologous genes SC3 and SC6 was examined, it was observed that only the genomic coding sequences were expressed in S. commune. Run-on analysis with nuclei harbouring intron-containing and intronless SC6 showed that this effect did not occur at the level of transcription initiation: genomic and cDNA sequences were equally active in this respect. When a 50 bp artificial intron containing the consensus splice and branch sites of S. commune introns, in addition to random-generated sequences, was introduced in the right orientation into the intronless SC3 transcriptional unit, accumulation of SC3 mRNA was restored. By polymerase chain reaction amplification, no unspliced SC3 mRNA species could be detected. Furthermore, the addition of an intron into the transcriptional unit of the gene for green fluorescent protein (GFP) effected clear fluorescence of the transgenic hyphae. Apparently, splicing is required for the normal processing of primary transcripts in S. commune.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Lugones
- Molecular Plant Biology Laboratory, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, The Netherlands
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Calera JA, Paris S, Monod M, Hamilton AJ, Debeaupuis JP, Diaquin M, López-Medrano R, Leal F, Latgé JP. Cloning and disruption of the antigenic catalase gene of Aspergillus fumigatus. Infect Immun 1997; 65:4718-24. [PMID: 9353056 PMCID: PMC175677 DOI: 10.1128/iai.65.11.4718-4724.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus possesses two catalases (described as fast and slow on the basis of their electrophoretic mobility). The slow catalase has been recognized as a diagnostic antigen for aspergillosis in immunocompetent patients. The antigenic catalase has been purified. The enzyme is a tetrameric protein composed of 90-kDa subunits. The corresponding cat1 gene was cloned, and sequencing data show that the cat1 gene codes for a 728-amino-acid polypeptide. A recombinant protein expressed in Pichia pastoris is enzymatically active and has biochemical and antigenic properties that are similar to those of the wild-type catalase. Molecular experiments reveal that CAT1 contains a signal peptide and a propeptide of 15 and 12 amino acid residues, respectively. cat1-disrupted mutants that were unable to produce the slow catalase were as sensitive to H2O2 and polymorphonuclear cells as the wild-type strain. In addition, there was no difference in pathogenicity between the cat1 mutant and its parental cat1+ strain in a murine model of aspergillosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Calera
- Laboratoire des Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Gouka RJ, Punt PJ, van den Hondel CA. Glucoamylase gene fusions alleviate limitations for protein production in Aspergillus awamori at the transcriptional and (post) translational levels. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997; 63:488-97. [PMID: 9023927 PMCID: PMC168339 DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.2.488-497.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we have analyzed the effects of a glucoamylase gene fusion on the mRNA levels and protein levels for the human interleukin-6 gene (hil6) and the guar alpha-galactosidase gene (aglA). Previously it was shown that production of nonfused alpha-galactosidase and hIL-6 in Aspergillus awamori was limited at transcriptional and (post)translational levels, respectively (R. J. Gouka, P. J. Punt, J. G. M. Hessing, and C. A. M. J. J. van den Hondel, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:1951-1957, 1996). Vectors were constructed which contained either the hil6 or aglA gene fused to the Aspergillus niger glucoamylase gene (glaA) under control of the efficient 1,4-beta-endoxylanase A promoter and transcription terminator. For comparison, the vectors were integrated in a single copy at the pyrG locus of A. awamori. A glaA fusion to the 5' end of the hil6 gene resulted in a large increase in hIL-6 yield, whereas with a glaA fusion to the 3' end of the hil6 gene, almost no protein was produced. Nevertheless, the steady-state mRNA levels of both fusions were very similar and not clearly increased compared to those of a strain expressing nonfused hIL-6. Fusions of glaA to the 5' end of the wild-type guar aglA gene resulted in truncated mRNA lacking almost 900 bases (> 80%) of the aglA sequence. When the coding sequence of the wild-type aglA gene was replaced by a synthetic aglA gene with optimized Saccharomyces cerevisiae codon usage, full-length mRNA was obtained. Compared to a nonfused synthetic aglA gene, a glaA fusion with the synthetic aglA gene resulted in a 25-fold increase in the mRNA level and, as a consequence, a similar increase in the alpha-galactosidase protein level. The truncated transcripts derived from the wild-type aglA gene were further analyzed by nuclear run-on transcription assays. These experiments indicated that transcription elongation in the nucleus proceeded at least 400 bases downstream of the site where the truncation was determined, indicating that transcription elongation or premature termination was not the reason for the generation of truncated mRNAs. As the truncated mRNA also contained a poly(A) tail, truncation most likely occurs by incorrect processing of the aglA mRNA in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Gouka
