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Umaya SR, Vijayalakshmi YC, Sejian V. Exploration of plant products and phytochemicals against aflatoxin toxicity in broiler chicken production: Present status. Toxicon 2021; 200:55-68. [PMID: 34228958 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are a class of mycotoxins produced by the toxigenic Aspergillus fungi and are common contaminants of foods and feeds. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), the most potent aflatoxin, is well characterized to reduce productive performance and mortality in broilers. This exclusive review summarizes the efficacy of various plant products and phytochemicals to counteract AFB1 toxicity in broilers. The biochemical and molecular mode of action of AFB1 to induce liver damage, genotoxicity, immunosuppression and the protective effect of plant products against such mechanisms and their toxic effects are discussed. The link between antioxidant, immunomodulatory and hepatoprotective functions of plant products; oxidative stress and AFB1 macromolecular adducts mediated AFB1 toxicity are covered. Efficacy of Satureja khuzistanica, Zataria multiflora Boiss, Thymus vulgaris, Sauropsus androgynus, Hemidesmus indicus, Leucas aspera, Moringa oleifera, Eclipta alba, Curcuma longa, Silybum marianum, Urtica dioica, and citrus fruit are summarized. The anti-aflatoxic effect of water-soluble substances of wheat, grape seed proanthocyanidin extract and phytochemicals like thymol, carvarol, piperine, transcinnamaldehyde, resveratrol, curcumin, and silymarin are also discussed. Specific plant products and phytochemicals are shown to be effective against AF toxicity in broilers and could represent an important tool to reduce health and economic losses associated with AFB1 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suganthi R Umaya
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore, 560 030, Karnataka, India.
| | - Y C Vijayalakshmi
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore, 560 030, Karnataka, India
| | - V Sejian
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore, 560 030, Karnataka, India
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Wu TS, Cheng YC, Chen PJ, Huang YT, Yu FY, Liu BH. Exposure to aflatoxin B 1 interferes with locomotion and neural development in zebrafish embryos and larvae. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 217:905-913. [PMID: 30466059 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the major mycotoxin that contaminates aquafeeds and regarded as a causative agent in illnesses and the mortality of aquacultural species. However, the effects of AFB1 on developing fish and associated toxic mechanism are still unknown. This study examines the behavioral changes, neuronal morphology and gene expression in zebrafish embryos and larvae upon exposure to aflatoxin solutions. Treatment of 6 h post fertilization (hpf) embryos with AFB1 at 15-75 ng/mL significantly changed the swimming patterns of seven days post-fertilization (dpf) zebrafish larvae. Larvae in the 15 ng/mL group demonstrated a hypolocomotor activity in free swimming, but hyperlocomotion was observed in the larvae exposed to 30-75 ng/mL AFB1. AFB1 at 75 ng/mL also significantly reduced the startle response of 7 dpf larvae after tapping stimulus. Exposure to AFB1 resulted in an aberrant morphology of trigeminal ganglion and hindbrain neurons in transgenic embryos (HuC:eGFP); this finding was supported by acetylated alpha-tubulin staining in wild-type fish. Additionally, AFB1 altered the levels of neurotoxic markers, including gfap and huC. The transcriptomic profile of AFB1-treated embryos revealed several differentially expressed genes that are related to neuroactivity and neurogenesis. PCR analysis verified that AFB1 significantly down-regulated the expression of ngfa and atp1b1b genes and increased that of prtga gene. The results herein indicate the toxicological impacts of AFB1 on the behaviors and neurodevelopment of fish in the early embryonic stage. Disruption of neural formation and synapse dysfunction may be responsible for the behavioral alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Shuan Wu
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chih Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jen Chen
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Tzu Huang
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Yih Yu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Biing-Hui Liu
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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de Almeida JSFD, Cavalcante SFA, Dolezal R, Kuca K, Musilek K, Jun D, França TCC. Molecular modeling studies on the interactions of aflatoxin B1 and its metabolites with the peripheral anionic site of human acetylcholinesterase. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:2041-2048. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1475259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joyce S. F. D. de Almeida
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to Chemical and Biological Defense (LMDQB), Military Institute of Engineering, Praça General Tibúrcio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Samir F. A. Cavalcante
