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Zhu P, Shen X, Wang X, Liu X, Zhang Y, Wang K, Gao W, Wang X, Yuan W. HPLC and LC-MS/MS-Based Quantitative Characterization of Related Substances Associated with Sotalol Hydrochloride. Molecules 2024; 29:588. [PMID: 38338332 PMCID: PMC10856746 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In total, three related substances (RS) associated with sotalol hydrochloride (STHCl) were herein identified with a novel gradient high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) protocol. Further characterization of these substances was then performed via liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) approaches. For these analyses, commercial STHCl samples were used for quantitative HPLC studies and the degradation of STHCl under acidic (1M HCl), alkaline (1M NaOH), oxidative (30% H2O2), photolytic (4500 Lx), and thermal stress conditions (100 °C) was assessed. This approach revealed this drug to be resistant to acidic, alkaline, and high-temperature conditions, whereas it was susceptible to light and oxidation as confirmed through long-term experiments. The putative mechanisms governing RS formation were also explored, revealing that RS3 was derived from the manufacturing process, whereas RS2 was generated via oxidation and RS1 was generated in response to light exposure. The cytotoxicity of these RS compounds was then assessed using MTT assays and acute toxicity test. Overall, this study provides details regarding the characterization, isolation, quantification, and toxicological evaluation of STHCl and associated RS compounds together with details regarding the precise, specific, and reliable novel HPLC technique, thus providing the requisite information necessary to ensure STHCl purity and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyan Zhu
- College of Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (P.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Puer Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xiaojing Shen
- College of Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (P.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Puer Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xinting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Puer Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xinlan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Puer Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yingshuang Zhang
- College of Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (P.Z.)
| | - Ke Wang
- College of Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (P.Z.)
| | - Wenfen Gao
- Yunnan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xuanjun Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Resource, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Wenjuan Yuan
- College of Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (P.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Puer Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
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Roushani M, Jalilian Z, Nezhadali A. Screen printed carbon electrode sensor with thiol graphene quantum dots and gold nanoparticles for voltammetric determination of solatol. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01984. [PMID: 31294124 PMCID: PMC6595138 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This work, a highly selective and sensitive sensor is described for voltammetric determination of the sotalol (SOT). The dual actions of sotalol lead to reductions in the automaticity of myocardial cells and in conduction through the atrioventricular node. Drug analysis has an extensive impact on public health. The molecularly imprinted sensor was constructed by modifying a screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE) with thiol graphene quantum dots (GQD-SH) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Under optimal conditions the nanotools has a dynamic range that covers the 0.1-250 μM SOT concentration range, and the detection limit is 0.035 μM. This is lower than any of the previously reported methods. The MIP-sensor also exhibited excellent selectivity, good stability and adequate reproducibility for the detection of the SOT over its structural analogs. The prepared sensor was successfully applied to the measurement of SOT in various real samples including tablet and human blood serum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zeynab Jalilian
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, PO.Box19395-4697, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azizollah Nezhadali
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, PO.Box19395-4697, Tehran, Iran