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Gene Technology, TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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19
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Hatamoto O, Watarai T, Kikuchi M, Mizusawa K, Sekine H. Cloning and sequencing of the gene encoding tannase and a structural study of the tannase subunit from Aspergillus oryzae. Gene 1996; 175:215-21. [PMID: 8917102 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(96)00153-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We cloned the Aspergillus oryzae tannase gene using three oligodeoxyribonucleotide (oligo) probes synthesized according to the tannase N-terminal and an internal amino acid (aa) sequence. The nucleotide (nt) sequence of the tannase gene was determined and compared with that of a tannase DNA complementary to RNA (cDNA) by means of reverse transcriptase PCR. The results indicated that there was no intron in the tannase gene and that it coded for 588 aa with a molecular weight of about 64,000. The tannase low-producing strain A. oryzae AO1 was transformed with the plasmid pT1 which contained the tannase gene, and tannase activities of the transformants increased in proportion to the number of copies. Tannase consisted of two kinds of subunits, linked by a disulfide bond(s) with molecular weights of about 30,000 and 33,000, respectively. We purified these subunits and determined their N-terminal aa sequences. The large and small subunits of tannase were encoded by the first and second halves, respectively. Judging from the above results, the tannase gene product is translated as a single polypeptide that is cleaved by post-translational modification into two tannase subunits linked by a disulfide bond(s). We concluded that native tannase consisted of four pairs of the two subunits, forming a hetero-octamer with a molecular weight of about 300,000.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Hatamoto
- Noda Institute for Scientific Research, Chiba, Japan
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20
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Gouka RJ, Punt PJ, Hessing JG, van den Hondel CA. Analysis of heterologous protein production in defined recombinant Aspergillus awamori strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996; 62:1951-7. [PMID: 8787393 PMCID: PMC167973 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.6.1951-1957.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A study was carried out to obtain more insight into the parameters that determine the secretion of heterologous proteins from filamentous fungi. A strategy was chosen in which the mRNA levels and protein levels of a number of heterologous genes of different origins were compared. All genes were under control of the Aspergillus awamori 1,4-beta-endoxylanase A (exlA) expression signals and were integrated in a single copy at the A. awamori pyrG locus. A Northern (RNA) analysis showed that large differences occurred in the steady-state mRNA levels obtained with the various genes; those levels varied from high values for genes of fungal origin (A. awamori 1,4-beta-endoxylanase A, Aspergillus niger glucoamylase, and Thermomyces lanuginosa lipase) to low values for genes of nonfungal origin (human interleukin 6 and Cyamopsis tetragonoloba [guar] alpha-galactosidase). With the C. tetragonoloba alpha-galactosidase wild-type gene full-length mRNA was even undetectable. Surprisingly, small amounts of full-length mRNA could be detected when a C. tetragonoloba alpha-galactosidase gene with an optimized Saccharomyces cerevisiae codon preference was expressed. In all cases except human interleukin 6, the protein levels corresponded to the amounts expected on basis of the mRNA levels. For human interleukin 6, very low protein levels were observed, whereas relatively high steady-state mRNA levels were obtained. Our data suggest that intracellular protein degradation is the most likely explanation for the low levels of secreted human interleukin 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Gouka
- TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Department of Molecular Genetics and Gene Technology, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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21
