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Kodagoda YK, Liyanage DS, Omeka WKM, Kwon H, Hwang SD, Lee J. Molecular characterization, expression, and functional analysis of cystatin B in the big-belly seahorse (Hippocampus abdominalis). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 124:442-453. [PMID: 35460877 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cystatins are a diverse group of cysteine protease inhibitors widely present among various organisms. Beyond their protease inhibitor function, cystatins play a crucial role in diverse pathophysiological conditions in animals, including neurodegenerative disorders, tumor progression, inflammatory diseases, and immune response. However, the role of cystatins in immunity against viral and bacterial infections in fish remains to be elucidated. In this study, the cystatin B from big-belly seahorse, Hippocampus abdominalis, designated as HaCSTB, was identified and characterized. HaCSTB shared the highest homology with type 1 cystatin family members of teleosts and had three cystatin catalytic domains with no signal peptides or disulfide bonds. HaCSTB transcripts were mainly expressed in peripheral blood cells (PBCs), followed by the testis and pouch of healthy big-belly seahorses. Immune challenge with lipopolysaccharides (LPS), polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C), and Streptococcus iniae induced upregulation of relative HaCSTB mRNA expression in PBCs. Subcellular localization analysis revealed the distribution of HaCSTB in the cytosol, mitochondria, and nuclei of fathead minnow cells (FHM). Recombinant HaCSTB (rHaCSTB) exhibited potent in vitro inhibitory activity against papain, a cysteine protease, in a concentration-, pH-, and temperature-dependent manner. Overexpression of HaCSTB in viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV)-susceptible FHM cells increased cell viability and reduced VHSV-induced apoptosis. Collectively, these results suggest that HaCSTB might engage in the teleostean immune protection against bacteria and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasara Kavindi Kodagoda
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, South Korea
| | - D S Liyanage
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, South Korea
| | - W K M Omeka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, South Korea
| | - Hyukjae Kwon
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, South Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63333, South Korea
| | - Seong Don Hwang
- East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 1194 Haean-ro, Yeongok-myeon, Gangneung-si, 25435, South Korea; Division of Convergence on Marine Science, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, 49112, South Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, South Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63333, South Korea.
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2
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Identification of an Intra- and Inter-specific Tear Protein Signal in Rodents. Curr Biol 2018; 28:1213-1223.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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3
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Shamsi A, Bano B. Journey of cystatins from being mere thiol protease inhibitors to at heart of many pathological conditions. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 102:674-693. [PMID: 28445699 PMCID: PMC7112400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cystatins are thiol proteinase inhibitors (TPI), present ubiquitously in animals, plants and micro-organisms. These are not merely inhibitors rather they are at heart of many pathological conditions ranging from diabetes to renal failure. These are essential for maintenance of protein balance of the cell; once this balance gets disturbed, it may lead to cell death. Thus, cystatins cannot be merely regarded as TPI's as these have been found to play a pivotal role in tumorigenesis and neurodegenerative diseases. Many studies have reported the variation in cystatin level in incidences of different types of cancer; highlighting an important role played by these inhibitors in cancer development and progression. Cystatin C is increasingly replacing creatinine as a biomarker of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) thereby highlighting the importance of this important inhibitor. Some recent studies have also reported the interaction pattern of various anti-cancer drugs with cystatins in a bid to find how these drugs affect this important inhibitors and whether these drugs have any side effect on cystatins. Thus, in this growing disease era it can be said that cystatins are no more just inhibitors blocking the activity of thiol proteases rather they play a pivotal role in variety of pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas Shamsi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Bilqees Bano
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
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4
