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Hanna J, Yücel YH, Zhou X, Kim N, Irving H, Gupta N. Beta-adrenergic glaucoma drugs reduce lymphatic clearance from the eye: A sequential photoacoustic imaging study. Exp Eye Res 2021; 212:108775. [PMID: 34599970 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Our study aims to determine whether the beta-adrenergic system is involved in the regulation of lymphatic drainage from the eye. For this purpose, we assessed the effect of 2 topical beta-adrenergic blockers, timolol and betaxolol, commonly used as glaucoma drugs, on lymphatic clearance of albumin from the aqueous humor to neck lymph nodes. Adult mice were treated with either topical timolol, a non-selective β-blocker, 0.5% (n = 8), or topical betaxolol, a selective β1-adrenergic blocker, 0.5% (n = 6) twice daily for 14 days and compared to respective control groups (n = 5 and n = 7). Changes in lymphatic clearance from the eye were assessed using a quantitative in vivo photoacoustic imaging approach. In all subjects, right eye and neck lymph nodes were longitudinally assessed by sequential photoacoustic imaging just prior to near-infrared dye injection into the anterior chamber of the eye, and 20 min, 2 and 4 h after injection. Repeat measurements of mean pixel intensities (MPIs) of right eyes and nodes were performed at all timepoints. The areas under the curves (AUC) were calculated and the AUC of the treated-group was compared to that of controls using the Mann-Whitney U test. The slopes of MPI of each region of interest over time were compared using the linear mixed model after adjusting for IOP decrease after treatment and other parameters such as sex and body weight. In the timolol-treated group, right neck nodes showed significant decrease in AUC signal intensity compared with controls (P = 0.003), and significant decrease in slope of MPI compared with controls (P = 0.0025). In the betaxolol-treated group, right neck nodes showed significant decrease in AUC signal intensity compared with controls (P = 0.02), and significant decrease in slope of MPI compared with controls (P = 0.0069). Topical treatment with timolol and betaxolol reduced lymphatic clearance of albumin from the aqueous humor to the neck lymph nodes. This finding may be relevant for the management of secondary glaucomas and inflammatory eye disease in which the clearance of accumulated proteins and antigen from the eye is important to disease recovery and sight protection. This study suggests that the beta-adrenergic system plays a role in the regulation of lymphatic clearance from the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Hanna
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yeni H Yücel
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Faculty of Engineering and Architectural Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), St. Michael's Hospital, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xun Zhou
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nayeon Kim
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hyacinth Irving
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neeru Gupta
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Glaucoma and Nerve Protection Unit, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Majid H, Bartel A, Burckhardt BB. Predictivity of Standardized and Controlled Permeation Studies: Ex vivo - In vitro - In vivo Correlation for Sublingual Absorption of Propranolol. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 169:12-19. [PMID: 34508807 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In preclinical drug development, ex vivo and in vitro permeability studies are a decisive element for specifying subsequent development steps. In this context, reliability, physiological alignment and appropriate in vivo correlation are mandatory for predictivity regarding drug absorption. Especially in oromucosal drug delivery, these prerequisites are not adequately met, which hinders its progressive development and results in the continuous need for animal experiments. To address current limitations, an innovative, standardized, and controlled ex vivo permeation model was applied. It is based on Kerski diffusion cells embedded in automated sampling and coupled to mass spectrometric quantification under physiologically relevant conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the predictivity of the developed model using porcine mucosa (ex vivo) in relation to data of sublingual propranolol absorption (in vivo). In addition, the usefulness of biomimetic barriers (in vitro) as a replacement for porcine mucosa was investigated. Therefore, solubility and permeability studies considering microenvironmental conditions were conducted and achieved good predictivity (R2=0.997) for pH-dependent permeability. A multiple level C correlation (R2≥0.860) between obtained permeability and reported pharmacokinetic animal data (AUC, Cmax) was revealed. Furthermore, a point-to-point correlation was demonstrated for several sublingual formulations. The successful IVIVC confirms the standardized ex vivo model as a viable alternative to animal testing for estimating the in vivo absorption behavior of oromucosal pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidara Majid
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy, Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Anke Bartel
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy, Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Bjoern B Burckhardt
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy, Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany.
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Bouchard J, Shepherd G, Hoffman RS, Gosselin S, Roberts DM, Li Y, Nolin TD, Lavergne V, Ghannoum M. Extracorporeal treatment for poisoning to beta-adrenergic antagonists: systematic review and recommendations from the EXTRIP workgroup. Crit Care 2021; 25:201. [PMID: 34112223 PMCID: PMC8194226 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-021-03585-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-adrenergic antagonists (BAAs) are used to treat cardiovascular disease such as ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure, dysrhythmias, and hypertension. Poisoning from BAAs can lead to severe morbidity and mortality. We aimed to determine the utility of extracorporeal treatments (ECTRs) in BAAs poisoning. METHODS We conducted systematic reviews of the literature, screened studies, extracted data, and summarized findings following published EXTRIP methods. RESULTS A total of 76 studies (4 in vitro and 2 animal experiments, 1 pharmacokinetic simulation study, 37 pharmacokinetic studies on patients with end-stage kidney disease, and 32 case reports or case series) met inclusion criteria. Toxicokinetic or pharmacokinetic data were available on 334 patients (including 73 for atenolol, 54 for propranolol, and 17 for sotalol). For intermittent hemodialysis, atenolol, nadolol, practolol, and sotalol were assessed as dialyzable; acebutolol, bisoprolol, and metipranolol were assessed as moderately dialyzable; metoprolol and talinolol were considered slightly dialyzable; and betaxolol, carvedilol, labetalol, mepindolol, propranolol, and timolol were considered not dialyzable. Data were available for clinical analysis on 37 BAA poisoned patients (including 9 patients for atenolol, 9 for propranolol, and 9 for sotalol), and no reliable comparison between the ECTR cohort and historical controls treated with standard care alone could be performed. The EXTRIP workgroup recommends against using ECTR for patients severely poisoned with propranolol (strong recommendation, very low quality evidence). The workgroup offered no recommendation for ECTR in patients severely poisoned with atenolol or sotalol because of apparent balance of risks and benefits, except for impaired kidney function in which ECTR is suggested (weak recommendation, very low quality of evidence). Indications for ECTR in patients with impaired kidney function include refractory bradycardia and hypotension for atenolol or sotalol poisoning, and recurrent torsade de pointes for sotalol. Although other BAAs were considered dialyzable, clinical data were too limited to develop recommendations. CONCLUSIONS BAAs have different properties affecting their removal by ECTR. The EXTRIP workgroup assessed propranolol as non-dialyzable. Atenolol and sotalol were assessed as dialyzable in patients with kidney impairment, and the workgroup suggests ECTR in patients severely poisoned with these drugs when aforementioned indications are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josée Bouchard
- Research Center, CIUSSS du Nord-de-L'île-de-Montréal, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Greene Shepherd
- Division of Practice Advancement and Clinical Education, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Robert S Hoffman
- Division of Medical Toxicology, Ronald O. Perelman Department of Emergency Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sophie Gosselin
- Centre Intégré de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CISSS) Montérégie-Centre Emergency Department, Hôpital Charles-Lemoyne, Greenfield Park, QC, Canada
- Department of Emergency Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre Antipoison du Québec, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Darren M Roberts
- Departments of Renal Medicine and Transplantation and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yi Li
- Emergency Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Thomas D Nolin
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, and Department of Medicine Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Valéry Lavergne
- Research Center, CIUSSS du Nord-de-L'île-de-Montréal, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marc Ghannoum
- Research Center, CIUSSS du Nord-de-L'île-de-Montréal, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Verdun Hospital, 4000 Lasalle Boulevard, Verdun, Montreal, QC, H4G 2A3, Canada.
