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Zeng T, Xie Z, Xie L, Deng X, Xie Z, Luo S, Huang L, Huang J. Simultaneous detection of eight immunosuppressive chicken viruses using a GeXP analyser-based multiplex PCR assay. Virol J 2015; 12:226. [PMID: 26715327 PMCID: PMC4696179 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0455-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunosuppressive viruses are frequently found as co-infections in the chicken industry, potentially causing serious economic losses. Because traditional molecular biology methods have limited detection ability, a rapid, high-throughput method for the differential diagnosis of these viruses is needed. The objective of this study is to develop a GenomeLab Gene Expression Profiler Analyser-based multiplex PCR method (GeXP-multiplex PCR) for simultaneous detection of eight immunosuppressive chicken viruses. RESULTS Using chimeric primers, eight such viruses, including Marek's disease virus (MDV), three subgroups of avian leucosis virus (ALV-A/B/J), reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), chicken infectious anaemia virus (CIAV) and avian reovirus (ARV), were amplified and identified by their respective amplicon sizes. The specificity and sensitivity of the optimised GeXP-multiplex PCR assay were evaluated, and the data demonstrated that this technique could selectively amplify these eight viruses at a sensitivity of 100 copies/20 μl when all eight viruses were present. Among 300 examined clinical specimens, 190 were found to be positive for immunosuppressive viruses according to this novel assay. CONCLUSION The GeXP-multiplex PCR assay is a high-throughput, sensitive and specific method for the detection of eight immunosuppressive viruses and can be used for differential diagnosis and molecular epidemiological surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zeng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccines and Diagnostics, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, 51 Youai North Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530001, China
| | - Zhixun Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccines and Diagnostics, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, 51 Youai North Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530001, China.
| | - Liji Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccines and Diagnostics, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, 51 Youai North Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530001, China
| | - Xianwen Deng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccines and Diagnostics, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, 51 Youai North Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530001, China
| | - Zhiqin Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccines and Diagnostics, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, 51 Youai North Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530001, China
| | - Sisi Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccines and Diagnostics, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, 51 Youai North Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530001, China
| | - Li Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccines and Diagnostics, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, 51 Youai North Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530001, China
| | - Jiaoling Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccines and Diagnostics, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, 51 Youai North Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530001, China
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Zhang X, Wu B, Liu Y, Chen W, Dai Z, Bi Y, Xie Q. Assessing the efficacy of an inactivated chicken anemia virus vaccine. Vaccine 2015; 33:1916-22. [PMID: 25758933 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chicken anemia virus (CAV) is an immunosuppressive virus that causes chicken infectious anemia (CIA) which is a highly contagious avian disease. CAV causes major economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. The current CAV vaccine is a live attenuated strain administered in the drinking water that risks horizontal infection of other chickens. The purpose of this study was to develop a novel vaccine against CAV that can be administered safely using a highly pathogenic isolate inactivated with β-propiolactone hydrolysis that would protect chicks from CAV. METHODS Hens were vaccinated twice intramuscularly with a novel CAV GD-G-12 inactivated vaccine and the humoral immune responses of the hens and offspring were monitored by ELISA. A heterologous intramuscular challenge using the CAV strain GD-E-12 was conducted in the chicks hatched from vaccinated or unvaccinated hens. RESULTS The vaccine strain, GD-G-12, was shown to be highly pathogenic prior to inactivation evidenced by thymic atrophy and bleeding, and weight loss. The inactivated vaccine was considered safe and showed no signs of pathogenicity. High titers of CAV specific antibodies were detected in the vaccinated hens and in their chicks, indicating vertical transfer of maternal antibodies. Furthermore, the chicks hatched from vaccinated hens were resistant to a heterologous CAV challenge and showed no signs of weight loss and thymic atrophy and bleeding. CONCLUSION Our studies are proof of principle that inactivated GD-G-12 might be a novel vaccine candidate to prevent CAV infection, and highlight the utility of using an inactivated virus for this vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinheng Zhang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Boliang Wu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Yuanjia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Weiguo Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Zhenkai Dai
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Yingzuo Bi
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Qingmei Xie
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
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Epidemiology of chicken anemia virus in Central African Republic and Cameroon. Virol J 2012; 9:189. [PMID: 22958546 PMCID: PMC3495741 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although chicken anemia virus (CAV) has been detected on all continents, little is known about this virus in sub-Saharan Africa. This study aimed to detect and characterize CAV for the first time in Central African Republic and in Cameroon. Results An overall flock seroprevalence of 36.7% was found in Central African Republic during the 2008–2010 period. Virus prevalences were 34.2% (2008), 14.3% (2009) and 10.4% (2010) in Central African Republic and 39% (2007) and 34.9% (2009) in Cameroon. CAV DNA was found in cloacal swabs of 76.9% of seropositive chickens, suggesting that these animals excreted the virus despite antibodies. On the basis of VP1 sequences, most of the strains in Central African Republic and Cameroon belonged to 9 distinct phylogenetic clusters at the nucleotide level and were not intermixed with strains from other continent. Several cases of mixed infections in flocks and individual chickens were identified. Conclusions Our results suggest multiple introductions of CAV in each country that later spread and diverged locally. Mixed genotype infections together with the observation of CAV DNA in cloacal samples despite antibodies suggest a suboptimal protection by antibodies or virus persistence.