- Brazilian Army CBRN Defense Institute - IDQBRN, Avenida das Américas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Natural Products Research Institute - IPPN, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Bl. H, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Dolezal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanskeho, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Informatics and Management, Center for Basic and Applied Research, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanskeho, 62, Hradec Králove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanskeho, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanskeho, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Department of Toxicology, University of Defense, Trebesska, Hradec Kralové, Czech Republic
| | - Tanos C. C. França
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to Chemical and Biological Defense (LMDQB), Military Institute of Engineering, Praça General Tibúrcio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Faculty of Informatics and Management, Center for Basic and Applied Research, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanskeho, 62, Hradec Králove, Czech Republic
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Mehrzad J, Malvandi AM, Alipour M, Hosseinkhani S. Environmentally relevant level of aflatoxin B 1 elicits toxic pro-inflammatory response in murine CNS-derived cells. Toxicol Lett 2017; 279:96-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.07.902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Trebak F, Alaoui A, Alexandre D, El Ouezzani S, Anouar Y, Chartrel N, Magoul R. Impact of aflatoxin B1 on hypothalamic neuropeptides regulating feeding behavior. Neurotoxicology 2015; 49:165-73. [PMID: 26141519 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The presence of mycotoxins in food is a major problem of public health as they produce immunosuppressive, hepatotoxic and neurotoxic effects. Mycotoxins also induce mutagenic and carcinogenic effects after long exposure. Among mycotoxins that contaminate food are aflatoxins (AF) such as AFB1, which is the most powerful natural carcinogen. The AF poisoning results in symptoms of depression, anorexia, diarrhea, jaundice or anemia that can lead to death, but very few studies have explored the impact of AF on neuroendocrine regulations. To better understand the neurotoxic effects of AF related to anorexia, we explored in rat the impact of AFB1 on the major hypothalamic neuropeptides regulating feeding behavior, either orexigenic (NPY, Orexin, AgRP, MCH) or anorexigenic (α-MSH, CART, TRH). We also studied the effect of AFB1 on a novel neuropeptide, the secretogranin II (SgII)-derived peptide EM66, which has recently been linked to the control of food intake. For this, adult male rats were orally treated twice a week for 5 weeks with a low dose (150 μg/kg) or a high dose (300 μg/kg) of AFB1 dissolved in corn oil. Repeated exposure to AFB1 resulted in reduced body weight gain, which was highly significant for the high dose of AF. Immunocytochemical and quantitative PCR experiments revealed a dose-related decrease in the expression of all the hypothalamic neuropeptides studied in response to AFB1. Such orexigenic and anorexigenic alterations may underlie appetite disorders as they are correlated to a dose-dependent decrease in body weight gain of treated rats as compared to controls. We also found a decrease in the number of EM66-containing neurons in the arcuate nucleus of AFB1-treated animals, which was associated with a lower expression of its precursor SgII. These findings show for the first time that repeated consumption of AFB1 disrupts the hypothalamic regulation of neuropeptides involved in feeding behavior, which may contribute to the lower body weight gain associated to AF exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Trebak
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology & Nutritional and climatic Environment, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Faculty of Sciences DM, Fez, Morocco; INSERM U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Rouen University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; Normandy University, Caen, France
| | - Abdelilah Alaoui
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology & Nutritional and climatic Environment, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Faculty of Sciences DM, Fez, Morocco
| | - David Alexandre
- INSERM U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Rouen University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; Normandy University, Caen, France
| | - Seloua El Ouezzani
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology & Nutritional and climatic Environment, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Faculty of Sciences DM, Fez, Morocco
| | - Youssef Anouar
- INSERM U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Rouen University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; Normandy University, Caen, France.