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Ronca F, Raggi A. Structure-function relationships in mammalian histidine-proline-rich glycoprotein. Biochimie 2015; 118:207-20. [PMID: 26409900 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Histidine-proline-rich glycoprotein (HPRG), or histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG), is a serum protein that is synthesized in the liver and is actively internalised by different cells, including skeletal muscle. The multidomain arrangement of HPRG comprises two modules at the N-terminus that are homologous to cystatin but void of cysteine proteinase inhibitor function, and a second half consisting of a histidine-proline-rich region (HPRR) located between two proline-rich regions (PRR1 and PRR2), and a C-terminus domain. HPRG has been reported to bind various ligands and to modulate angiogenesis via the histidine residues of the HPRR. However, the secondary structure prediction of the HPRR reveals that more than 98% is disordered and the structural basis of the hypothesized functions remains unclear. Comparison of the PRR1 of several mammalian species indicates the presence of a conserved binding site that might coordinate the Zn(2+) ion with an amino acid arrangement compatible with the cysteine-containing site that has been identified experimentally for rabbit HPRG. This observation provides a structural basis to the function of HPRG as an intracellular zinc chaperone which has been suggested by the involvement of the protein in the maintenance of the quaternary structure of skeletal muscle AMP deaminase (AMPD). During Anthropoidea evolution, a change of the primary structure of the PRR1 Zn(2+) binding site took place, giving rise to the sequence M-S-C-S/L-S/R-C that resembles the MxCxxC motif characteristic of metal transporters and metallochaperones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ronca
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Raggi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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5
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Xiao D, Liu H, Zhang H, Luo Y. Impact of cystatin C levels on infarct size and hemorrhage volume in acute cerebral stroke. J Neurol 2012; 259:2053-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-012-6453-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Cystatins, the classical inhibitors of C1 cysteine proteinases, have been extensively studied and reviewed in the literature. Over the last 20 years, however, proteins containing cystatin domains but lacking protease inhibitory activities have been identified, and most likely more will be described in the near future. These proteins together with family 1, 2, and 3 cystatins constitute the cystatin superfamily. Mounting evidence points to the new roles that some members of the superfamily have acquired over the course of their evolution. This review is focused on the roles of cystatins in: 1) tumorigenesis, 2) stabilization of matrix metalloproteinases, 3) glomerular filtration rate, 4) immunomodulation, and 5) neurodegenerative diseases. It is the goal of this review to get as many investigators as possible to take a second look at the cystatin superfamily regarding their potential involvement in serious human ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiah Ochieng
- Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA.
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Kordis D, Turk V. Phylogenomic analysis of the cystatin superfamily in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. BMC Evol Biol 2009; 9:266. [PMID: 19919722 PMCID: PMC2784779 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-9-266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cystatin superfamily comprises cysteine protease inhibitors that play key regulatory roles in protein degradation processes. Although they have been the subject of many studies, little is known about their genesis, evolution and functional diversification. Our aim has been to obtain a comprehensive insight into their origin, distribution, diversity, evolution and classification in Eukaryota, Bacteria and Archaea. RESULTS We have identified in silico the full complement of the cystatin superfamily in more than 2100 prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes. The analysis of numerous eukaryotic genomes has provided strong evidence for the emergence of this superfamily in the ancestor of eukaryotes. The progenitor of this superfamily was most probably intracellular and lacked a signal peptide and disulfide bridges, much like the extant Giardia cystatin. A primordial gene duplication produced two ancestral eukaryotic lineages, cystatins and stefins. While stefins remain encoded by a single or a small number of genes throughout the eukaryotes, the cystatins have undergone a more complex and dynamic evolution through numerous gene and domain duplications. In the cystatin superfamily we discovered twenty vertebrate-specific and three angiosperm-specific orthologous families, indicating that functional diversification has occurred only in multicellular eukaryotes. In vertebrate orthologous families, the prevailing trends were loss of the ancestral inhibitory activity and acquisition of novel functions in innate immunity. Bacterial cystatins and stefins may be emergency inhibitors that enable survival of bacteria in the host, defending them from the host's proteolytic activity. CONCLUSION This study challenges the current view on the classification, origin and evolution of the cystatin superfamily and provides valuable insights into their functional diversification. The findings of this comprehensive study provide guides for future structural and evolutionary studies of the cystatin superfamily as well as of other protease inhibitors and proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusan Kordis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, J, Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Suzuki T, Fujimoto N, Kitamura S, Ohta S. Quantitative determination of lobe specificity of mRNA expression of androgen-dependent genes in the rat prostate gland. Endocr J 2007; 54:123-32. [PMID: 17146147 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.k06-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The rodent prostate has a complex structure, consisting of a ventral prostate (VP), lateral prostate (LP), dorsal prostate (DP) and anterior prostate (AP), and most studies so far have focused on the VP. Androgen-responsive prostatic secretory proteins, such as prostatein and