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Haridy M, Sasaki J, Ikezawa M, Okada K, Goryo M. Pathological and immunohistochemical studies of subclinical infection of chicken anemia virus in 4-week-old chickens. J Vet Med Sci 2012; 74:757-64. [PMID: 22293470 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Subclinical infection of chicken anemia virus (CAV) at 4 to 6 weeks of age, after maternal antibodies have waned, is implicated in several field problems in broiler flocks. In order to understand the pathogenesis of subclinical infection with CAV, an immunopathological study of CAV-inoculated 4-week-old SPF chickens was performed. Sixty 4-week-old SPF chickens were equally divided into CAV and control groups. The CAV group was inoculated intramuscularly with the MSB1-TK5803 strain of CAV. Neither mortality nor anemia was detected in the CAV and control groups. In the CAV group, no signs were observed, except that some chickens were grossly smaller compared with the control group. Sporadic thymus lobes appeared to be reddening and atrophied. Within the first two weeks p.i. of CAV, there was a mild to moderate depletion of lymphocytes in the thymus cortex and spleen in some chickens. Moreover, lymphoid depletion of the bursa of Fabricius, proventriculus and cecal tonsils was observed. Hyperplastic lymphoid foci were observed in the liver, lungs, kidneys and heart at the 4th week p.i. of CAV. Immunohistochemically, a moderate lymphoid depletion of CD4(+)and CD8(+) T cells in the thymus cortex and spleen was observed in some chickens within two weeks p.i. of CAV. CAV inclusions and antigens were detected infrequently in the thymus cortex and spleen. It could be concluded that the immunosuppression in subclinical infection with CAV occurs as a result of reduction of cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohie Haridy
- Department of Pathogenetic Veterinary Sciences, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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Farkas T, Maeda K, Sugiura H, Kai K, Hirai K, Otsuki K, Hayashi T. A serological survey of chickens, Japanese quail, pigeons, ducks and crows for antibodies to chicken anaemia virus (CAV) in Japan. Avian Pathol 2007; 27:316-20. [DOI: 10.1080/03079459808419344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kaffashi A, Noormohammadi AH, Allott ML, Browning GF. Viral load in 1-day-old and 6-week-old chickens infected with chicken anaemia virus by the intraocular route. Avian Pathol 2007; 35:471-4. [PMID: 17121736 DOI: 10.1080/03079450601028837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although the effects of chicken anaemia virus (CAV) infection have frequently been investigated in young chickens, there have been few studies of the pathogenesis of CAV infection in older birds. The aim of the work reported here was to study viral loads in 6-week-old chickens and to compare these with those seen in younger birds. Specific pathogen free chickens were inoculated at 1 day or at 6 weeks of age with 10(4) median tissue culture infective doses of CAV by the intraocular route. Chicks infected when 1 day old were euthanized at day 14, 18 or 22 post inoculation (p.i.), and those infected when 6 weeks old at day 16, 18 or 20 p.i. Their body and thymus weights were determined and samples were collected from their spleen, liver and thymus. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay was developed and used to determine the number of viral genome copies in the tissue samples. In both age groups, viral genome concentrations increased in all organs up to day 18 p.i. and reached a peak in the spleen and liver at day 18 p.i. The peak viral concentrations in the thymus were detected at day 18 in the younger birds and at day 20 p.i. in older chickens. These studies have shown that exposure to CAV in older birds leads to similar levels of active viral replication to those seen in younger birds, and may result in subclinical infections in older birds with the potential to increase susceptibility to other infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Kaffashi
- Department of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Smyth JA, Moffett DA, Connor TJ, McNulty MS. Chicken anaemia virus inoculated by the oral route causes lymphocyte depletion in the thymus in 3-week-old and 6-week-old chickens. Avian Pathol 2007; 35:254-9. [PMID: 16753618 DOI: 10.1080/03079450600717349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