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Kalam MN, Rasool MF, Alqahtani F, Imran I, Rehman AU, Ahmed N. Development and Evaluation of a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Drug-Disease Model of Propranolol for Suggesting Model Informed Dosing in Liver Cirrhosis Patients. Drug Des Devel Ther 2021; 15:1195-1211. [PMID: 33762817 PMCID: PMC7982780 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s297981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The study was aimed to understand the underlying causes for the differences in propranolol pharmacokinetics (PK) between healthy and cirrhosis populations by using a systematic whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model-building approach for suggesting model informed propranolol dosing in liver cirrhosis patients with different stages of disease severity. METHODS A whole-body PBPK model was developed by using population simulator PK-Sim® by using reported physicochemical and clinical data for propranolol in healthy and liver cirrhosis populations. The model evaluation was done by visual verification and comparison of PK parameters using their observed/predicted ratios (Robs/pred). RESULTS The developed model has effectively described the disposition of propranolol after intravenous and oral application in healthy and liver cirrhosis populations. All the model predictions were comparable to the observed clinical data and the Robs/pred for all the PK parameters were within a 2-fold range. A significant increase in plasma concentration of propranolol and decrease in drug clearance was observed in progressive stages of liver cirrhosis. The developed model after evaluation with the reported clinical PK data was used for suggesting model informed propranolol dosing in different stages of liver cirrhosis based on systemic unbound drug concentration. CONCLUSION The developed PBPK model has successfully described propranolol PK in healthy and cirrhosis populations after IV and oral administration. The evaluated PBPK propranolol-cirrhosis model can have many implications in predicting propranolol dosing in liver cirrhosis patients with different stages of disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad Fawad Rasool
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Faleh Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Imran
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Asim Ur Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
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Seid E, Engidawork E, Alebachew M, Mekonnen D, Berha AB. Evaluation of drug therapy problems, medication adherence and treatment satisfaction among heart failure patients on follow-up at a tertiary care hospital in Ethiopia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237781. [PMID: 32857798 PMCID: PMC7454938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug therapy problems (DTPs) are major concerns of healthcare and have been identified to contribute to negative clinical outcomes. The occurrence of DTPs in heart failure patients is associated with worsening of outcomes. The aim of this study was to assess DTPs, associated factors and patient satisfaction among ambulatory heart failure patients at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (TASH). METHODS A hospital based prospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 423 heart failure patients on follow up at TASH. Data was collected through patient interview and chart review. Descriptive statistics, binary and multiple logistic regressions were used for analyses and P < 0.05 was used to declare association. RESULTS Majority of the patients were in NYHA class III (55.6%) and 66% of them had preserved systolic function. DTPs were identified in 291(68.8%) patients, with an average number of 2.51±1.07.per patient. The most common DTPs were drug interaction (27.3%) followed by noncompliance (26.2%), and ineffective drug use (13.7%). β blockers were the most frequent drug class involved in DTPs followed by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. The global satisfaction was 78% and the overall mean score of treatment satisfaction was 60.5% (SD, 10.5). CONCLUSION Prevalence of DTPs as well as non-adherence among heart failure patients on follow up is relatively high. Detection and prevention of DTPs along with identifying patients at risk can save lives, help to adopt efficient strategies to closely monitor patients at risk, enhance patient's quality of life and optimize healthcare costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Seid
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ephrem Engidawork
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Minyahil Alebachew
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Desalew Mekonnen
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alemseged Beyene Berha
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
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Rovere G, Meduri A, Savino G, Flammia FC, Lo Piccolo F, Carafa MRP, Larici AR, Natale L, Merlino B, Marano R. Practical instructions for using drugs in CT and MR cardiac imaging. Radiol Med 2020; 126:356-364. [PMID: 32833196 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-020-01261-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The progressive increase in numbers of noninvasive cardiac imaging examinations broadens the spectrum of knowledge radiologists are expected to acquire in the management of drugs during CT coronary angiography (CTCA) and cardiac MR (CMR) to improve image quality for optimal visualization and assessment of the coronary arteries and adequate MR functional analysis. Aim of this review is to provide an overview on different class of drugs (nitrate, beta-blockers, ivabradine, anxiolytic, adenosine, dobutamine, atropine, dipyridamole and regadenoson) that can be used in CTCA and CMR, illustrating their main indications, contraindications, efficacy, mechanism of action, metabolism, safety, side effects or complications, and providing advices in their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Rovere
- Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Section of Radiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, L.go Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Agostino Meduri
- Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Section of Radiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, L.go Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Savino
- Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Section of Radiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, L.go Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Ciriaco Flammia
- Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Section of Radiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, L.go Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Lo Piccolo
- Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Section of Radiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, L.go Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rachele Pia Carafa
- Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Section of Radiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, L.go Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Larici
- Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Section of Radiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, L.go Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Natale
- Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Section of Radiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, L.go Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Biagio Merlino
- Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Section of Radiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, L.go Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Marano
- Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Section of Radiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, L.go Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy.
