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Bihałowicz JS, Rogula-Kozłowska W, Krasuski A. Contribution of landfill fires to air pollution - An assessment methodology. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 125:182-191. [PMID: 33711733 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the contribution of waste fires to air pollution. The annual emission of pollutants (CO, NOx, PM10, SO2) and greenhouse gases (CH4, CO2) were evaluated. The prediction of emissions is based on statistical data from 79 large fires that took place in Poland in 2018. We analyzed the spatial distribution of these fires along with the expected emission factor. The predicted emissions from all large waste fires was in total: 2.05 ± 0.10Gg of CH4, 19.60 ± 0.90Gg of CO, 196 ± 13Gg of CO2, 0.963 ± 0.047Gg of NOx, 5.26 ± 0.58Gg of PM10, and 0.72 ± 0.12Gg of SO2. For the evaluation of the consequences, we used the number of people exposed to PM10 emitted in one very big fire. Almost 6.5 million people were exposed to an additional 1-hour average concentration of PM10 higher than 10 μg/m3 and over 360 thousand were exposed to a concentration higher than 100 μg/m3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adam Krasuski
- The Main School of Fire Service, 52/54 Słowackiego Street, 01-629 Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Di A, Wu Y, Chen M, Nie D, Ge X. Chemical Characterization of Seasonal PM 2.5 Samples and Their Cytotoxicity in Human Lung Epithelial Cells (A549). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17124599. [PMID: 32604837 PMCID: PMC7345009 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In order to study the toxicity of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) sourced from different seasons on human health, we collected PM2.5 samples quarterly from March 2016 to February 2017 in Nanjing, China. The component analysis results showed that high proportions of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), SO42−, Ca2+ and Mg2+ were found in the summer samples, while high proportions of NO3−, NH4+ and heavy metals were observed in the spring and winter samples. Then human lung epithelial cells (A549) were exposed to the PM2.5 samples. The toxicological results indicated that reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the spring and winter samples was higher than that in the summer and fall samples, which was related to the contribution of some heavy metals and inorganic ions (e.g., Pb and NO3−). However, the apoptosis rates of the cells showed the opposite seasonal changes as what the ROS did, which might be caused by the higher WSOC content in the summer. In addition, regression analysis also showed the importance of the PM2.5 components in ROS production and apoptosis. Particularly, Zn had the strongest correlation with ROS production (R = 0.863) and cell apoptosis (R = 0.675); thus, the specific toxicity of Zn in PM2.5 deserves further investigation. Our results could be beneficial for assessing the health risks and controlling the toxic components of PM2.5 in Nanjing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Di
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; (A.D.); (X.G.)
| | - Yun Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; (A.D.); (X.G.)
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (M.C.); Tel.: +86-25-5873-1089 (M.C.)
| | - Mindong Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; (A.D.); (X.G.)
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (M.C.); Tel.: +86-25-5873-1089 (M.C.)
| | - Dongyang Nie
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China;
| | - Xinlei Ge
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; (A.D.); (X.G.)
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3
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Chemical Characterization of Two Seasonal PM2.5 Samples in Nanjing and Its Toxicological Properties in Three Human Cell Lines. ENVIRONMENTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/environments6040042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PM2.5 pollution is of great concern in China due to its adverse health effects. Many diseases have been proven to be associated with PM2.5 components, but the effects of chemical characteristics of PM2.5 on toxicological properties, especially in different human organs, are poorly understood. In this study, two seasonal PM2.5 samples (summer and winter) were collected in Nanjing, and their chemical compositions (heavy metals, water-soluble ions, organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC)) were analyzed. Human lung epithelial carcinoma cells (A549), human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cells (HepG2), and human neuroblastoma cells (Sh-Sy5y) were employed to evaluate the toxicological properties of the collected PM2.5. The results showed that the average mass concentrations of PM2.5 were lower in summer (51.3 ± 21.4 μg/m3) than those in winter (62.1 ± 21.5 μg/m3). However, the mass fractions of heavy metals, OC, and EC exhibited an opposite seasonal difference. Among all tested fractions, water-soluble ions were the major compositions of particles in both summer and winter, especially the secondary ions (SO42−, NO3− and NH4+). Besides, the ratio of OC/EC in PM2.5 was greater than two, indicating serious secondary pollution in this area. The NO3–/SO42− ratio (< 1) suggested that fixed sources made important contributions. The toxicological results showed that PM2.5 in the summer and winter significantly inhibited cell viability (p < 0.01) and induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (p < 0.01). Moreover, the viability inhibition in A549, Sh-Sy5y, and HepG2 cells was more prominent in summer, especially at high PM2.5 (400 μg/mL) (p < 0.05), and the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in A549 and Sh-Sy5y cells was also more evident in summer. Such seasonal differences might be related to the variations of PM2.5 components.