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Effect of culture conditions and induction strategies on production of human interleukin-6 by a recombinant Aspergillus nidulans strain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0953-7562(96)80169-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Kalsner I, Hintz W, Reid LS, Schachter H. Insertion into Aspergillus nidulans of functional UDP-GlcNAc: alpha 3-D- mannoside beta-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyl-transferase I, the enzyme catalysing the first committed step from oligomannose to hybrid and complex N-glycans. Glycoconj J 1995; 12:360-70. [PMID: 7496151 DOI: 10.1007/bf00731339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are capable of secreting relatively large amounts of heterologous recombinant proteins. Recombinant human glycoproteins expressed in this system, however, carry only carbohydrates of the oligomannose type limiting their potential use in humans. One approach to the problem is genetic engineering of the fungal host to permit production of complex and hybrid N-glycans. UDP-GlcNAc:alpha 3-D-mannoside beta- 1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (GnT I) is essential for the conversion of oligomannose to hybrid and complex N-glycans in higher eukaryotic cells. Since GnT I is not produced by fungi, we have introduced into the genome of Aspergillus nidulans the gene encoding full-length rabbit GnT I and demonstrated the expression of GnT I enzyme activity at levels appreciably higher than occurs in most mammalian tissues. All the GnT I activity in the Aspergillus transformants remains intracellular suggesting that the rabbit trans-membrane sequence may be capable of targeting GnT I to the fungal Golgi apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kalsner
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont., Canada
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23
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Nyyssönen E, Keränen S. Multiple roles of the cellulase CBHI in enhancing production of fusion antibodies by the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei. Curr Genet 1995; 28:71-9. [PMID: 8536316 DOI: 10.1007/bf00311884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The production of Fab antibody fragments in Trichoderma reesei can be increased over 50-fold by fusing the core-linker region of the T. reesei cellulase CBHI (cellobiohydrolase I) to the heavy Fd chain (Nyyssönen et al. 1993). This beneficial role of CBHI in antibody production has now been studied further by comparisons of T. reesei trains producing the light chain only. Fab or CBHI-Fab all of which exhibited identical light chain integration. The N-terminal fusion of CBHI to the heavy Fd chain not only aided secretion, as expected, but also increased the level of mRNA encoding the CBHI-heavy Fd chain, either by stabilizing the messenger or by enhancing transcription. The CBHI part appeared to facilitate secretion at least by aiding the passage through the endoplasmic reticulum, since processing of the signal peptide of the antibody chains seemed to be most efficient in the strain producing CBHI-Fab in contrast to the strains producing light chain or Fab fragment. Interestingly, CBHI core-linker protein, originating from the CBHI-heavy Fd chain, was found in large amounts in the culture medium. The cleavage resulting in this tailless CBHI occurred inside the cell. This suggests that, by omitting the heterologous tail, the secretion of the resulting CBHI core-linker protein is enhanced to a level comparable with secretion of the extracellular T. reesei proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nyyssönen
- VTT Biotechnology and Food Research, Finland
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24
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Jarai G, van den Hombergh H, Buxton FP. Cloning and characterization of the pepE gene of Aspergillus niger encoding a new aspartic protease and regulation of pepE and pepC. Gene 1994; 145:171-8. [PMID: 8056328 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We have cloned the pepE gene of Aspergillus niger, encoding an aspartic protease (PEPE), by screening a lambda genomic DNA library with a heterologous probe, the Neurospora crassa gene coding for a vacuolar proteinase. Sequencing of pepE genomic and cDNA clones revealed that the gene contains three introns, which are 91, 56 and 58-bp long. The deduced protein consists of 398 amino acids, has a putative signal sequence to allow transport into the endoplasmic reticulum and probably undergoes a second proteolytic processing step at its N terminus to yield the mature enzyme. The putative mature part of PEPE has extensive homology with other aspartic proteinases such as pepsins, cathepsins and, in particular, with proteinase A of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and pepsin 1 of Candida albicans. Northern blot analyses revealed that cells contain an abundant pepE transcript whose amount does not change upon carbon or nitrogen limitation, the presence of proteins in the medium or changes in the pH of the medium. We also show that pepC, the A. niger homologue of yeast protease B, is also expressed constitutively under these conditions.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/biosynthesis
- Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/genetics
- Aspergillus niger/enzymology
- Aspergillus niger/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Southern
- Cloning, Molecular
- Fungal Proteins
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal
- Genes, Fungal/genetics
- Genome, Fungal
- Introns/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Restriction Mapping
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Serine Endopeptidases/biosynthesis