kallikreins, are mainly produced in the VP, but others are abundant in the LP and DP, though little is known about differences of androgen regulation among the different lobes. Here, the mRNA expression levels of some representative androgen-responsive genes, including those encoding prostatic secreted proteins, were quantitatively determined in each of the prostatic lobes of intact rats and castrated rats treated with testosterone alone or plus flutamide. The results show that the transcriptional regulation of prostatic secretory proteins differs greatly among lobes, generally being more tightly regulated in the VP. A number of growth factor mRNAs were differentially expressed in separate lobes and were regulated by testosterone in a lobe-specific manner. Lobe-specific regulation by androgen was also found for other genes, including the DAD-1 and calreticulin genes. Thus, hormone-dependent transcriptional regulation of prostate genes differs among lobes, and there is also interlobar diversity of basal mRNA expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoharu Suzuki
- Department of Xenobiotic Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima University School of Medicine, Japan
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Keppler D. Towards novel anti-cancer strategies based on cystatin function. Cancer Lett 2006; 235:159-76. [PMID: 15893421 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2005] [Accepted: 04/01/2005] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cystatins have recently emerged as important players in a multitude of physiological and patho-physiological settings that range from cell survival and proliferation, to differentiation, cell signaling and immunomodulation. This group of cysteine protease inhibitors forms a large super-family of proteins composed of one, two, three, and, in some species, more than three cystatin domains. Over the last 20 years or so, members of the cystatin super-family have been primarily explored with respect to their capacity to inhibit intracellular cysteine proteases. Yet, this classical mode of action does not fully explain their remarkably diverse biological functions. Due to the space limitations, the author will discuss here the most recent findings that suggest that some of the single-domain, cytoplasmic and cell-secreted cystatins may play important roles in the promotion or suppression of tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. Based on the present understanding of cystatin function, novel avenues for anti-cancer strategies are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Keppler
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy and Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, P.O. Box 33932, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
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Fujimoto N, Suzuki T, Honda H, Kitamura S. Estrogen enhancement of androgen-responsive gene expression in hormone-induced hyperplasia in the ventral prostate of F344 rats. Cancer Sci 2004; 95:711-5. [PMID: 15471555 PMCID: PMC11159490 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2004.tb03250.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2004] [Revised: 07/07/2004] [Accepted: 07/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been postulated that, in addition to the crucial role of androgens, estrogens may be involved in development of prostate hyperplasia and cancer. In rats, combined administration of estrogen and androgen synergistically increases ventral prostate weight, and continued treatment results in the development of glandular hyperplasia. Prostate adenocarcinoma can be induced by chemical carcinogens in rats, and estrogen given together with an androgen generally shortens the latent period or increases the incidence and/or multiplicity of carcinomas. However, the mechanisms responsible for these synergistic effects of estrogen and androgen are poorly understood. In the present study, we examined the combined effects of 17beta-estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) on gene expression in an early stage of prostate hyperplasia in an F344 rat model. ERalpha expression, which has been suggested to contribute to development of prostatic hyperplasia, was increased by the combined treatment with T and E2, while it was suppressed by T alone. Expression levels of two androgen-responsive genes, probasin and kallikrein S3, were increased in the ventral prostate of rats treated with T plus E2 for 4 weeks in a dose-dependent manner, while short-term treatment did not alter the expression. These results suggested that enhancing effects of E2 on transcription of androgen-responsive genes, as well as an increased level of ERalpha may play roles in the synergistic effects of E2 on T-induced prostate hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nariaki Fujimoto
- Department of Developmental Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
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12
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Abstract
The cystatins are a superfamily of cysteine protease inhibitors. Several genes including Cres (cystatin-related epididymal spermatogenic), testatin, and cystatin T, have been identified that are related to the family 2 cystatins but lack critical consensus sites important for cysteine protease inhibition. In addition, these genes are primarily expressed in the reproductive tract suggesting they may have evolved to perform tissue-specific functions distinct from that of the typical cystatins. This review describes the CRES subgroup within the family 2 cystatins including potential new members and their putative functions in the reproductive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail A Cornwall
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock 79430, USA.