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Zhang HH, Li Z, Liu Y, Xinag P, Cui XY, Ye H, Hu BL, Lou LP. Physical and chemical characteristics of PM 2.5 and its toxicity to human bronchial cells BEAS-2B in the winter and summer. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2018; 19:317-326. [PMID: 29616507 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1700123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing occurrence of haze during the summer, the physicochemical characteristics and toxicity differences in PM2.5 in different seasons are of great concern. Hangzhou is located in an area that has a subtropical monsoon climate where the humidity is very high during both the summer and winter. However, there are limited studies on the seasonal differences in PM2.5 in these weather conditions. In this test, PM2.5 samples were collected in the winter and summer, the morphology and chemical composition of PM2.5 were analyzed, the toxicity of PM2.5 to human bronchial cells BEAS-2B was compared, and the correlation between PM2.5 toxicity and the chemical composition was discussed. The results showed that during both the winter and summer, the main compounds in the PM2.5 samples were water-soluble ions, particularly SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+, followed by organic components, while heavy metals were present at lower levels. The higher the mass concentration of PM2.5, the greater its impact on cell viability and ROS levels. However, when the mass concentration of PM2.5 was similar, the water extraction from the summer samples showed a greater impact on BEAS-2B than that from the winter samples. The cytotoxicity of PM2.5 was closely associated with heavy metals and organic pollutants but less related to water-soluble ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hui Zhang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zheng Li
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ping Xinag
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Xin-Yi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Hui Ye
- Hangzhou Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310007, China
| | - Bao-Lan Hu
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Research Center of Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Li-Ping Lou
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Research Center of Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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5
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Bilo F, Borgese L, Wambui A, Assi A, Zacco A, Federici S, Eichert DM, Tsuji K, Lucchini RG, Placidi D, Bontempi E, Depero LE. Comparison of multiple X-ray fluorescence techniques for elemental analysis of particulate matter collected on air filters. JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE 2018; 122:1-10. [PMID: 30662085 PMCID: PMC6338472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This work reports on qualitative and semi-quantitative elemental analysis of particulate matter (PM) collected on PTFE membrane filters, for a source apportionment study conducted in Brescia (Italy). Sampling was undertaken in a residential area where an increase in Mn emissions has been highlighted by previous studies. Filters are measured by means of X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) based techniques such as micro-XRF and grazing incidence XRF using synchrotron radiation, Mo or W excitation sources, after applying an automatized sample preparation method. A heterogeneous distribution in PM shape, size and composition was observed, with features typical of anthropogenic sources. XRF measurements performed at various incidence angle, on large areas and different experimental setup were reproducible. The results demonstrate a successful comparison of the various XRF instrumentation, and the decrease in Mn content with the distance away from the identified emission source. This work highlights the potentialities of the presented approach to provide a full quantitative analysis, and ascertain its suitability for providing a direct, fast, simple and sensitive elemental analysis of filters in source apportionment studies and screening purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabjola Bilo
- Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, INSTM and Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Borgese
- Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, INSTM and Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- SMART Solutions s.r.L., Italy
| | - Anne Wambui
- Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, INSTM and Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ahmad Assi
- Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, INSTM and Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Zacco
- Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, INSTM and Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- SMART Solutions s.r.L., Italy
| | - Stefania Federici
- Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, INSTM and Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Diane M. Eichert
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Kouichi Tsuji
- Graduate School of Engineering Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Roberto G. Lucchini
- Institute of Occupational Health, University of Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili, 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Donatella Placidi
- Institute of Occupational Health, University of Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili, 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Elza Bontempi
- Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, INSTM and Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- SMART Solutions s.r.L., Italy
| | - Laura E. Depero
- Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, INSTM and Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- SMART Solutions s.r.L., Italy
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6
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Huang M, Kang Y, Wang W, Chan CY, Wang X, Wong MH. Potential cytotoxicity of water-soluble fraction of dust and particulate matters and relation to metal(loid)s based on three human cell lines. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 135:61-66. [PMID: 25911218 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular liver carcinoma (HepG2), human skin derived keratinocyte (KERTr,) and lung epithelial carcinoma (A549) were employed in MTT assay to evaluate the cytotoxicity of water-soluble fraction of road dust, air-conditioning (AC) filter dust and PM2.5 via ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation. Their effects on cell growth were dependent on exposure time and concentration. The LC20s of PM2.5 for A549 cell were approximately one order of magnitude lower than those of road dust and AC filter dust for KERTr cell and HepG2 cell. The LC20s of aqueous extracts were negatively correlated to the water-soluble metal(loid)s contained in dust coarse particles (KERTr: p=0.004; HepG2: p<0.001). However, no significant correlation between soluble metal(loid)s and LC20s of PM2.5 was observed for A549 cell (p>0.05). Other water-soluble components in dust and PM might cause the cell hazards synergistically or additively with metal(loid)s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjuan Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China.