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Ensafi AA, Allafchian AR, Rezaei B, Mohammadzadeh R. Characterization of carbon nanotubes decorated with NiFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles as a novel electrochemical sensor: Application for highly selective determination of sotalol using voltammetry. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2013; 33:202-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2012.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Norouzi P, Ganjali MR, Emami Meibodi AS, Larijani B. Sotalol nanolevel detection at an Au microelectrode in flowing solutions. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193508090061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Santoro MIRM, Tsubone C, Gomes FP, Kedor-Hackmann ERM, García PL. Development and Validation of High Performance Liquid Chromatographic and UV-Derivative Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Sotalol Hydrochloride in Tablets. ANAL LETT 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710802209342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Rbeida O, Christiaens B, Chiap P, Hubert P, Lubda D, Boos KS, Crommen J. Fully automated LC method for the determination of sotalol in human plasma using restricted access material with cation exchange properties for sample clean-up. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 32:829-38. [PMID: 12899969 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A simple and rapid fully automated bio-analytical method for the liquid chromatographic (LC) determination of sotalol in human plasma has been described. The method is based on the use of a new kind of porous silica restricted access material (RAM) with cation exchange properties for sample clean-up. 100 microl of plasma samples were directly injected into the precolumn coupled on-line to a reversed-phase column (RP-Select B) by means of column switching system. The plasma matrix was washed out for 10 min using a washing liquid composed of 2 mM lithium perchlorate and methanol (97:3; v/v). By rotation of the switching valve, the analytes were then eluted in back-flush mode for 2 min and transferred to the analytical column by the LC mobile phase constituted of a mixture of methanol and 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 1 mM 1-octanesulphonic acid sodium salt (20:80; v/v). The flow-rate was 1.0 ml/min and sotalol was detected using fluorescence detection at 235 and 300 nm as excitation and emission wavelengths, respectively. The method was then validated using a new approach based on accuracy profile over a concentration range from 5 to 500 ng/ml. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 5 ng/ml and the total analysis time was 19 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Rbeida
- Department of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Liège, CHU, B 36, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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Schlauch M, Fulde K, Frahm AW. Enantioselective determination of (R)- and (S)-sotalol in human plasma by on-line coupling of a restricted-access material precolumn to a cellobiohydrolase I-based chiral stationary phase. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 775:197-207. [PMID: 12113986 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00287-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatographic column-switching method for the enantioselective determination of (RS)-sotalol in plasma was developed and validated. The method is based on the on-line coupling of a precolumn filled with the restricted access material LiChrospher ADS to a cellobiohydrolase I-based chiral stationary phase (CSP). The plasma samples were injected onto the precolumn using a mobile phase containing 1% methanol in 10 mM phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 for 10 min for the removal of matrix components. The analytes were transferred to the CSP for their enantiomeric separation by backflushing the precolumn with 15% 2-propanol in 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) including 0.05 mM EDTA. The quantitative determination of the sotalol enantiomers was possible upon addition of the internal standard (S)-atenolol. The method was validated showing a good linearity in the concentration range from 25 to 1000 microg l(-1) for each enantiomer. The average values of the intra- and inter-day variability were 1.17% and 3.42%, respectively, for (R)-sotalol and 1.24% and 1.99%, respectively, for (S)-sotalol. The applicability of the method to real world samples has been proven by means of two pharmacokinetic studies. They revealed that the pharmacokinetic properties of the sotalol enantiomers do not differ significantly neither for healthy young volunteers after single dose application nor for elder patients in the steady state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schlauch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Albertstr. 25, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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Läer S, Wauer I, Scholz H. Small blood volumes from children for quantitative sotalol determination using high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 753:421-5. [PMID: 11334359 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00562-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method using fluorescence detection has been developed for sotalol determination in small plasma samples of children and newborns with limited blood volume. In sample sizes of 100 microl of plasma, sotalol was extracted using an internal standard and solid-phase extraction columns. Chromatographic separation was performed on a Spherisorb C6 column of 150x4.6 mm I.D. and 5 microm particle size at ambient temperature. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-15 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 3.0) (70:30, v/v). The excitation wavelength was set at 235 nm, emission at 300 nm. The flow-rate was 1 ml/min. Sotalol and the internal standard atenolol showed recoveries of 107+/-8.9 and 97+/-8.1%, respectively. The linearity range for sotalol was between 0.07 and 5.75 microg/ml, the limit of quantitation 0.09 microg/ml. Precision values expressed as percent relative standard deviation of intra-assay varied between 0.6 and 13.6%, that of inter-assay between 2.4 and 14.4%. Accuracy varied between 86.1 and 109.8% (intra-assay) and 95.4 and 103.3% (inter-assay). Other clinically used antiarrhythmic drugs did not interfere. As an application of the assay, sotalol plasma concentrations in a 6-year-old child with supraventricular tachycardia treated with oral sotalol (3.2 mg/kg per day) are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Läer
- Institut für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Abteilung für Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Chiap P, Ceccato A, Miralles Buraglia B, Boulanger B, Hubert P, Crommen J. Development and validation of an automated method for the liquid chromatographic determination of sotalol in plasma using dialysis and trace enrichment on a cation-exchange pre-column as on-line sample preparation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2001; 24:801-14. [PMID: 11248472 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(00)00547-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A fully automated method for the determination of sotalol in human plasma was developed, involving dialysis through a cellulose acetate membrane, clean-up and enrichment of the dialysate on a strong cation-exchange pre-column and subsequent liquid chromatographic (LC) analysis with UV detection. All sample handling operations were carried out by means of an ASTED system. Before starting dialysis, the trace enrichment column (TEC) was conditioned. The plasma sample, to which the internal standard (atenolol) was automatically added, was then loaded in the donor channel and was kept static while the dialysis liquid, consisting of 0.017 M acetic acid, was passed through the acceptor channel in successive pulses. After each pulse, the dialysate was dispensed onto the TEC. When dialysis was discontinued, the analytes were eluted from the TEC by the LC mobile phase by rotation of a switching valve and transferred to the analytical column packed with octyl silica. The LC mobile phase was a mixture of methanol and pH 7.0 phosphate buffer containing 1-octanesulfonate at a concentration of 7.5 x 10(-4) M (19:81; v/v). The UV detection was performed at 230 nm. The influence of several parameters of the dialysis and trace enrichment processes on analyte recovery and method selectivity was investigated. The method was then validated. The mean absolute recovery for sotalol was about 60%. The limit of quantitation was 25 ng/ml and R.S.D. for repeatability and intermediate precision obtained at a concentration level of 50 ng/ml were 4.3 and 5.8%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chiap
- Department of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Liège, CHU, B36, B-4000 Liège 1, Belgium
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Santos SR, Papini O, Omosako CE, Pereira MD, Quintavalle TB, Riccio MF, Kurata A, Pereira VA, Di-Pietro G, Della-Paschoa OE, Danhof M, Da-Luz PL. A simple HPLC-fluorescence method for the measurement of R,S-sotalol in the plasma of patients with life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias. Braz J Med Biol Res 2000; 33:199-204. [PMID: 10657059 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2000000200006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
R,S-sotalol, a ss-blocker drug with class III antiarrhythmic properties, is prescribed to patients with ventricular, atrial and supraventricular arrhythmias. A simple and sensitive method based on HPLC-fluorescence is described for the quantification of R,S-sotalol racemate in 500 microl of plasma. R,S-sotalol and its internal standard (atenolol) were eluted after 5.9 and 8.5 min, respectively, from a 4-micron C18 reverse-phase column using a mobile phase consisting of 80 mM KH2PO4, pH 4.6, and acetonitrile (95:5, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min with detection at lambdaex = 235 nm and lambdaem = 310 nm, respectively. This method, validated on the basis of R,S-sotalol measurements in spiked blank plasma, presented 20 ng/ml sensitivity, 20-10,000 ng/ml linearity, and 2.9 and 4.8% intra- and interassay precision, respectively. Plasma sotalol concentrations were determined by applying this method to investigate five high-risk patients with atrial fibrillation admitted to the Emergency Service of the Medical School Hospital, who received sotalol, 160 mg po, as loading dose. Blood samples were collected from a peripheral vein at zero, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4. 0, 6.0, 8.0, 12.0 and 24.0 h after drug administration. A two-compartment open model was applied. Data obtained, expressed as mean, were: C MAX = 1230 ng/ml, T MAX = 1.8 h, AUC T = 10645 ng h-1 ml-1, Kab = 1.23 h-1, alpha = 0.95 h-1, ss = 0.09 h-1, t((1/2))ss = 7.8 h, ClT/F = 3.94 ml min-1 kg-1, and Vd/F = 2.53 l/kg. A good systemic availability and a fast absorption were obtained. Drug distribution was reduced to the same extent in terms of total body clearance when patients and healthy volunteers were compared, and consequently elimination half-life remained unchanged. Thus, the method described in the present study is useful for therapeutic drug monitoring purposes, pharmacokinetic investigation and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic sotalol studies in patients with tachyarrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Santos