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Selvaraj BR, Sridhar SK, Kesavan BR, Palagati S. Application of Statistical Tooling Techniques for Designing of Carvedilol Nanolipid Transferosomes and its Dermatopharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Studies. Pharm Nanotechnol 2020; 8:452-470. [PMID: 32988361 DOI: 10.2174/2211738508666200928164820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hypothesis is to augment the bioavailability and therapeutic potential of low bioavailable Carvedilol (25-35%) through Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLC) loaded Transdermal patch (Nanolipid Transferosomes). METHODS Box-Behnken design was designed to formulate NLC through a hot homogenization technique. About 17 formulations (C1-C17) were formulated by varying the critical material attribute and critical process parameter. Optimization was done based on its critical quality attributes like particle size, zeta potential and entrapment efficiency. Selected NLC (C16) has been fabricated into a transdermal patch through solvent evaporation technique and estimated for thickness, weight variation, moisture content, folding endurance, drug content, in vitro drug release, ex vivo skin permeation studies 48 hrs, in vitro drug release kinetic studies and skin irritation studies. In vivo pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic study parameters were compared between carvedilol loaded NLC transdermal patch and a conventional formulation (Coreg CR). RESULTS NLC (C16) was selected as the best formulation based on desirable, less particle size (201.1 ± 2.02 nm), more zeta potential (-37.2 ± 1.84mV) and maximum entrapment efficiency (87.54 ± 1.84%). Experimental investigations of in vivo dermatopharmacokinetic data shown statistically significant changes (p<0.05) in the parameter (increased AUC0-α, MRT with decreased Cmax, Tmax) when administered through the transdermal patch and on compared to the conventional dosage form. It was observed that there was a significant change with p<0.05 among the pharmacokinetic factors of conventional Carvedilol formulation, Carvedilol NLC and Carvedilol NLC loaded Transdermal patch with a maximum time of peak plasma concentration (Tmax) of 4 hrs, 8 hrs and 8 hrs; maximum peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of 0.258 μg/ml, 0.208 μg/ml and 0.108 μg/ml. Area Under Curve (AUC0-α) was established to be 125.127 μg/ml/h, 132.576 μg/ml.h and 841.032 μg/ml.h. Mean Residence Time (MRT0- α) of the drug was established to be 17 hrs, 19 hrs and 82 hrs, respectively. This data reveals the impact of NLC on the enhancement of bioavailability through a transdermal patch. In vivo pharmacodynamic studies confirm that NLC loaded transdermal patch (Nanolipid Transferosomes) shows a significant control in blood pressure for 48 hrs when compared to the conventional dosage form. CONCLUSION This research data concludes that NLC loaded transdermal patch (Nanolipid Transferosomes) was a suitable candidate to enhance the bioavailability of low bioavailable drug-like Carvedilol. Lay Summary: It was inferred from the literature that NLC filled transdermal patches were a novel strategy to increase the solubility and permeability of Carvedilol, which has less bioavailability. It reveals that there was no reproducible preparation for the NLC. It also reveals that the option of formulation and process parameters for the formation of NLC is not clearly justified. On account of this, an uniquely validated and optimized formulation technique was developed for NLC with low soluble and poorly bioavailable carvedilol, tested in Albino wistar rats for enhancement of bioavailability, the same study has been performed and proved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brito R Selvaraj
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Pharmacy, Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh-517127, India
| | - Seshaiah K Sridhar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Pharmacy, Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh-517127, India
| | - Bhaskar R Kesavan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Pharmacy, Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh-517127, India
| | - Sucharitha Palagati
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh-517561, India
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Krishna VM, Kumar VB, Dudhipala N. In-situ Intestinal Absorption and Pharmacokinetic Investigations of Carvedilol Loaded Supersaturated Self-emulsifying Drug System. Pharm Nanotechnol 2020; 8:207-224. [PMID: 32416685 DOI: 10.2174/2211738508666200517121637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carvedilol (CD), a non-selective beta-blocker, is indicated for the management of mild to moderate congestive heart failure. After oral administration, CD is rapidly absorbed with an absolute bioavailability of 18-25% because of low solubility and extensive first-pass metabolism. OBJECTIVE The present investigation focused on enhanced oral delivery of CD using supersaturated self-emulsifying drug delivery (SEDDS) system. METHODS Optimized SEDDS consisted of a blend of Oleic acid and Labrafil-M2125 as an oil-phase, Cremophor-RH40, polyethylene glycol-400 and HPMC-E5 as a surfactant, co-surfactant and supersaturation promoter respectively. Formulations were characterized for physical characteristics, invitro release in simulated and biorelevant dissolution media, intestinal permeability and bioavailability studies in Wistar rats. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies were used to confirm the crystalline nature and shape of the optimized formulation. RESULTS DSC and XRD, SEM studies showed that the drug was in amorphous form, and droplets were spherical in shape. Dissolution studies clearly showed distinct CD release in compendial and biorelevant dissolution media. The results from permeability and in-vivo studies depicted 2.2-folds and 3.2-folds increase in permeability and bioavailability, respectively from supersaturated SEDDS in comparison with control. CONCLUSION The results conclusively confirmed that the SEDDS formulation could be considered as a new alternative delivery vehicle for the oral supply of CD. Lay Summary: Carvedilol (CD) is a non-selective antihypertensive drug with poor oral bioavailability. Previously, various lipid delivery systems were reported with enhanced oral delivery. We developed suprsaturable SEDDS formulation with immediate onset of action. SEDDS formulation was developed and optimized as per the established protocols. The optimized SEDDS formulation was stable over three months and converted to solid and supersaturated SEDDS. The results from permeability and in-vivo studies demonstrated an enhancement in permeability and bioavailability from supersaturated SEDDS in comparison with control. The results conclusively confirmed that the SEDDS formulation could be considered as a new alternative delivery vehicle for the oral administration of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vamshi M Krishna
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Jangaon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jangaon, Warangal, Telangana 506167, India
| | - Vijaya B Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Jangaon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jangaon, Warangal, Telangana 506167, India
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Drugs for atrial fibrillation. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2019; 61:137-44. [PMID: 31599871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
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AminiTabrizi R, Hassan D, Davis R, Tucker KR. Analysis of beta-blocker bioconcentration in brown planaria (Girardia dorotocephala) and its effects on regeneration. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:27435-27443. [PMID: 31327142 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05960-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Production, distribution, and disposal of pharmaceutical products, including beta-blockers, have become a global issue. Beta-blockers are known to persist in the environment months after their release and may result in the disruption of the homeostatic system in non-target organisms. Here, we study the bioconcentration of three of the most commonly used beta-blockers and their effect on the regeneration of Girardia dorotocephala, a freshwater brown planarian. Acute toxicity tests determined LC50s for acebutolol, metoprolol, and propranolol to be 778 mg/L, 711 mg/L, and 111 mg/L, respectively. The quantification and analysis of beta-blocker bioconcentration during acute exposure were performed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). After 4 days of exposure to beta-blockers, the bioconcentration drastically decreased for all three beta-blockers at all exposure levels, suggesting that an effective mechanism to reduce uptake or excrete beta-blockers could be present. Additionally, Girardia dorotocephala were cut proximal to the head and the quality of regeneration was documented from each fragment daily. No significant difference was visually observed after 2 weeks of regeneration between the brown planarians placed in beta-blocker solution and those placed in control solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya AminiTabrizi
- Bio5 Institute, The University of Arizona, 1657 East Helen Street, PO Box 210240, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Dalia Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, 44 Circle Drive, Science Building West, Box - 1652, Edwardsville, IL, 62026-1652, USA
| | - Rachel Davis
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, 44 Circle Drive, Science Building West, Box - 1652, Edwardsville, IL, 62026-1652, USA
| | - Kevin R Tucker
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, 44 Circle Drive, Science Building West, Box - 1652, Edwardsville, IL, 62026-1652, USA.