| | - Yuan Kang
- Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China; School of Chemistry & Environment, South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chuen Yu Chan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Ming Hung Wong
- Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
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7
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Malandrino M, Di Martino M, Giacomino A, Geobaldo F, Berto S, Grosa MM, Abollino O. Temporal trends of elements in Turin (Italy) atmospheric particulate matter from 1976 to 2001. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 90:2578-2588. [PMID: 23232046 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.10.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The temporal trends of major, minor and trace elements in the total atmospheric particulate sampled in the urban area of Turin (Italy) were determined for the following years: 1976, 1986, 1996 and 2001. The wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF) technique was adopted to determine the concentrations of Ba, Br, Ca, Cl, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, S, Ti and Zn. A smaller number of samples was also analysed by ICP atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and the results were compared with those obtained by WD-XRF to confirm their validity. A clear seasonal pattern with higher concentrations of the aforementioned elements in the cold periods was observed. Moreover, a change in the chemical composition of atmospheric particulate matter was evidenced, particularly between the first (1976 and 1986) and the last (1996 and 2001) years. This change can be attributed both to the greater contribution of Pb and Br to atmospheric pollution in the past and, in recent years, to the higher level of pollutants associated with increased vehicular traffic and industrial activities. The application of chemometric techniques (Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis) allowed us to speculate about the main emitting sources influencing the total atmospheric particulate in these years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mery Malandrino
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Torino, Via Giuria 7, Torino, Italy
| | - Massimo Di Martino
- Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell'Ambiente (ARPA Piemonte), Via Pio VII, Torino, Italy
| | - Agnese Giacomino
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Via Giuria 9, Torino, Italy.
| | - Francesco Geobaldo
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Berto
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Torino, Via Giuria 7, Torino, Italy
| | - Mauro M Grosa
- Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell'Ambiente (ARPA Piemonte), Via Pio VII, Torino, Italy
| | - Ornella Abollino
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Torino, Via Giuria 7, Torino, Italy
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8
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SINGLA VYOMA, PACHAURI TRIPTI, SATSANGI APARNA, KUMARI KMAHARAJ, LAKHANI ANITA. Characterization and Mutagenicity Assessment of PM2.5and PM10PAH at Agra, India. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2012.657740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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9
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Kaonga B, Kgabi NA. Investigation into presence of atmospheric particulate matter in Marikana, mining area in Rustenburg Town, South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2011; 178:213-220. [PMID: 20865322 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-010-1683-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
An investigation to find out presence of particulate matter in Marikana, a mining area in Rustenburg town, South Africa, was carried out in the months of August and November of 2008. Samples were collected for measurements of particulate matter (PM) of particle diameters of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1. After gravimetric analysis of daily measurements, it was found that PM10 concentration values ranged between 3 and 9 μg/m(3), PM2.5 concentration values ranged between 16 and 26 μg/m(3), and PM1 concentration values ranged between 14 and 18 μg/m(3) for the month of August 2008. For the month of November, it was found that PM10 concentration values ranged between 2 and 8 μg/m(3), PM2.5 concentration values ranged between 0 and 5 μg/m(3), and PM1 concentration values ranged between 4 and 15 μg/m(3). This study was undertaken as preliminary work having in mind that mining activities could be emitting high levels of particulate matter in the atmosphere which might be degrading the quality of the air. It was observed, however, that the daily particulate matter especially of PM10 emitted were quite low when compared to laid down International Air Quality Standards. The standards did not give guidelines for particulate matter of diameter 2.5 μm. It was concluded that particulate matter came from three major sources: platinum mining, domestic biomass burning, and traffic emissions due to fuel burning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brighton Kaonga
- Department of Environment, University of Northwest, Mafikeng Campus, P/B X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa.