- Serine Endopeptidases/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- G Jarai
- Department of Biotechnology, Ciba-Geigy AG, Basel, Switzerland
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25
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Keller NP, Kantz NJ, Adams TH. Aspergillus nidulans verA is required for production of the mycotoxin sterigmatocystin. Appl Environ Microbiol 1994; 60:1444-50. [PMID: 8017929 PMCID: PMC201501 DOI: 10.1128/aem.60.5.1444-1450.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus nidulans produces the carcinogenic mycotoxin sterigmatocystin (ST), the next-to-last precursor in the aflatoxin (AF) biosynthetic pathway found in the closely related fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. We identified and characterized an A. nidulans gene, verA, that is required for converting the AF precursor versicolorin A to ST. verA is closely related to several polyketide biosynthetic genes involved in polyketide production in Streptomyces spp. and exhibits extended sequence similarity to A. parasiticus ver-1, a gene proposed to encode an enzyme involved in converting versicolorin A to ST. By performing a sequence analysis of the region 3' to verA, we identified two additional open reading frames, designated ORF1 and ORF2. ORF2 is closely related to a number of cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases, while ORF1 shares identity with the gamma subunit of translation elongation factor 1. Given that several steps in the ST-AF pathway may require monooxygenase activity and that AF biosynthetic genes are clustered in A. flavus and A. parasiticus, we suggest that verA may be part of a cluster of genes required for ST biosynthesis. We disrupted the verA coding region by inserting the A. nidulans argB gene into the center of the coding region and transformed an A. nidulans argB2 mutant to arginine prototrophy. Seven transformants that produced DNA patterns indicative of a verA disruption event were grown under ST-inducing conditions, and all of the transformants produced versicolorin A but negligible amounts of ST (200-fold to almost 1,000-fold less than the wild type), confirming the hypothesis that verA encodes an enzyme necessary for converting versicolorin A to ST.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Keller
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
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26
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Jarai G, Kirchherr D, Buxton FP. Cloning and characterization of the pepD gene of Aspergillus niger which codes for a subtilisin-like protease. Gene 1994; 139:51-7. [PMID: 8112588 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90522-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Serine proteases constitute an important group of extra- and intracellular proteases in fungi. These enzymes are characterized by conserved regions around the active site residues, Asp, His and Ser. Based on this amino acid (aa) sequence conservation, we have used degenerate primer PCR to isolate subtilisin-specific genomic probes from Aspergillus niger, and cloned a gene, pepD, by screening a lambda genomic library using a PCR probe. The pepD gene contains three putative introns, which are 51-, 47- and 55-bp long and has an open reading frame coding for a protein which consists of 416 aa. The deduced aa sequence shows similarity to subtilisin-like proteases, in particular to fungal alkaline proteases. Signal sequence cleavage prediction indicates that the first 20 aa are probably removed upon transfer to the endoplasmic reticulum. The conservation of the pro-enzyme cleavage site in fungal alkaline proteases suggests that the mature protein is derived from this polypeptide via the removal of an additional 101 aa, resulting in a mature 30,294-Da enzyme consisting of 295 aa.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Jarai
- Department of Biotechnology, Ciba AG, Basel, Switzerland
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27
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Frederick GD, Rombouts P, Buxton FP. Cloning and characterisation of pepC, a gene encoding a serine protease from Aspergillus niger. Gene 1993; 125:57-64. [PMID: 8449413 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(93)90745-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We have cloned a gene, pepC, encoding a serine proteinase, PEPC, from Aspergillus niger by screening a phage lambda genomic DNA library with a gene (PRB1) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae which codes for proteinase YscB. The nucleotide (nt) sequence of pepC revealed that the gene is composed of two exons of 369 nt and 1230 nt separated by a single 70-nt intron. The deduced protein of 533 amino acids (aa) has a putative signal sequence for transport into the endoplasmic reticulum. Based on the extensive homology shown with serine proteinases (SerP) of the subtilisin family, which includes the active site triad, we hypothesise that the protein is made as a larger precursor which is matured by the cleavage of 130-140 aa from its N terminus and possibly by the removal of approx. 70 aa from its C terminus.