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Claessens F, Vanaken H, Vercaeren I, Verrijdt G, Haelens A, Schoenmakers E, Alen P, Devos A, Peeters B, Verhoeven G, Rombauts W, Heyns W. Androgen-regulated transcription in the epithelium of the rat lacrimal gland. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1998; 438:43-8. [PMID: 9634861 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5359-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Claessens
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Leuven, Belgium
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Vanaken H, Vercaeren I, Claessens F, De Vos R, Dewolf-Peeters C, Vaerman JP, Heyns W, Rombauts W, Peeters B. Primary rat lacrimal cells undergo acinar-like morphogenesis on reconstituted basement membrane and express secretory component under androgen stimulation. Exp Cell Res 1998; 238:377-88. [PMID: 9473346 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1997.3856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Single cells or small cell clusters, isolated from the rat lacrimal gland, were incubated on reconstituted basement membrane (matrigel) in a well-defined serum-free medium. During the first days of culture, cells reassociated and reorganized in structures resembling acini. These multicellular structures, maintained in culture for 2 weeks, consisted of well-polarized cuboidal cells surrounding a central lumen and exhibiting apically located microvilli. Myoepithelial cells were observed at the periphery of the acinar structures. Both in the native lacrimal and in the cultured aggregates, epithelial cells displayed strong immunoreactivity for cytokeratin 8, while myoepithelial cells were immunoreactive for vimentin and alpha-smooth muscle isoactin. These data indicate that the cultured aggregates closely mimic the in vivo architecture of lacrimal glands both by morphology and immunohistochemistry. We further demonstrated the presence of an intact androgen receptor and the ability of the cultured aggregates to respond to androgens with increased secretion of the secretory component. Comparable androgen responses were observed in lacrimal gland cultures of 5-week-old male and female rats. In conclusion, we report a morphologically and functionally differentiated culture system of primary rat lacrimal cells, in which androgen-regulated gene expression was observed. This culture model provides a unique experimental paradigm for studying the effects of hormones, cytokines, and growth factors on the morphogenesis, growth, and functional differentiation of lacrimal glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Vanaken
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
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Wang Z, Tufts R, Haleem R, Cai X. Genes regulated by androgen in the rat ventral prostate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:12999-3004. [PMID: 9371789 PMCID: PMC24252 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.24.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/1997] [Accepted: 09/22/1997] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Genes that are regulated by androgen in the prostate were studied in the rat. Four of the less than 10 genes that are down-regulated by androgen in the ventral prostate of a 7-day castrated rat were identified; their mRNAs decayed with identical kinetics. Twenty-five of the estimated 56 genes that are up-regulated by androgen in the castrated prostate have been isolated. The up-regulated genes fall into two kinetic types. Early genes are significantly up-regulated by 6.5 hr whereas the delayed genes respond mainly after 24 hr from the time of androgen replacement. These androgen-response genes are also regulated in the prostate by castration, indicating that these genes could play important roles in androgen-induced regrowth and/or castration-induced regression of the prostate during hormonal manipulation. A survey of the tissue specificity showed that the androgen-response gene expression program in the prostate is mainly prostate-specific. Total RNA Northern blot analysis detects the expression of about 16 up-regulated genes and 3 down-regulated genes in the prostate only. Four up-regulated genes and one down-regulated gene are regulated by androgen in both the prostate and seminal vesicles but not in other organs. The expression of the remaining androgen-response genes is not limited to the prostate but is only responsive to androgen in the prostate. This survey of the androgen-response gene expression program provides insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms of androgen action in the prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Wang
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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16