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10
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Borgese L, Zacco A, Pal S, Bontempi E, Lucchini R, Zimmerman N, Depero LE. A new non-destructive method for chemical analysis of particulate matter filters: the case of manganese air pollution in Vallecamonica (Italy). Talanta 2011; 84:192-8. [PMID: 21315919 PMCID: PMC3056347 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence (TXRF) is a well-established technique for chemical analysis, but it is mainly employed for quality control in the electronics semiconductor industry. The capability to analyze liquid and uniformly thin solid samples makes this technique suitable for other applications, and especially in the very critical field of environmental analysis. Comparison with standard methods like inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) shows that TXRF is a practical, accurate, and reliable technique in occupational settings. Due to the greater sensitivity necessary in trace heavy metal detection, TXRF is also suitable for environmental chemical analysis. In this paper we show that based on appropriate standards, TXRF can be considered for non-destructive routine quantitative analysis of environmental matrices such as air filters. This work has been developed in the frame of the EU-FP6 PHIME (Public Health Impact of long-term, low-level Mixed element Exposure in susceptible population strata) Integrated Project (www.phime.org). The aim of this work was to investigate Mn air pollution in the area of Vallecamonica (Italy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Borgese
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, University of Brescia, via Branze, 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Zacco
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, University of Brescia, via Branze, 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Sudipto Pal
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, University of Brescia, via Branze, 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Elza Bontempi
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, University of Brescia, via Branze, 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberto Lucchini
- Institute of Occupational Health, University of Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili, 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Neil Zimmerman
- Purdue University, School of Health Sciences, 550 Stadium Mall Dr. West Lafayette, IN 47907-2051, United States
| | - Laura E. Depero
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, University of Brescia, via Branze, 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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11
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Franzetti A, Gandolfi I, Gaspari E, Ambrosini R, Bestetti G. Seasonal variability of bacteria in fine and coarse urban air particulate matter. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 90:745-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-3048-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Perrin D, Ruskin HJ, Niwa T. Cell type-dependent, infection-induced, aberrant DNA methylation in gastric cancer. J Theor Biol 2010; 264:570-7. [PMID: 20219476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic changes correspond to heritable modifications of the chromatin structure, which do not involve any alteration of the DNA sequence but nonetheless affect gene expression. These mechanisms play an important role in cell differentiation, but aberrant occurrences are also associated with a number of diseases, including cancer and neural development disorders. In particular, aberrant DNA methylation induced by H. Pylori has been found to be a significant risk factor in gastric cancer. To investigate the sensitivity of different genes and cell types to this infection, a computational model of methylation in gastric crypts is developed. In this article, we review existing results from physical experiments and outline their limitations, before presenting the computational model and investigating the influence of its parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Perrin
- Centre for Scientific Computing & Complex Systems Modelling, Dublin City University, Ireland.
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13
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Gualtieri M, Mantecca P, Corvaja V, Longhin E, Perrone MG, Bolzacchini E, Camatini M. Winter fine particulate matter from Milan induces morphological and functional alterations in human pulmonary epithelial cells (A549). Toxicol Lett 2009; 188:52-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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14
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Jacobsen NR, Saber AT, White P, Møller P, Pojana G, Vogel U, Loft S, Gingerich J, Soper L, Douglas GR, Wallin H. Increased mutant frequency by carbon black, but not quartz, in the lacZ and cII transgenes of muta mouse lung epithelial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2007; 48:451-61. [PMID: 17584883 DOI: 10.1002/em.20300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Carbon black and quartz are relatively inert solid particulate materials that are carcinogenic in laboratory animals. Quartz is a human carcinogen, whereas data on carbon black are contradictory, and there are few data on mammalian mutagenesis. We determined the mutant frequency following eight repeated 72-hr incubations with 75 mug/ml carbon black (Printex 90) or 100 mug/ml quartz (SRM1878a) particles in the FE1 Muta Mouse lung epithelial cell line. For carbon black exposed cells, the mutant frequency was 1.40-fold (95% CI: 1.22-1.58) for cII and 1.23-fold (95% CI: 1.10-1.37) for lacZ compared with identically passaged untreated cells. Quartz did not significantly affect the mutant frequency. Carbon black also induced DNA strand breaks (P = 0.02) and oxidized purines (P = 0.008), as measured by the Comet assay. Quartz induced marginally more oxidized purines, but no change in strand breaks. We detected five (phenanthrene, flouranthene, pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, and chrysene) of the 16 EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an extract of carbon black. The detected PAHs are only weakly mutagenic compared with benzo[a]pyrene, and were present in very low amounts. In conclusion, carbon black was weakly mutagenic in vitro at the cII and lacZ loci. It also induced DNA strand breaks and oxidized DNA bases. More studies are essential for understanding the biological significance of these findings, and clearly documenting DNA sequence changes. The results do not necessarily imply that other carbonaceous nano materials are genotoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicklas Raun Jacobsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Wan J, Diaz-Sanchez D. Phase II Enzymes Induction Blocks the Enhanced IgE Production in B Cells by Diesel Exhaust Particles. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:3477-83. [PMID: 16920990 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.5.3477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Oxidant pollutants such as diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) can initiate and exacerbate airway allergic responses through enhanced IgE production. These effects are especially pronounced in individuals in whom phase II antioxidant enzyme responses are impaired. We confirmed that DEPs and DEP extracts (DEPX) can act directly on B lymphocytes and showed that DEPX could enhance IgH epsilon germline transcription in a B cell line and in PBMCs. We therefore studied the regulation in B cells of NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) as a typical model phase II enzyme and its role in modulating DEPX-enhanced IgE responses. DEPX increased NQO1 mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner. NQO1 protein induction by DEPX was confirmed by Western blot. DEPs induced activity of the antioxidant response element located in the NQO1 gene promoter. Induction of both NQO1 mRNA and protein expression could be blocked by coculture with an antioxidant and partly repressed by inhibitors of PI3K and p38 MAPK, but not by inhibitors of MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK/ERK) or protein kinase C. The ability of DEPX to enhance IgE production was blocked by the induction of phase II enzymes, including NQO1 in B cells by the chemical sulforaphane. These findings suggest that a natural protective mechanism in B cells from oxidant pollutants such as diesel particles is the expression of phase II enzymes through induction of antioxidant response elements and support the approach of overexpression of these enzymes as a potential future chemopreventative strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiang Wan
- Hart and Louise Lyon Laboratory, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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16
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Oh SM, Chung KH. Identification of mammalian cell genotoxins in respirable diesel exhaust particles by bioassay-directed chemical analysis. Toxicol Lett 2005; 161:226-35. [PMID: 16242274 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2005] [Revised: 09/09/2005] [Accepted: 09/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A bioassay-directed chemical analysis which consists of mammalian cell bioassays (comet assay, CBMN assay and EROD-microbioassay) in conjunction with analytical measurements was performed to identify the most biologically active compounds of the diesel exhaust particulate matters (DEPs) on mutagenic activity. These bioassay systems were suitable to estimate the mammalian genotoxic potentials of pollutants present in low concentrations in limited environmental samples, as is the case with DEPEs. The results from mutagenic assay showed that the aromatic and slightly polar fraction of DEPs induced chromosomal damage and DNA breakage in a non-cytotoxic dose. It was also revealed that indirect-acting mutagens may mainly contribute to the mutagenic effect of aromatic fraction via the enzyme metabolism system. In the aromatic fraction, several indirect-acting mutagenic PAHs such as dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, chrysene, and 1,2-benzanthracene were detected by GC-MS and the complex mixture effect of this fraction was quantified in terms of its biological-TCDD equivalent concentration (bio-TEQ) which was 32.82 bio-TEQ ng/g-DEPs by EROD-microbioassay. Conclusively, we confirmed that indirect-acting mutagens contained in aromatic fraction may be important causatives of the genotoxicity of extracts of DEPs by integrating the results obtained from a mammalian cell bioassay-directed fractionation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Min Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, #300 Cheoncheondong, Jangan-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Republic of Korea
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Verheyen GR, Nuijten JM, Van Hummelen P, Schoeters GR. Microarray analysis of the effect of diesel exhaust particles on in vitro cultured macrophages. Toxicol In Vitro 2005; 18:377-91. [PMID: 15046786 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2003.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2003] [Accepted: 10/23/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) have been reported to induce or aggravate pulmonary diseases, including cancer and asthma. Alveolar macrophages are important cellular targets for DEP and have important immunological and inflammatory properties in the response to foreign substances in the lung. In vitro cultures of human THP-1 cells were differentiated to macrophages and were exposed to 1600 ng/ml DEP during 6 and 24 h. Global changes in gene expression were evaluated using cDNA microarrays containing about 13,000 cDNAs. Each gene on the microarray was present in duplicate. A colorflip experiment was also performed, resulting in four ratio measurements for each gene, that were used to evaluate significance of the gene expression findings. Gene expression changes were very modest (<3-fold induction/repression). Less than 1% of all genes were significantly regulated by DEP. Considering the 6 h exposure data, 50 clones were up- and 39 were downregulated. For the 24 h exposure data, there were 54 upregulated and 60 downregulated genes. Nine genes (CYP1B1, THBD, Il1b, ITGB7, SEC6, TNFRSF1B, LPXN, LOC51093 and BTG2) are upregulated and seven (PRDX1, CD36, PRKACB, BBOX1, CLK1, STMN1, and HMGB2) are downregulated at both time-points. Our data indicate the multitude of biological processes potentially influenced by DEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert R Verheyen
- Centre of Expertise in Environmental Toxicology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito), Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium.