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28
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Barthelemy I, González de Buitrago G, Carreiro C, Roncal F, Pérez-Aranda A, Márquez G, Barbero JL. Production and secretion of human interleukin 6 into the periplasm of Escherichia coli: efficient processing of N-terminal variants of hIL6 by the E. coli signal peptidase. J Biotechnol 1993; 27:307-16. [PMID: 7763469 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(93)90093-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a system for expressing human interleukin 6 into the periplasmic space of Escherichia coli. The method is based on the expression of the hIL6 gene under the control of the regulatory signals of plasmid pINIII-OMPA3, i.e., lpp-lac promoter and the E. coli OMPA ribosome binding site and leader sequence. Since microheterogeneity is known to occur in the amino end of the cytokine, we tested different 'natural' versions of the protein, and we found that the secretion process was only efficient when the N-terminal amino acid was not proline. In flask experiments this procedure yields about 8-10 mg of biologically active hIL6 per liter.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Barthelemy
- Biotechnology Research Center, Antibióticos Farma, S.A. Erbamont Group, Madrid, Spain
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29
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Bussink HJ, Buxton FP, Fraaye BA, de Graaff LH, Visser J. The polygalacturonases of Aspergillus niger are encoded by a family of diverged genes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 208:83-90. [PMID: 1511691 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb17161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus niger produces several polygalacturonases that, with other enzymes, are involved in the degradation of pectin. One of the two previously characterized genes coding for the abundant polygalacturonases I and II (PGI and PGII) found in a commercial pectinase preparation was used as a probe to isolate five more genes by screening a genomic DNA library in phage lambda EMBL4 using conditions of moderate stringency. The products of these genes were detected in the culture medium of Aspergillus nidulans transformants on the basis of activity measurements and Western-blot analysis using a polyclonal antibody raised against PGI. These transformants were, with one exception, constructed using phage DNA. A. nidulans transformants secreted high amounts of PGI and PGII in comparison to the previously characterized A. niger transformants and a novel polygalacturonase (PGC) was produced at high levels by A. nidulans transformed with the subcloned pgaC gene. This gene was sequenced and the protein-coding region was found to be interrupted by three introns; the different intron/exon organization of the three sequenced A. niger polygalacturonase genes can be explained by the gain or loss of two single introns. The pgaC gene encodes a putative 383-amino-acid prepro-protein that is cleaved after a pair of basic amino acids and shows approximately 60% amino acid sequence similarity to the other polygalacturonases in the mature protein. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of the A. niger polygalacturonases display characteristic amino acid insertions or deletions that are also observed in polygalacturonases of phytopathogenic fungi. In the upstream regions of the A. niger polygalacturonase genes, a sequence of ten conserved nucleotides comprising a CCAAT sequence was found, which is likely to represent a binding site for a regulatory protein as it shows a high similarity to the yeast CYC1 upstream activation site recognized by the HAP2/3/4 activation complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Bussink
- Department of Genetics, Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands
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30
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Baron M, Tiraby G, Calmels T, Parriche M, Durand H. Efficient secretion of human lysozyme fused to the Sh ble phleomycin resistance protein by the fungus Tolypocladium geodes. J Biotechnol 1992; 24:253-66. [PMID: 1368896 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(92)90035-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tolypocladium geodes strain NC50 was transformed by different integrating vectors bearing both a synthetic gene encoding human lysozyme (HLz) and the Sh ble phleomycin resistance marker, either in separate expression cassettes or in transcriptional or translational fusion configurations. Clones derived from all vectors were able to secrete HLz. The highest productivities in shake flasks (up to 150 mg l-1 in 5 days) were obtained when HLz was fused at the C-terminal end of the Sh ble protein. The fusion protein is efficiently secreted and release of active lysozyme occurs by extracellular proteolytic cleavage in the junction peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Baron