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Ågesen FN, Weeke PE, Tfelt‐Hansen P, Tfelt‐Hansen J. Pharmacokinetic variability of beta-adrenergic blocking agents used in cardiology. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2019; 7:e00496. [PMID: 31338197 PMCID: PMC6624454 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic variability of beta-adrenergic blocking agents used in cardiology by reviewing single-dose and steady-state pharmacokinetic studies from the literature. PubMed was searched for pharmacokinetic studies of beta-adrenergic blocking agents, both single-dose and steady-state studies. The studies included reported maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and/or area under the concentration curve (AUC). The coefficient of variation (CV%) was calculated for all studies, and a CV% <40% was considered low or moderate variability, and a CV% >40% was considered high variability. The Cmax and AUC were reported a total of 672 times in 192 papers. Based on AUC, metoprolol, propranolol, carvedilol, and nebivolol showed high pharmacokinetic variability (highest first), whereas bisoprolol, atenolol, sotalol, labetalol, nadolol, and pindolol showed low to moderate variability (lowest first). We have shown a high interindividual pharmacokinetic variability that varies markedly in different beta-adrenergic blocking agents; the extreme being steady state ratios as high as 30 in metoprolol. A more personalized approach to the medical treatment of patients may be obtained by combining known pharmacokinetic information about variability, pharmaco-genetics and -dynamics, and patient characteristics, to avoid adverse events or lack of treatment effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik N. Ågesen
- Department of CardiologyUniversity of CopenhagenRigshospitalet, CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Peter E. Weeke
- Department of CardiologyUniversity of CopenhagenRigshospitalet, CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Peer Tfelt‐Hansen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of NeurologyUniversity of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet‐Glostrup HospitalGlostrupDenmark
| | - Jacob Tfelt‐Hansen
- Department of CardiologyUniversity of CopenhagenRigshospitalet, CopenhagenDenmark
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Tieu A, Velenosi TJ, Kucey AS, Weir MA, Urquhart BL. β-Blocker Dialyzability in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 13:604-611. [PMID: 29519953 PMCID: PMC5969458 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.07470717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES There is a paucity of data available to describe drug dialyzability. Of the available information, most was obtained before implementation of modern hemodialysis membranes. Our study characterized dialyzability of the most commonly prescribed β-blockers in patients undergoing high-flux hemodialysis. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS Patients on hemodialysis (n=8) were recruited to an open label, pharmacokinetic, four-way crossover trial. Single doses of atenolol, metoprolol, bisoprolol, and carvedilol were administered on separate days in random order to each patient. Plasma and dialysate drug concentrations were measured, and dialyzability was determined by the recovery clearance and arterial venous difference methods. RESULTS Using the recovery clearance method, the dialytic clearance values for atenolol, metoprolol, bisoprolol, and carvedilol were 72, 87, 44, and 0.2 ml/min, respectively (P<0.001). Applying the arterial venous difference method, the dialytic clearance values of atenolol, metoprolol, bisoprolol, and carvedilol were 167, 114, 96, and 24 ml/min, respectively (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Atenolol and metoprolol are extensively cleared by hemodialysis compared with the negligible dialytic clearance of carvedilol. Contrary to estimates of dialyzability on the basis of previous literature, our data indicate that bisoprolol is also dialyzable. This finding highlights the importance of conducting dialyzability studies to definitively characterize drug dialytic clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Tieu
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and
| | | | | | - Matthew A. Weir
- Division of Nephrology, and
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Bradley L. Urquhart
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; and
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Onishchenko AL, Kolbasko AV, Zakharova AV, Onishchenko EG, Zhilina NM. [Ocular hypotensive effect of systemic beta-blockers in patients with primary glaucoma and arterial hypertension]. Vestn Oftalmol 2017; 133:46-51. [PMID: 28524139 DOI: 10.17116/oftalma2017133246-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM to evaluate the ocular hypotensive efficacy of systemic beta-blockers in primary glaucoma patients suffering from arterial hypertension (AH). MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 29 patients with POAG (58 eyes) aged from 47 to 83 years. Patients with stage I-III POAG received instillations of prostaglandin analogs and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. All POAG patients also suffered from arterial hypertension and were prescribed selective beta-blockers (metoprolol, bisoprolol, or nebivalol) as monotherapy or as part of combination therapy (if the target arterial pressure had not been achieved under the initial treatment). After the start of oral beta-blockers therapy, the patients were re-examined at 2 and 4 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year. RESULTS A clinically significant reduction of IOP in the most seriously affected eye - by 3.3 mmHg (p<0.05), or 14% - occurred four weeks after the start of selective beta-blockers. Over three months of combination therapy, IOP in the 'worst' eye decreased by 4.4 mmHg (18.5%). At 1 year, IOP in the 'worst' eye was 6.2 mmHg (26%) lower than at baseline (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Aged and senile patients with primary glaucoma usually suffer from polypathy (on average, they have 6.3±0.6 concurrent somatic diseases). To reduce the risk of polypharmacy and the frequency of side effects in the treatment of POAG and AH patients, it is advised that the treatment includes oral selective beta-blockers able to provide target levels of arterial pressure and IOP. In this study, oral beta-blockers in POAG and AH patients enabled IOP reduction as great as 18.5%-26% of baseline values over a 1-year follow-up period.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Onishchenko
- Novokuznetsk State Institute of Postgraduate Medicine, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 5 Stroiteley prospekt, Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo Oblast, Russian Federation, 654005
| | - A V Kolbasko
- Novokuznetsk State Institute of Postgraduate Medicine, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 5 Stroiteley prospekt, Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo Oblast, Russian Federation, 654005
| | - A V Zakharova
- Novokuznetsk State Institute of Postgraduate Medicine, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 5 Stroiteley prospekt, Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo Oblast, Russian Federation, 654005
| | - E G Onishchenko
- Novokuznetsk State Institute of Postgraduate Medicine, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 5 Stroiteley prospekt, Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo Oblast, Russian Federation, 654005
| | - N M Zhilina
- Novokuznetsk State Institute of Postgraduate Medicine, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 5 Stroiteley prospekt, Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo Oblast, Russian Federation, 654005
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Abstract