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18
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Garry S, Nesslany F, Aliouat E, Haguenoer JM, Marzin D. Hematite (Fe2O3) acts by oxydative stress and potentiates benzo[a]pyrene genotoxicity. Mutat Res 2004; 563:117-29. [PMID: 15364278 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2004.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2004] [Revised: 05/18/2004] [Accepted: 06/25/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Since epidemiological studies have implicated the co-exposition of iron oxides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as potential etiological factors involved in the excess of mortality from lung cancer in miners, experimental studies have been performed to investigate the role of iron on benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P)-induced lung pathogenesis. We demonstrated previously that in vivo damage was higher when B[a]P was coated onto hematite than when B[a]P was administered alone. In order to determine the role of (i) different cell types and (ii) adsorption of hematite in this potentiation, in vitro studies were developed. The Comet assay was first used to measure DNA damage in four isolated cell types from Sprague-Dawley rats at 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24h after in vitro treatment with hematite (Fe2O3) or B[a]P or B[a]P coated onto hematite. For the two treatments with B[a]P, no damage was observed in alveolar macrophages, but significant increases in damage were seen in lymphocytes, hepatocytes and lung cells (where the effects of B[a]P coated onto hematite were stronger than those of B[a]P alone). In a second part of the study, the Comet assay was conducted with lung cells to measure the in vitro effect of (i) the coating and (ii) the role of the physical properties of Fe2O3. A statistically significant increase in damage was observed for the coating of B[a]P onto Fe2O3 compared (i) with their simple addition and (ii) with the coating of B[a]P onto graphite used as an inert compound. This study showed that (i) Fe2O3/B[a]P acts essentially in lung cells, (ii) the coating is a primordial step and (iii) the physical properties of Fe2O3 play a very minor role, which suggests another mechanism of action to explain the higher toxicity. Hence, our data may contribute to explain the excess of mortality in epidemiological studies and overall why exposures to B[a]P coated onto Fe2O3 resulted in higher toxicity in rodents compared to exposure to B[a]P alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Garry
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie Génétique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1, rue du Pr. Calmette BP 245, 59019 Lille Cedex, France
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Calcabrini A, Meschini S, Marra M, Falzano L, Colone M, De Berardis B, Paoletti L, Arancia G, Fiorentini C. Fine environmental particulate engenders alterations in human lung epithelial A549 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2004; 95:82-91. [PMID: 15068934 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2003.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2003] [Revised: 07/11/2003] [Accepted: 07/16/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM), a component of urban air pollution that derives primarily from the combustion of fossil fuels, is responsible for a number of health effects in humans. Recent studies have demonstrated that the fine particles (PM(2.5)) present in high numbers in PM samples can be more harmful than larger particles, since they are more efficiently retained in the peripheral lung. In the present study, we have investigated the biological effects of PM(2.5) on human lung epithelial cell line A549. Morphological analysis performed by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy showed that fine particles interact with the cell surface, where they induce evident alterations and, subsequently, are internalized in the cytoplasm. Cytoskeletal components, in particular microfilaments and microtubules, cause modifications upon challenge with PM(2.5). Of interest, an early cell response to the fine particulate is an increase of reactive oxygen species content, which can account for the observed cytoskeletal changes and the production of proinflammatory cytokines in A549 cells. In particular, exposure to PM(2.5) promoted a dose- and time-dependent release of TNF-alpha and IL-6 in the cell medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarica Calcabrini
- Department of Ultrastructures, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Song HS, Bang WG, Chung N, Cho YS, Kim YS, Cho MH. Effect of chelators and reductants on the mobilization of metals from ambient particulate matter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2003; 37:3531-3536. [PMID: 12953862 DOI: 10.1021/es025981p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ambient urban particulate matter (PM) contains various transition metals. When the PM is inhaled into the lung, not all but some part of metals from the particles might be mobilized to participate in a reaction that can damage various biomolecules, such as DNA and proteins. The dust particle size as well as organic acids may influence the metal mobilization. Thus, the mobilization of the metal from two standard reference materials (SRM; NIST, USA) and urban PM (PM2.5 and PM10) collected in the Seoul area was measured in the presence of artificial or biological chelator with or without reductant. The degree of the mobilization was higher with the artificial or biological chelator than the control with saline. In some cases, a reductant increased the mobilization as much as about 5 times the control without the reductant. Especially, the mobilization of Fe was greatly influenced by the presence of reductants. In general, the degree of the mobilization of the transition metal was higher with PM2.5 than with PM10. Therefore, it is expected that, considering the previously known toxicities of the transition metals, PM2.5 is more damaging to various biomolecules than PM10. The results also suggest that not the total amount but the mobilizable fraction of the metal in the ambient PM should be considered with regard to the toxicity of the urban particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Sang Song