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Génétique appliquées du CNRS, CRBGC, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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31
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van den Hondel CA, Punt PJ, van Gorcom RF. Production of extracellular proteins by the filamentous fungus Aspergillus. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1992; 61:153-60. [PMID: 1580617 DOI: 10.1007/bf00580623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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32
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Abstract
The extraordinary capacity of filamentous fungi to produce large quantities of extracellular protein, together with the advent of DNA-mediated fungal transformation, has resulted in rapid advances in the development of gene expression systems for filamentous fungi. This review focuses on recent developments in the expression of both fungal and non-fungal genes and improvements to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fowler
- Genencor International Inc., South San Francisco, California
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33
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Tatsumi H, Murakami S, Tsuji RF, Ishida Y, Murakami K, Masaki A, Kawabe H, Arimura H, Nakano E, Motai H. Cloning and expression in yeast of a cDNA clone encoding Aspergillus oryzae neutral protease II, a unique metalloprotease. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1991; 228:97-103. [PMID: 1886621 DOI: 10.1007/bf00282453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The neutral protease II (NpII) from Aspergillus oryzae is a zinc-containing metalloprotease with some unique properties. To elucidate its structure, we isolated a full-length cDNA clone for NpII. Sequence analysis reveals that NpII has a prepro region consisting of 175 amino acids preceding the mature region, which consists of 177 amino acids. As compared with other microbial metalloproteases, NpII is found to be unique in that it shares only a limited homology with them around two zinc ligand His residues and that the positions of the other zinc ligand (Glu) and the active site (His) cannot be established by homology. When a plasmid designed to express the prepro NpII cDNA was introduced into Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the transformant was cultured in YPD medium (2% glucose, 2% polypeptone, 1% yeast extract), it secreted a proNpII. However, in a culture of the same medium containing 0.2 mM ZnCl2, it secreted a mature NpII with a specific activity and N-terminus identical to those of native NpII. This observation suggests that either an autoproteolytic activity or a yeast protease effected the processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tatsumi
- Research and Development Division, Kikkoman Corporation, Chiba, Japan
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34
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Contreras R, Carrez D, Kinghorn JR, van den Hondel CA, Fiers W. Efficient KEX2-like processing of a glucoamylase-interleukin-6 fusion protein by Aspergillus nidulans and secretion of mature interleukin-6. Nat Biotechnol 1991; 9:378-81. [PMID: 1367012 DOI: 10.1038/nbt0491-378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have designed an expression vector for the secretion of human interleukin-6 (hIL-6) in which the mature protein is fused through a spacer peptide, containing a KEX-2 like protein processing signal, to the entire Aspergillus niger glucoamylase (glaA) gene. Transformation of Aspergillus nidulans with this vector results in fungal strains secreting equimolar amounts of the glucoamylase and IL-6 proteins. The KEX2-type processing signal, Lys-Arg, is recognized and cleaved efficiently by an enzyme present in A. nidulans resulting in the secretion of an authentic mature hIL-6 protein at levels of up to 5 mg/l.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Contreras
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, State University, Gent, Belgium
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