Heart failure is a growing public health problem in the United States, and the approach to the treatment of heart failure has undergone a radical transformation in the past decade. The use of β-blocker therapy in heart failure patients is now widely recommended, based on evidence from large-scale clinical trials demonstrating that bisoprolol, carvedilol, and extended-release metoprolol succinate significantly reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure. Although these agents appear to provide similar benefits, the question remains whether pharmacologic differences among them could translate to differences in clinical outcomes. The Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial (COMET) compared nonselective blockade of the β1-/β2-/α1-adrenergic receptors with carvedilol versus selective β1-blockade with immediate-release metoprolol tartrate in patients with chronic heart failure. The trial found that carvedilol significantly reduced all-cause mortality compared with immediate-release metoprolol tartrate, although there were no differences in hospitalizations. Herein we review the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of metoprolol and carvedilol. In doing so, several issues regarding the design of COMET are identified that could alter the interpretation of the results of this trial. These include the choice of dose and dosage regimen of immediate-release metoprolol tartrate, a dosage form that has never been shown to reduce mortality in patients with heart failure. Additional studies are needed to fully understand whether there are any advantages of selective versus nonselective adrenergic blockade and whether there are any clinically meaningful differences in effectiveness between β-blockers with proven benefit in the management of chronic heart failure. The results of COMET demonstrate that all β-blockers and dosage forms are not interchangeable when prescribed for heart failure. Clinicians should choose only those agents (and dosage forms) that have been proven to reduce mortality in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry L Bauman
- Departments of Pharmacy Practice and Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Ding J, Lu G, Liu J, Yang H, Li Y. Uptake, depuration, and bioconcentration of two pharmaceuticals, roxithromycin and propranolol, in Daphnia magna. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2016; 126:85-93. [PMID: 26722979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the uptake, depuration, and bioconcentration of two pharmaceuticals, roxithromycin (ROX) and propranolol (PRP), in Daphnia magna via aqueous exposure. Additionally, dietary and pH effects on the bioconcentration of two pharmaceuticals in daphnia were studied. During the 24-h uptake phase followed by the 24-h depuration phase, the uptake rate constants (k(u)) of ROX for daphnia were 9.21 and 2.77 L kg(-1) h(-1), corresponding to the exposure concentrations of 5 and 100 μg L(-1), respectively; For PRP at the nominal concentrations of 5 and 100 μg L(-1), k(u) were 2.29 and 0.99 L kg(-1) h(-1), respectively. The depuration rate constants (k(d)) of ROX in daphnia, at the exposure concentrations of 5 and 100 μg L(-1), were 0.0985 and 0.207 h(-1), respectively; while those of PRP were 0.0276 and 0.0539 h(-1) for the nominal concentrations of 5 and 100 μg L(-1), respectively. With the decreasing exposure concentrations, the bioconcentration factors (BCFs) in daphnia ranged from 13.4 to 93.5 L kg(-1) for ROX, and 18.4 to 83.0 L kg(-1) for PRP, revealing the considerable accumulation potential of these two pharmaceuticals. Moreover, after 6h exposure, the body burdens of ROX and PRP in dead daphnia were 4.98-6.14 and 7.42-12.9 times higher than those in living daphnia, respectively, implying that body surface sorption dominates the bioconcentration of the two pharmaceuticals in daphnia. In addition, the presence of algal food in the media could significantly elevate the kd values for both ROX and PRP, thereby restraining their bioconcentration in daphnia. A pH-dependent bioconcentration study revealed that the bioconcentration of the two pharmaceuticals in daphnia increased with increasing pH levels, which ranged from 7 to 9. Finally, a model was developed to estimate the relationships between pH and the BCFs of the two pharmaceuticals in zooplankton. The predicted values based on this model were highly consistent with wildlife monitoring data, implying that this model will be useful in identifying the bioaccumulation risks that pharmaceuticals pose to zooplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiannan Ding
- Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Guanghua Lu
- Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
| | - Jianchao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Haohan Yang
- Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
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Bourdeau I, Oble S, Magne F, Lévesque I, Cáceres-Gorriti KY, Nolet S, Awadalla P, Tremblay J, Hamet P, Fragoso MCBV, Lacroix A. ARMC5 mutations in a large French-Canadian family with cortisol-secreting β-adrenergic/vasopressin responsive bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 174:85-96. [PMID: 26604299 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-0642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (BMAH) is a rare cause of Cushing's syndrome (CS) and its familial clustering has been described previously. Recent studies identified that ARMC5 mutations occur frequently in BMAH, but the relation between ARMC5 mutation and the expression of aberrant G-protein-coupled receptor has not been examined in detail yet. METHODS We studied a large French-Canadian family with BMAH and sub-clinical or overt CS. Screening was performed using the 1-mg dexamethasone suppression test (DST) in 28 family members. Screening for aberrant regulation of cortisol by various hormone receptors were examined in vivo in nine individuals. Sequencing of the coding regions of ARMC5 gene was carried out. RESULTS Morning ambulating cortisol post 1 mg DST were >50 nmol/l in 5/8 members in generation II (57-68 years old), 9/22 in generation III (26-46 years old). Adrenal size was enlarged at different degrees. All affected patients increased cortisol following upright posture, insulin-induced hypoglycemia and/or isoproterenol infusion. β-blockers led to the reduction of cortisol secretion in all patients with the exception of two who had adrenalectomies because of β-blockers intolerance. We identified a heterozygous germline variant in the ARMC5 gene c.327_328insC, (p.Ala110Argfs*9) in nine individuals with clinical or subclinical CS, in four out of six individuals with abnormal suppression to dexamethasone at initial investigation and one out of six individuals with current normal clinical screening tests. CONCLUSIONS Systematic screening of members of the same family with hereditary BMAH allows the diagnosis of unsuspected subclinical CS associated with early BMAH. The relation between the causative ARMC5 mutation and the reproducible pattern of aberrant β-adrenergic and V1-vasopressin receptors identified in this family remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Bourdeau
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of MedicineDivision of Medical GeneticsDepartment of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Quebec, CanadaDepartment of PathologyCHUM, Montréal, Quebec, CanadaDepartment of PediatricsCentre de Recherche CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, CanadaUnidade de SuprarrenalDisciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of MedicineDivision of Medical GeneticsDepartment of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Quebec, CanadaDepartment of PathologyCHUM, Montréal, Quebec, CanadaDepartment of PediatricsCentre de Recherche CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, CanadaUnidade de SuprarrenalDisciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sylvie Oble
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of MedicineDivision of Medical GeneticsDepartment of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Quebec, CanadaDepartment of PathologyCHUM, Montréal, Quebec, CanadaDepartment of PediatricsCentre de Recherche CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, CanadaUnidade de SuprarrenalDisciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabien Magne