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Devos A, Claessens F, Alen P, Winderickx J, Heyns W, Rombauts W, Peeters B. Identification of a functional androgen-response element in the exon 1-coding sequence of the cystatin-related protein gene crp2. Mol Endocrinol 1997; 11:1033-43. [PMID: 9212051 DOI: 10.1210/mend.11.8.9961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Two hormone-responsive segments, one in the region of the promoter and one in intron 1, are identified in two homologous androgen-regulated and differentially expressed rat genes encoding the cystatin-related proteins (CRPs). Footprint analysis with the androgen receptor (AR) DNA-binding domain on the promoter-containing fragments reveals an AR-binding site downstream of the transcription start point in the crp2 gene (ARBSd/crp2, +40/+63). It displays an androgen response element-like sequence motif 5'-AGAAGAaaaTGTACA-3' and overlaps with the ATG translation start codon. A double-stranded oligonucleotide containing this sequence forms a DNA-protein complex with the full-length AR synthesized by vaccinia, as seen in band shift assays. Additional AR-binding sites, ARBSu/crp1 and ARBSu/crp2, occur 5' upstream of the transcription start point and are located at an identical position (-142/ -120) in crp1 and crp2. The AR affinity for these two slightly different sequence motifs is relatively weak. The biological function of all three AR-binding sites as transcription control elements has been studied. The ARBSd/crp2 element clearly shows androgen-response element characteristics. The contribution of the common upstream element to the androgen-dependent control of reporter gene transcription is less clear. The transcription of a reporter gene construct containing the crp2 footprint fragment crp2F (-273/+88) is hormonally regulated as determined by transfection into the human breast cancer cell line T-47D. Androgens, but also glucocorticoids, efficiently stimulate steroid-dependent transcription of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene. Mutation of the 5'-TGTACA-3' sequence in ARBSd/crp2 destroys the AR binding and abolishes the androgen-dependent synthesis of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. A large fragment derived from intron 1 of the crp1 and crp2 gene can also provide the androgen-dependent transcription of chimeric constructs in T-47D cells. However, the induction measured is less than the one observed with crp2F (-273/+88), and this activity seems to reside in several subfragments that each display a low but consistent androgen responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Devos
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leuven, Belgium
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17
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Lareyre JJ, Claessens F, Rombauts W, Dufaure JP, Drevet JR. Characterization of an androgen response element within the promoter of the epididymis-specific murine glutathione peroxidase 5 gene. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1997; 129:33-46. [PMID: 9175627 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(97)04038-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We have shown in earlier studies, using a mouse model, that the expression of the glutathione peroxidase 5 protein (GPX5) is restricted to the epididymis and that the accumulation of its corresponding mRNA is hormonally, spatially and temporally regulated throughout postnatal development. We report here, using run-on assays, transient expression experiments as well as gel-shift and footprinting analyses on the findings that at least part of the androgenic control of the GPX5 expression is exerted at the transcriptional level via an androgen response element localized in the distal promoter region of the GPX5 gene. The gpx5 androgen response element (ARE) is found to be consistent with the consensus palindromic steroid-receptor target sequence 5'-AGWACWnnnTGTYCT-3' but exhibits a quite weak conservation in the left half site. The data presented here further expand the diversity of sequence able to confer androgen responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Lareyre
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, URA CNRS 1940, GEEM, Aubière, France
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18
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Brown WM, Dziegielewska KM. Friends and relations of the cystatin superfamily--new members and their evolution. Protein Sci 1997; 6:5-12. [PMID: 9007972 PMCID: PMC2143511 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5560060102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The cystatin "superfamily" encompasses proteins that contain multiple cystatin-like sequences. Some of the members are active cysteine protease inhibitors, while others have lost or perhaps never acquired this inhibitory activity. In recent years, several new members of the superfamily have characterized, including proteins from insects and plants. Based on partial amino acid homology, new members, such as the invariant chain (Ii), and the transforming growth factor-beta receptor type II (TGF-beta receptor II) may, in fact, represent members of an emerging family within the superfamily that may have used some common building blocks to form functionally diverse proteins. Cystatin super-family members have been found throughout evolution and members of each family of the superfamily are present in mammals today. In this review, the new and older, established members of the family are arranged into a possible evolutionary order, based on sequence homology and functional similarities.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Brown