| | - Nicolas Chartrel
- INSERM U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Rouen University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; Normandy University, Caen, France
| | - Rabia Magoul
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology & Nutritional and climatic Environment, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Faculty of Sciences DM, Fez, Morocco
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Kimbrough TD, Llewellyn GC, Weekley LB. The effect of aflatoxin B1 exposure on serotonin metabolism: response to a tryptophan load. Metab Brain Dis 1992; 7:175-82. [PMID: 1284170 DOI: 10.1007/bf01000244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Semi-chronic exposure of ICR male Mice to Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in non-toxic doses decreased brain serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) and catecholamines without altering tryptophan (TRP) or tyrosine (TYR) levels. A TRP load (300 mg/kg, i.p. x 2 hours) slightly increased brain TRP levels while causing a slight decrease in 5-HT and 5-HIAA in control animals. A TRP load in AFB1 treated mice increased brain 5-HT and 5-HIAA. The TRP load caused a further reduction in brain catecholamines without altering TYR levels. Exposure to AFB significantly increased lung TRP levels without altering 5-HT or 5HIAA levels. TRP loading increased lung TRP concentrations in control mice. However, in AFB1 treated mice the increase was not significantly elevated above the level caused by AFB1 treatment alone. Lung 5-HT or 5-HIAA levels in control or AFB1 treated mice are not significantly altered by TRP loading. These experiments demonstrate that AFB1 alters brain and lung TRP metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Kimbrough
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23284
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Hatori Y, Sharma RP, Warren RP. Resistance of C57Bl/6 mice to immunosuppressive effects of aflatoxin B1 and relationship with neuroendocrine mechanisms. IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1991; 22:127-36. [PMID: 1761400 DOI: 10.1016/0162-3109(91)90037-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) a secondary metabolite of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, is known for its carcinogenicity and immunosuppressive effects. We previously reported on the immunosuppressive effects of AFB1 in Swiss and CD-1 mice. This study concerned the involvement of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal gland axis in the immunosuppressive effects of AFB1 in C57Bl/6 mice. Animals were treated orally with 30, 150 or 750 micrograms/kg AFB1 daily for four weeks. Splenic lymphocytes were assayed to investigate their phenotyping using flow cytometry, proliferative response against mitogens and allogeneic lymphocytes, cytolytic cell activity, and IL-2 production. Antibody-mediated immunocompetence was checked using sheep red blood cell (SRBC)-challenged animals by plaque-forming cell assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The dose of AFB1 for the immunosuppressive effects on blastogenic response, IL-2 production, and primary antibody production of splenic cells was much higher than previous studies involving other mice strains. AFB1 decreased the amount of circulating anti-SRBC antibody, and the helper-T cell and B cell populations in phenotyping splenic lymphocytes. There were no significant changes in natural killer cell activity, mixed lymphocyte response, hypothalamic biogenic amine concentrations, and corticotropin releasing factor, and of adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone in plasma. Results were confirmed using adrenalectomized mice. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis does not appear to have a major role in AFB1-induced immunotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hatori
- Department of Animal Sciences, Utah State University, Logan 84322-5600
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Weekley LB. Aflatoxin B1 alters central and systemic tryptophan and tyrosine metabolism: influence of immunomodulatory drugs. Metab Brain Dis 1991; 6:19-32. [PMID: 1906975 DOI: 10.1007/bf01000382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Semi-chronic exposure of ICR male Mice to Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in non-toxic doses results in elevated lung tryptophan (TRP) levels without change in serotonin (5-HT) or 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) levels. This change is organ specific in that TRP levels are not altered in spleen, duodenum, heart or central nervous system (CNS). Acute (48 hour) flunixin treatment decreases lung TRP levels and reverses the AFB1 mediated increase in lung TRP levels. On the other hand, flunixin treatment decreases CNS TRP levels in control mice but not in AFB1 treated mice. Aflatoxin B1 treated mice have an increase in splenic serotonin (5-HT) content. Acute (48 hour) treatment of mice with E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) also increases splenic 5-HT, and AFB1 treatment followed by LPS have a slightly additive effect on spleen 5-HT content. Treatment of mice with LPS increases heart 5-HT, an effect which is not altered in AFB1 pretreated mice. Both LPS and AFB1 per se increases lung TYR levels although the combination of treatments is not significantly different from the control value. Flunixin treatment increases lung tyrosine (TYR) levels, an effect which is not altered by AFB1 pretreatment. Acute treatment with either LPS or flunixin decreases the CNS TRP/TYR ratio; pretreatment with AFB1 prevents those changes in the CNS TRP/TYR ratio. Central nervous system catecholamines are reduced in AFB1 pretreated mice. However, CNS catecholamine changes in AFB1 treated mice are normalized by vitamin E supplementation during the treatment period.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Weekley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061
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Coulombe RA, Sharma RP. Effect of repeated dietary exposure of aflatoxin B1 on brain biogenic amines and metabolites in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1985; 80:496-501. [PMID: 2412309 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(85)90394-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated po twice weekly for 3 weeks with a low (32.8 micrograms/kg) and high dose (327.9 micrograms/kg) of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in corn oil. A control group received corn oil only. At the end of the experiment the rats were killed, and the concentrations of the brain catecholamines, norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA), catecholamine metabolites, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (VMA), homovanillic acid (HVA), and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), and the indoleamine serotonin (5-HT) and its metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography in five brain regions. The major effects were found in striatal dopamine and serotonin concentrations, with decreases of 37 and 29%, respectively. A corresponding decline was observed in the dopamine metabolites, homovanillic acid (44%) and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (30%). Concentrations of these neurotransmitters and metabolites were only marginally altered in cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hypothalamus, and medulla oblongata. It appears that a major effect of AFB1 is on dopaminergic pathways, possible by selectively perturbing the conversion of tyrosine to biogenic catecholamine neurotransmitters.
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