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of MedicineDivision of Medical GeneticsDepartment of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Quebec, CanadaDepartment of PathologyCHUM, Montréal, Quebec, CanadaDepartment of PediatricsCentre de Recherche CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, CanadaUnidade de SuprarrenalDisciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabelle Lévesque
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of MedicineDivision of Medical GeneticsDepartment of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Quebec, CanadaDepartment of PathologyCHUM, Montréal, Quebec, CanadaDepartment of PediatricsCentre de Recherche CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, CanadaUnidade de SuprarrenalDisciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Katia Y Cáceres-Gorriti
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of MedicineDivision of Medical GeneticsDepartment of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Quebec, CanadaDepartment of PathologyCHUM, Montréal, Quebec, CanadaDepartment of PediatricsCentre de Recherche CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, CanadaUnidade de SuprarrenalDisciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Serge Nolet
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of MedicineDivision of Medical GeneticsDepartment of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Quebec, CanadaDepartment of PathologyCHUM, Montréal, Quebec, CanadaDepartment of PediatricsCentre de Recherche CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, CanadaUnidade de SuprarrenalDisciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Philip Awadalla
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of MedicineDivision of Medical GeneticsDepartment of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Quebec, CanadaDepartment of PathologyCHUM, Montréal, Quebec, CanadaDepartment of PediatricsCentre de Recherche CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, CanadaUnidade de SuprarrenalDisciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Johanne Tremblay
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of MedicineDivision of Medical GeneticsDepartment of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Quebec, CanadaDepartment of PathologyCHUM, Montréal, Quebec, CanadaDepartment of PediatricsCentre de Recherche CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, CanadaUnidade de SuprarrenalDisciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pavel Hamet
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of MedicineDivision of Medical GeneticsDepartment of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Quebec, CanadaDepartment of PathologyCHUM, Montréal, Quebec, CanadaDepartment of PediatricsCentre de Recherche CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, CanadaUnidade de SuprarrenalDisciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Candida Barisson Villares Fragoso
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of MedicineDivision of Medical GeneticsDepartment of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Quebec, CanadaDepartment of PathologyCHUM, Montréal, Quebec, CanadaDepartment of PediatricsCentre de Recherche CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, CanadaUnidade de SuprarrenalDisciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Lacroix
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of MedicineDivision of Medical GeneticsDepartment of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Quebec, CanadaDepartment of PathologyCHUM, Montréal, Quebec, CanadaDepartment of PediatricsCentre de Recherche CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, CanadaUnidade de SuprarrenalDisciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Lim TH, Cho YA, Choi DH. Effects of cilostazol on the pharmacokinetics of carvedilol after oral and intravenous administration in rats. J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 66:591-597. [PMID: 26348083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the effects of cilostazol on the pharmacokinetics of carvedilol following oral or intravenous administration of carvedilol in rats. Clinically carvedilol and cilostazol can be prescribed for treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Carvedilol and cilostazol are all substrates of CYP2C9 enzymes. Carvedilol was administered orally or intravenously without or with oral administration of cilostazol to rats. The effects of cilostazol on cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 activity and P-gp activity were also evaluated. Cilostazol inhibited CYP2C9 activity in a concentration-dependent manner with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) of 8.7 μM. Compared with the control group, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of carvedilol was significantly (P < 0.05) increased by 38.0%. The peak concentration (C(max)) was significantly (P < 0.05) increased by 49.2% in the presence of cilostazol after oral administration of carvedilol. Consequently, the relative bioavailability (R.B.) of carvedilol was increased by 1.15 - 1.38-fold, and the absolute bioavailability (A.B.) of carvedilol in the presence of cilostazol was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of the control. After intravenous administration, the AUC of carvedilol was significantly (P < 0.05) increased by 19.2% compared to that in the control by cilostazol. These results suggest that cilostazol effectively inhibited the metabolism of carvedilol. The increased oral bioavailability of carvedilol might be due to the inhibition of CYP2C9-mediated metabolism of carvedilol in the liver by cilostazol.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Lim
- Department of Pharmacy, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Y A Cho
- Biomedical Research Institute, Kyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - D H Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
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Daheb K, Lipman ML, Hildgen P, Roy JJ. Artificial neural network modeling for drug dialyzability prediction. J Pharm Pharm Sci 2014; 16:665-75. [PMID: 24393550 DOI: 10.18433/j35c8b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to develop an artificial neural network (ANN) model to predict drug removal during dialysis based on drug properties and dialysis conditions. Nine antihypertensive drugs were chosen as model for this study. METHODS Drugs were dissolved in a physiologic buffer and dialysed in vitro in different dialysis conditions (UFRmin/UFRmax, with/without BSA). Samples were taken at regular intervals and frozen at -20ºC until analysis. Extraction methods were developed for drugs that were dialysed with BSA in the buffer. Drug concentrations were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Dialysis clearances (CLDs) were calculated using the obtained drug concentrations. An ANOVA with Scheffe's pairwise adjustments was performed on the collected data in order to investigate the impact of drug plasma protein binding and ultrafiltration rate (UFR) on CLD. The software Neurosolutions was used to build ANNs that would be able to predict drug CLD (output). The inputs consisted of dialysis UFR and the herein drug properties: molecular weight (MW), logD and plasma protein binding. RESULTS Observed CLDs were very high for the majority of the drugs studied. The addition of BSA in the physiologic buffer statistically significantly decreased CLD for carvedilol (p= 0.002) and labetalol (p<0.001), but made no significant difference for atenolol (p= 0.100). In contrast, varying UFR does not significantly affect CLD (p>0.025). Multiple ANNs were built and compared, the best model was a Jordan and Elman network which showed learning stability and good predictive results (MSEtesting = 129). CONCLUSION In this study, we have developed an ANN-model which is able to predict drug removal during dialysis. Since experimental determination of all existing drug CLDs is not realistic, ANNs represent a promising tool for the prediction of drug CLD using drug properties and dialysis conditions.