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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Vanaken H, Claessens F, Vercaeren I, Heyns W, Peeters B, Rombauts W. Androgenic induction of cystatin-related protein and the C3 component of prostatic binding protein in primary cultures from the rat lacrimal gland. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1996; 121:197-205. [PMID: 8892321 DOI: 10.1016/0303-7207(96)03866-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cystatin-related protein (CRP) and the C3 component of prostatic binding protein (C3) are synthesized in vivo under androgen control in the lacrimal gland and ventral prostate of adult male rats [1,2]. Androgen administration to female or 7-day castrated male rats, which do not express CRP, can induce its synthesis [3]. In this study, we show androgen-dependent expression of CRP1 and C3 in primary cultures of acinar cells of the lacrimal gland of female rats. Addition of androgens to the culture medium results in the synthesis and secretion of both proteins in a time- and dose-dependent way. Estradiol or progesterone are unable to induce their expression. Dexamethasone in low concentrations and present as a basal component of the serum free defined medium, is needed to sensitize the culture system for androgens. In high concentrations, this synthetic glucocorticoid seems to play a similar role as androgens in CRP1 and C3 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Vanaken
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leuven, Belgium
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Aumüller G, Arce EA, Heyns W, Vercaeren I, Dammshäuser I, Seitz J. Immunocytochemical localization of seminal proteins in salivary and lacrimal glands of the rat. Cell Tissue Res 1995; 280:171-81. [PMID: 7750131 DOI: 10.1007/bf00304522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies against 10 different secretory proteins from the accessory sex glands of the male rat were used for immunohistochemical studies of salivary and lacrimal glands from intact and castrated rats, at the light- and electron-microscopic levels. In the parotid gland, secretory acinar cells showed immunoreactivity with antibodies against prostatic binding protein, cystatin-related peptide and acid phosphatase (isoenzyme pI 8.0; 5.6) typical of ventral prostate, and seminal vesicle secretion VI. Western blotting analysis indicated that immunoreactivity against prostatic binding protein was attributable to a subunit, presumably C3. Acid phosphatase pI 5.6 showed a molecular weight of 66 kDa, which is at variance with the prostatic form. Immunoreactivity for secretory transglutaminase, derived from the coagulating gland, was restricted to myoepithelial and stromal cells. In castrated animals, the immunoreactivity of acinar cells was reduced to the background level, whereas stromal transglutaminase immunoreactivity was unaltered. The distribution pattern of immunoreactivity for the proteins mentioned was almost identical in the lacrimal gland. Significant differences were however observed in the immunoreactivity of the inframandibular gland, where serous glandular cells were non-immunoreactive for seminal proteins, with the exception of acid phosphatase isoenzyme pI 8.0. Granules present in the convoluted granular ducts were immunoreactive particularly for acid phosphatase (isoenzyme pI 5.6) but much less for cystatin-related peptide; immunoreactivity was reduced after castration. The straight portion of the inframandibular duct system was immunoreactive for transglutaminase, but no influence of castration was visible. The distribution of immunoreactivity for seminal proteins present in the salivary and lacrimal glands and the pronounced androgen-dependence of their expression point to functional relationships of the respective proteins at both glandular sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Aumüller
- Insitut für Anatomie und Zellbiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany
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Huh C, Nagle JW, Kozak CA, Abrahamson M, Karlsson S. Structural organization, expression and chromosomal mapping of the mouse cystatin-C-encoding gene (Cst3). Gene 1995; 152:221-6. [PMID: 7835704 PMCID: PMC7173308 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(94)00728-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/1994] [Revised: 05/23/1994] [Accepted: 10/17/1994] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cystatin C (CstC) is a potent cysteine-proteinase inhibitor. The structure of the mouse CstC-encoding gene (Cst3) was examined by sequencing a 6.1-kb genomic DNA containing the entire gene, as well as 0.9 kb of 5' flanking and 1.7 kb of its 3' flanking region. The sequence revealed that the overall organization of the gene is very similar to those of the genes encoding human CstC and other type-2 Cst, with two introns at positions identical to those in the human gene. The promoter area does not contain typical TATA or CAAT boxes. Two copies of a Sp1-binding motif, GGGCGG, are present in the 5' flanking region within 300 bp upstream from the initiation codon. A hexa-nucleotide, TGTTCT, which is a core sequence of the androgen-responsive element (ARE), is found in the promoter region. This region also contains a 21-nucleotide sequence, 5'-AGACTAGCAGCTGACTGAAGC, which contains two potential binding sites for the transcription factor, AP-1. The mouse Cst3 mRNA was detected in all of thirteen tissues examined by Northern blot analysis. Cst3 was mapped in the mouse to a position on distal chromosome 2.