- Instituto do Coração, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina and Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Campbell TJ, Williams KM. Therapeutic drug monitoring: antiarrhythmic drugs. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1998; 46:307-19. [PMID: 9803978 PMCID: PMC1874159 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2125.1998.t01-1-00768.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/1998] [Accepted: 04/02/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiarrhythmic agents are traditionally classified according to Vaughan Williams into four classes of action. Class I antiarrhythmic agents include most of the drugs traditionally thought of as antiarrhythmics, and have as a common action, blockade of the fast-inward sodium channel on myocardium. These agents have a very significant toxicity, and while they are being used less, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) does significantly increase the safety with which they can be administered. Class II agents are antisympathetic drugs, particularly the beta-adrenoceptor blockers. These are generally safe agents which do not normally require TDM. Class III antiarrhythmic agents include sotalol and amiodarone. TDM can be useful in the case of amiodarone to monitor compliance and toxicity but is generally of little value for sotalol. Class IV antiarrhythmic drugs are the calcium channel blockers verapamil and diltiazem. These are normally monitored by haemodynamic effects, rather than using TDM. Other agents which do not fall neatly into the Vaughan Williams classification include digoxin and perhexiline. TDM is very useful for monitoring the administration (and particularly the safety) of both of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Campbell
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- R Herrmann
- Dr Rentschler Arzneimittel GmbH & Co, Laupheim, Germany
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Fitton A, Sorkin EM. Sotalol. An updated review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in cardiac arrhythmias. Drugs 1993; 46:678-719. [PMID: 7506652 DOI: 10.2165/00003495-199346040-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Sotalol is a nonselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist which prolongs cardiac repolarisation independently of its antiadrenergic action (class III antiarrhythmic properties). The antiarrhythmic action of sotalol appears to arise predominantly from its class III properties, and the drug exhibits a broader antiarrhythmic profile than the conventional beta-blockers. Sotalol is effective in controlling paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias and the ventricular response to atrial fibrillation/flutter in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, in maintaining sinus rhythm after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation/flutter, and in preventing initiation of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias following coronary artery bypass surgery. Sotalol shows promise in the control of nonmalignant and life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, particularly those associated with ischaemic heart disease. It is effective in suppressing complex forms of ventricular ectopy, displaying superior antiectopic activity to propranolol and metoprolol. The acute efficacy of sotalol in preventing reinduction of sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias and suppressing spontaneous episodes of these arrhythmias on Holter monitoring is translated into long term prophylactic efficacy against arrhythmia recurrence in approximately 55 to 85% of patients with refractory life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. In addition, sotalol offers the advantage over the class I agents of reducing cardiac and all-cause mortality in the high risk population with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. The adverse effects of sotalol are primarily related to its beta-blocking activity and its class III property of prolonging cardiac repolarisation. Sotalol is devoid of overt cardiodepressant activity in patients with mild or moderate left ventricular dysfunction. The overall arrhythmogenic potential is moderately low, but torsade de pointes may develop in conjunction with excessive prolongation of the QT interval due to bradycardia, hypokalaemia or high plasma concentrations of the drug. In summary, sotalol displays a broad spectrum of antiarrhythmic activity, is haemodynamically well tolerated, and confers a relatively low proarrhythmic risk. It is likely to prove particularly appropriate in the treatment and prophylaxis of life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fitton
- Adis International Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
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