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Abstract
Carvedilol is a beta-adrenergic antagonist with vasodilatory properties (alpha1-antagonism), which has been extensively evaluated in the treatment of patients with heart failure. In patients with chronic heart failure carvedilol improves left-ventricular (LV) ejection fraction over 6 to 12 months of treatment, and attenuates LV remodelling. Large-scale randomised, placebo controlled trials involving more than 4000 patients with chronic heart failure have demonstrated that carvedilol improves survival and reduces hospitalizations. Comparative studies with metoprolol in patients with heart failure have suggested that carvedilol may be associated with greater survival benefit although differences in the preparation of metoprolol have left uncertainty in this area. Carvedilol has a high safety profile and the clinical benefits appear maintained across a wide range of patients with comorbidities such as diabetes and renal failure. Carvedilol has also been shown to attenuate LV remodeling and improve clinical outcomes in patients with LV dysfunction and/or heart failure following acute myocardial infarction. As a result of these data, carvedilol is recommended for treatment of patients with heart failure in heart-failure guidelines. This evidence-based treatment should be widely implemented to ensure that patients with heart failure receive appropriate medical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Neil Doughty
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Level 12, Auckland Hospital Support Building, Park Road, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Walczak MZ. Physicochemical profiling of new aminopropan-2-ol derivatives with beta-adrenolytic activity: the importance for pharmacokinetic properties. Pharmazie 2013; 68:866-871. [PMID: 24380234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A convenient procedure has been developed for the determination of dissociation constants (pKa) and partition (log P) and distribution (log D) coefficients of three new aminopropan-2-ol derivatives with beta-adrenolytic activity briefly called 2F109, ANBL and TWo8. The apparent acid dissociation constant (psKa) in these water-insoluble compounds was determined potentiometrically in dimethylformamide-water, dimethyl sulfoxide-water and methanol-water mixtures at a temperature of 25 degrees C. The aqueous pKa values assessed by Yasuda-Shedlovsky extrapolation were 8.64 +/- 0.06, 8.85 +/- 0.51 and 8.26 +/- 0.45 for 2F109, ANBL and TWo8, respectively. Lipophilicity expressed by chromatographic retention factor was determined by reversed phase liquid chromatography at pH 10.5 using a Zorbax Extend C18 column (log k10.5), and at pH 7.4 using an immobilized artificial membrane IAM.PC.DD2 column (log k7.4), respectively. The log k of each compound extrapolated to 100% aqueous phase (log kw10.5 and and log kw7.4) were corrected with log P and log D of acebutolol, atenolol, metoprolol,pindolol, propranolol and sotalol used as the model drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Z Walczak
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Physical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
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Khaled AAA, Pervaiz K, Khiljee S, Karim S, Shoaib QUA, Murtaza G. In vitro to in vivo profiling: an easy idea for biowaiver study. Acta Pol Pharm 2013; 70:873-875. [PMID: 24147366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this article was to assess and apply the in vitro to in vivo profiling (IVIVP), a new biowaiver approach, in designing a product with specific release pattern. The IVIVP was established by plotting the observed and predicted plasma drug concentrations. For IVIVP, convolution approach was employed to estimate plasma drug concentrations from in vitro dissolution profiles. The IVIVP for T1S exhibited a good correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.963) followed by the T2 (R2 = 0.682), T3 (R2 = 0.665), T1 (R2 = 0.616), and Mepresso (R2 = 0.345). Establishing an IVIVP, based on the convolution approach, can be more useful and practicable in the biowaiver studies, rather than present not useful practice of IVIVC estimated via deconvolution approach. This paper also elaborates that there is good correlation between the in vitro and in vivo profiles of the developed metoprolol tartrate formulations, particularly for T1S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulhakim A A Khaled
- Department of Mathematics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
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Abstract
The kinetics and mechanistic aspects of the riboflavin-photosensitised oxidation of the topically administrable ophthalmic drugs Timolol (Tim) and Pindolol (Pin) were investigated in water-MeOH (9:1, v/v) solution employing light of wavelength > 400 nm. riboflavin, belonging to the vitamin B(2) complex, is a known human endogenous photosensitiser. The irradiation of riboflavin in the presence of ophthalmic drugs triggers a complex picture of competitive reactions which produces the photodegradation of both the drugs and the pigment itself. The mechanism was elucidated employing stationary photolysis, polarographic detection of dissolved oxygen, stationary and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, and laser flash photolysis. Ophthalmic drugs quench riboflavin-excited singlet and triplet states. From the quenching of excited triplet riboflavin, the semireduced form of the pigment is generated, through an electron transfer process from the drug, with the subsequent production of superoxide anion radical (O(2)(*-)) by reaction with dissolved molecular oxygen. Through the interaction of dissolved oxygen with excited triplet riboflavin, the species singlet oxygen (O(2)((1)Delta(g))) is also generated to a lesser extent. Both O(2)(*-) and O(2)((1)Delta(g)) induce photodegradation of ophthalmic drugs, Tim being approximately 3-fold more easily photooxidisable than Pin, as estimated by oxygen consumption experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Criado
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina.