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Anam-dong 5-1, Sungbuk-ku, Seoul, 136-701, Korea
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Garry S, Nesslany F, Aliouat E, Haguenoer JM, Marzin D. Hematite (Fe(2)O(3)) enhances benzo[a]pyrene genotoxicity in endotracheally treated rat, as determined by Comet Assay. Mutat Res 2003; 538:19-29. [PMID: 12834751 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(03)00082-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Since epidemiological studies have firmly implied the co-exposition between iron oxides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) as potential etiological factor involved in the excess of mortality by lung cancer in miners, experimental studies have been performed to investigate the role of iron particles on benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P)-induced lung pathogenesis. In the present study, the alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE; Comet Assay) was used to measure DNA single-strand breaks in four cell types (alveolar macrophages, lung cells, peripheral lymphocytes and hepatocytes) of OFA Sprague-Dawley rats 24h after endotracheal administration of a single dose of an iron oxide (hematite; Fe(2)O(3)) (0.75mg) or B[a]P (0.75mg) or B[a]P (0.75mg) coated onto hematite particles (0.75mg). No damage was observed in cell from the four investigated organs in rats treated with iron oxide alone, while a statistically significant increase in DNA damage was observed compared with control animals in all tested cell types of rats treated with B[a]P alone or in association with hematite. The highest levels of damage were observed in lung cells and peripheral lymphocytes; the levels of damage in alveolar macrophages and hepatocytes were increased, but to a lesser extent compared with the first two cell types. The main finding was to notice a statistically significant increase of the damage in all organs of rats treated with B[a]P coated onto hematite (approximately two-fold increases; P<0.001), versus B[a]P alone. The current study shows that iron particles increase the genotoxic properties of B[a]P in the respiratory tract of endotracheally treated OFA Sprague-Dawley rats. Hence, our data may contribute to explain the excess mortality by lung cancer in epidemiological studies and overall why exposures to B[a]P coated onto Fe(2)O(3) particles resulted in higher toxicity in rodents compared with exposure to B[a]P alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Garry
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie Génétique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, France
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Garry S, Nesslany F, Aliouat E, Haguenoer JM, Marzin D. Assessment of genotoxic effect of benzo[a]pyrene in endotracheally treated rat using the comet assay. Mutat Res 2003; 534:33-43. [PMID: 12504753 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(02)00252-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Although benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is a well-known genotoxic agent, little is known about the extent of DNA effects induced by B[a]P in rat tissues after pulmonary exposure. The alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay) was used to measure DNA single-strand breaks in alveolar macrophages, lung cells, peripheral lymphocytes and hepatocytes of OFA Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to a single dose of B[a]P by endotracheal administration. Statistically significant damage was observed in all organs tested after 3, 24 and 48h of pulmonary exposure to 3mg of B[a]P per animal, with a time-dependent relationship. The maximum damage was observed in the four cell types 24h after exposure. The higher level of damage was observed both in lung cells and peripheral lymphocytes; in alveolar macrophages and hepatocytes the level of damage was increased, but at a lower level than in the two other cell types. Furthermore, B[a]P demonstrated a clear dose-related genotoxic activity in the lung cells when tested at doses of 0.75, 1.5 and 3mg. The current study shows that B[a]P caused DNA single-strand breaks in the respiratory tract of endotracheally treated OFA Sprague-Dawley rats. The study also suggests that pulmonary exposure to B[a]P can induce a high level of DNA damage in peripheral lymphocytes. The clear relationship between lung exposure to B[a]P and consequences observed in lymphocytes suggests that the comet assay in peripheral lymphocytes can be used as a sensitive marker in human monitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Garry
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie Génétique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