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Key Words
- recombinant genomic dna
- gene mapping
- exon
- intron
- promoter sequence
- proteinase inhibitor
- multigene family
- aa, amino acid(s)
- are, androgen-responsive element(s)
- bp, base pair(s)
- chr, chromosome
- cst, cystatin(s)
- cst3, gene (dna) encoding cstc
- cstl, gene (dna) encoding cstsn
- cst2, gene (dna) encoding cstsa
- cst4, gene (dna) encoding cstd
- hccaa, hereditary cstc amyloid angiopathy
- kb, kilobase(s) or 1000 bp
- nt, nucleotide(s)
- rflp, restriction-fragment length polymorphism
- w, a or t
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Affiliation(s)
- Changgoo Huh
- Molecular and Medical Genetics Section, Developmental and Metabolic Neurolology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - James W. Nagle
- Neurogenetic Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Tel. (1-301) 496-8801
| | - Christine A. Kozak
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Tel. (1-301) 496-0972
| | - Magnus Abrahamson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden. Tel. (46-46) 173-445
| | - Stefan Karlsson
- Molecular and Medical Genetics Section, Developmental and Metabolic Neurolology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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De Vos P, Schmitt J, Verhoeven G, Stunnenberg HG. Human androgen receptor expressed in HeLa cells activates transcription in vitro. Nucleic Acids Res 1994; 22:1161-6. [PMID: 8165128 PMCID: PMC523637 DOI: 10.1093/nar/22.7.1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a ligand-responsive transcription factor, belonging to the class of steroid receptors. AR mutations have been associated with various X-linked diseases, characterized by complete or partial resistance to androgens. To further analyse the molecular mechanism of action of the AR, we have produced the human AR in HeLa cells with a Vaccinia virus expression system. Binding studies on infected HeLa cells demonstrate that the recombinant AR interacts specifically and with high affinity with natural and synthetic androgens. In a gel retardation assay the partially purified AR specifically recognizes an androgen response element of the rat prostatic binding protein gene. Moreover, the recombinant AR activates transcription in vitro from a synthetic promoter construct containing glucocorticoid response elements (GRE).
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Affiliation(s)
- P De Vos
- Legendo, University of Leuven, Faculty of Medicine, Gasthuisberg, Belgium
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Winderickx J, Vercaeren I, Verhoeven G, Heyns W. Androgen-dependent expression of cystatin-related protein (CRP) in the exorbital lacrimal gland of the rat. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1994; 48:165-70. [PMID: 8142291 DOI: 10.1016/0960-0760(94)90141-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cystatin-related protein (CRP), also known as 20 (22)-kDa glycoprotein is expressed not only in the ventral prostate, but also in the lacrimal gland of adult male rats. In this study the expression of CRP in androgen-treated female animals is studied. CRP mRNA is absent in the lacrimal gland of untreated adult female rats, but can be induced by androgens, although this induction is slower than in castrated male rats. Estradiol, progesterone or glucocorticoids have no effect. In testicular feminized rats, however, CRP mRNA is not induced in the lacrimal gland by androgens. At the protein level, the presence of CRP in tears of adult male rats is demonstrated. In female animals or castrated male animals CRP can be induced by androgens in a dose-dependent way. Here also the induction is slower in female rats, even during secondary induction after previous full stimulation by androgens. These results indicate that androgens and a functionally normal androgen receptor are essential for the expression of CRP in the lacrimal gland. The time course of induction depends on the dose of androgens, the previous contact with androgens, the duration of the androgen-free interval and the sex of the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Winderickx
- Laboratorium voor Experimentele Geneeskunde en Endocrinologie, Faculteit Geneeskunde, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium
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