There have been many reports of the severe clinical disease and pathology seen in young chicks that have been vertically infected with chicken anaemia virus (CAV). The disease is characterized by anaemia, and atrophy of the thymus and bone marrow. However, while it has been suggested that horizontally acquired infections of older birds are common, to date there has been no description in the literature of the pathology of this type of infection. In the present study, 3-week-old and 6-week-old chickens were infected by the oral route, as is likely to occur naturally, and a wide range of tissues were examined immunocytochemically for the presence of CAV antigen. Histological examination was carried out on the thymus, spleen and bone marrow of all birds, and on all other tissue samples in which CAV antigen was found. CAV antigen and associated pathological change were detected in the thymus of both 3-week-old and 6-week-old birds. However, CAV antigen was rarely found in other tissues, which is in contrast to what is found in birds infected when 1-day-old. In particular, very few infected cells were found in the bone marrow. Anaemia and bone marrow atrophy, which are typically found in chicks infected vertically or when 1-day-old, did not develop in the 3-week-old or 6-week-old birds. The findings of this study show that CAV is capable of infecting thymocytes of older birds, in contrast to previous belief, and that it is associated with lymphocyte depletion. There was only limited evidence of viral replication in the other tissues examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Smyth
- Department of Agriculture and Rural Development for Northern Ireland, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast, BT4 3SD, UK.
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Miller MM, Schat KA. Chicken Infectious Anemia Virus: An Example of the Ultimate Host–Parasite Relationship. Avian Dis 2004; 48:734-45. [PMID: 15666854 DOI: 10.1637/7271-090304r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) is a resistant and ubiquitous virus of chickens causing disease in young chickens and immunosuppression in all birds. This paper reviews the current knowledge of CIAV with a focus on new findings indicating that immunosuppressive effects have not been fully appreciated, especially as they relate to the development of antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells. A more complete understanding of the immunosuppressive effects of CIAV emphasizes the need for better vaccines, especially for the broiler industry. In addition, a new model is proposed for the control of viral replication in the reproductive tract of specific-pathogen-free chickens, which may be latently infected. This model suggests that virus transcription is controlled by viral enhancer and repressor elements, which are regulated by different hormones. As a consequence, CIAV has a well-adapted relationship with its host, avoiding immune detection, ensuring passage of virus to the next generation, and eliciting limited pathology to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrna M Miller
- Unit of Avian Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Canal CW, Ferreira DJ, Macagnan M, Fallavena LCB, Moraes HLS, Wald VB. Prevalence of antibodies against chicken anaemia virus (CAV) in broiler breeders in Southern Brazil. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2004. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2004000200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chicks infected during the first two weeks of life with chicken anaemia virus (CAV) manifest clinical disease that can be avoided if the breeder hens transfer enough antibodies to their progeny. The objective of the present work was to establish the prevalence and titer of anti-CAV antibodies in some Brazilian broiler hen breeder flocks and verify in which phase of life the birds were infected. A total of 1,709 serum samples from 12 broiler hen flocks vaccinated against CAV and 64 unvaccinated flocks were analyzed for CAV antibodies with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All non-vaccinated breeder flocks were found to be infected with CAV, with 89% of the hens tested presenting antibodies, 52% of these with titers considered high enough to protect their progeny against CAV infection. Likewise, all vaccinated hens had antibody titer to CAV capable of conferring protection to their progeny. Thus, vaccination of hens seems capable of conferring protection to chicks against clinically apparent CAV-associated disease.
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Clinical and serological examination of a parental flock latently infected with chicken anemia virus. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2003. [DOI: 10.2298/avb0304239k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- D Todd
- Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Veterinary Sciences Division, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland
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