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Takano Y, Taguchi T, Suzuki I, Balis JU, Yuri K. Cytotoxicity of heavy metals on primary cultured alveolar type II cells. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2002; 89:138-145. [PMID: 12123647 DOI: 10.1006/enrs.2002.4354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The lung is the primary target organ of airborne heavy metal-induced toxicity. The aims of this study were to investigate differential acute lung cytotoxicity caused by heavy metals using a primary culture of alveolar type II cells and to establish an in vitro assessment model of lung toxicity. The cytotoxicity of heavy metals was determined by measuring the lactate dehydrogenase release and (51)chromium release from lyzed cells. With respect to the LC(50) values, drug concentrations causing a 50% loss in cell viability, the mean value of Hg was 110 microM and that of Cd was 220 to 250 microM. Cytotoxicity was graded high for Hg and Cd, moderate for Pb and Ni, and negligible for Mn. Additional morphological observations of cell membrane integrity by scanning electron microscopy were compatible with the results of biochemical measurements. In conclusion, we have presented an in vitro assessment model of lung toxicity, which can be used effectively to assess the differential effects of heavy metals on alveolar type II cells. The findings suggests that the potential mechanisms of cytotoxicity are dependent on both the nature and the concentration of the metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Takano
- Department of Anatomy, Kochi Medical School, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
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Don Porto Carero A, Hoet PHM, Nemery B, Schoeters G. Increased HLA-DR expression after exposure of human monocytic cells to air particulates. Clin Exp Allergy 2002; 32:296-300. [PMID: 11929496 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2002.01266.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The expression of HLA-DR on the cell membrane of antigen-presenting cells is of major importance for the induction of an allergic response in the airways. Environmental particulates are thought to play an important role in inducing or enhancing allergic sensitization, possibly by increasing the expression of HLA-DR on the cell membrane of antigen-presenting cells. In addition, these particulates may synergize with common sensitizing agents in inducing or enhancing HLA-DR and thus antigen presentation. OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigated the potential of three particle types, namely carbon black, diesel exhaust particles and urban air particulates (0.1-1000 ng/cm(2)), to induce the expression of HLA-DR on differentiated THP-1 cells, taken as a model for alveolar macrophages. We also assessed the "adjuvant" potential of the particles on interferon (IFN)-gamma, a known enhancer of HLA-DR. RESULTS By themselves, the particles (0.1-1000 ng/cm(2)) were not able to induce HLA-DR on the THP-1 cells after an incubation of 48 h. However, even at very low concentrations, carbon black (from 1 ng/cm(2) on) and diesel exhaust particles (from 0.1 ng/cm(2) on), interacted with IFN-gamma (100 U/mL) to enhance HLA-DR expression (up to 2.5-fold increase). CONCLUSION This finding may reflect in vitro one of the mechanisms by which pollutant particles exert an "adjuvant" activity and may partially explain how exposure to particles can be related to the enhancement of allergic sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Don Porto Carero
- Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek (Vito), Environmental Toxicology, Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium.
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Don Porto Carero A, Hoet PH, Verschaeve L, Schoeters G, Nemery B. Genotoxic effects of carbon black particles, diesel exhaust particles, and urban air particulates and their extracts on a human alveolar epithelial cell line (A549) and a human monocytic cell line (THP-1). ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2001; 37:155-163. [PMID: 11246222 DOI: 10.1002/em.1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The possible genotoxicity of small particulate matter has been under investigation for the last 10 years. Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) are considered as "probably carcinogenic" (IARC group 2A) and a number of studies show genotoxic effects of urban particulate matter (UPM). Carbon black (CB) is carcinogenic in rats. In this study the cytotoxic and genotoxic potency of these three particle types was investigated by exposing human cells (A549 and THP-1 cell lines) in vitro to CB, DEP (SRM 1650, NIST), and UPM (SRM 1648, NIST) for 48 hr. Cytotoxicity was assessed using the Alamar Blue assay, whereas genotoxicity was assessed using the single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). The particles were characterized with regard to their mean diameter in tissue culture medium (CB 100 nm, DEP 400 nm, UPM 2 microm), their total carbon content (CB 99%, DEP 85%, UPM 15%), and their acid-soluble metal composition (UPM >> CB approximately DEP). The concentrations ranged from 16 ng/ml to 16 microg/ml for cytotoxicity tests and from 16 ng/ml to 1.6 microg/ml for genotoxicity tests. In both assays, paraquat was used as a reference chemical. The CB, DEP, and UPM particles showed no significant cytotoxicity. However, all three particles were able to cause significant DNA damage, although to a different extent in the two cell lines. The genotoxicity of washed particles and dichloromethane extracts was also investigated. In THP-1 cells CB washed particles and DEP extracts caused significant DNA damage. This difference in effect may be related to differences in size, structure, and composition of the particles. These results suggest that CB, DEP, and UPM are able to cause DNA damage and, therefore, may contribute to the causation of lung cancer. More detailed studies on influence of size, structure, and composition of the particles are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Don Porto Carero
- Environmental Toxicology, Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek (VITO), Mol, Belgium.
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