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Cerqueira PM, Coelho EB, Geleilete TJM, Goldman GH, Lanchote VL. Influence of Chronic Renal Failure on Stereoselective Metoprolol Metabolism in Hypertensive Patients. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 45:1422-33. [PMID: 16291718 DOI: 10.1177/0091270005281816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The influence of chronic renal failure on the stereoselective metabolism of rac-metoprolol was investigated in 15 hypertensive patients, 7 of them with chronic renal failure and 8 with normal renal function. They were treated with rac-metoprolol (200 mg) for 7 days. The patients of both groups presented stereoselectivity in metoprolol metabolism, favoring the formation of 1'R-alpha-hydroxymetoprolol (AUC(1(')R/1(')S)(0-24) approximately 2.5) and (R)-metoprolol acidic metabolite (AUC((S)/(R))(0-24) = 0.8), the latter resulting in the plasma accumulation of (S)-metoprolol (AUC((S)/(R))(0-24) = 1.2). Patients with chronic renal failure presented plasma accumulation of the 4 alpha-hydroxymetoprolol isomers and of both metoprolol acidic metabolite enantiomers. A 50% reduction in Cl(R) does not explain the 3- to 4-fold plasma accumulation of metoprolol acidic metabolite in this group, suggesting that other pathways of metoprolol elimination are affected in chronic renal failure in addition to renal excretion. Chronic renal failure does not change the stereoselective kinetic disposition of metoprolol but modifies its stereoselective metabolism, inducing some of the CYP enzymes involved in the formation of the metoprolol acid metabolite.
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Smith JG, Kohl S, Kornhall B, Ekmehag B. [Congestive heart failure, part 2: treatment]. Lakartidningen 2012; 109:1829-1834. [PMID: 23173405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Abstract
PURPOSE To clarify sotalol's classification in the BCS versus BDDCS systems through cellular, rat everted sac and PAMPA permeability studies. METHODS Studies were carried out in Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) and MDR1-transfected MDCK (MDCK-MDR1) cell lines, rat everted gut sacs and the Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeability Assay (PAMPA) system. Three-hour transport studies were conducted in MDCK cell lines (with apical pH changes) and MDCK-MDR1 cells (with and without the P-glycoprotein inhibitor GG918); male Sprague-Dawley rats (300~350 g) were used to prepare everted sacs. In the PAMPA studies, drug solutions at different pH's were dosed in each well and incubated for 5 h. Samples were measured by LC-MS/MS, or liquid scintillation counting and apparent permeability (P(app)) was calculated. RESULTS Sotalol showed low permeability in all of the cultured-cell lines, everted sacs and PAMPA systems. It might be a border line P-glycoprotein substrate. The PAMPA study showed that sotalol's permeability increased with a higher apical pH, while much less change was found in MDCK cells. CONCLUSION The low permeability rate for sotalol correlates with its Class 3 BDDCS assignment and lack of in vivo metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
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He Q, Shi M, Liu X, Sun Y, Hu L, Yang Y, Fawcett JP, Gu J, Zhao L. Determination of landiolol, an ultra-short-acting β₁-receptor antagonist, in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 891-892:7-11. [PMID: 22418070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A method for the determination of landiolol, an ultra-short-acting β₁-adrenoreceptor antagonist, in human plasma has been developed and validated. With the addition of pyridostigmine bromide to stabilize landiolol in the blood/plasma samples, and bisoprolol as internal standard, plasma samples were subjected to liquid-liquid extraction with diethyl ether:dicholoromethane (60:40, v/v) prior to assay by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Separation was performed on a TC-C₁₈ column (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) using a mobile phase of methanol:10 mM ammonium acetate containing 1% formic acid (65:35, v/v) in a run time of 3.5 min. Detection involved electrospray ionization in the positive ion mode followed by multiple reaction monitoring of the precursor-to-product ion transitions of landiolol at m/z 510.1→157.2 and bisoprolol at m/z 326.3→116.1. The method was linear over the concentration range 0.5-500 ng/ml with a lower limit of quantitation of 0.5 ng/ml. Intra- and inter-day precisions (as relative standard deviation, RSD) were <4.4% and <10.0%, respectively, with accuracy (as relative error, RE) <10.0%. The method was successfully applied to a clinical pharmacokinetic study involving a continuous infusion of landiolol hydrochloride to healthy Chinese volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun He
- Clinical Pharmacology Center, Institute for Translational Medicine, Norman Bethune First Hospital, Jilin University, 519 Dongminzhu Street, Changchun 130061, PR China
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Seidi S, Yamini Y, Rezazadeh M. Electrically enhanced microextraction for highly selective transport of three β-blocker drugs. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 56:859-66. [PMID: 21856103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Facilitated transport of three β-blocker drugs including atenolol (ATE), betaxolol (BET) and propranolol (PRO) was investigated under electrical field across a supported liquid membrane (SLM) using phosphoric acid derivatives as selective ion carriers, dissolved in 2-nitro phenyl octyl ether (NPOE). In the presence of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (DEHP) and tris-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) in the membrane phase, the three β-blockers showed completely different transport behaviors which enabled highly selective separation of the drugs. Each β-blocker migrated from 3 mL of sample solutions, through a thin layer of specific organic solvent immobilized in the pores of a porous hollow fiber, and into a 15 μL acidic aqueous acceptor solution present inside the lumen of the fiber. The influences of fundamental parameters affecting the transport of target drugs including type of ion carrier for selective separation of each drug and its concentration in the membrane phase, extraction voltage, time of transport, pH of donor and acceptor phases, stirring speed of donor phase and salt effect were studied and optimized. After microextraction process, the extracts were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Under optimal conditions, ATE was selectively extracted from different saliva samples with recovery of 37%, which corresponded to preconcentration factor of 74. A good linearity was achieved for calibration curve with a coefficient of determination higher than 0.997. Limits of detection and intra-day precision (n=3) were less than 2 μg L(-1) and 8.8%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Seidi
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran
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Hartlage-Rübsamen M, Morawski M, Waniek A, Jäger C, Zeitschel U, Koch B, Cynis H, Schilling S, Schliebs R, Demuth HU, Roßner S. Glutaminyl cyclase contributes to the formation of focal and diffuse pyroglutamate (pGlu)-Aβ deposits in hippocampus via distinct cellular mechanisms. Acta Neuropathol 2011; 121:705-19. [PMID: 21301857 PMCID: PMC3098988 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-011-0806-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In the hippocampal formation of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients, both focal and diffuse deposits of Aβ peptides appear in a subregion- and layer-specific manner. Recently, pyroglutamate (pGlu or pE)-modified Aβ peptides were identified as a highly pathogenic and seeding Aβ peptide species. Since the pE modification is catalyzed by glutaminyl cyclase (QC) this enzyme emerged as a novel pharmacological target for AD therapy. Here, we reveal the role of QC in the formation of different types of hippocampal pE-Aβ aggregates. First, we demonstrate that both, focal and diffuse pE-Aβ deposits are present in defined layers of the AD hippocampus. While the focal type of pE-Aβ aggregates was found to be associated with the somata of QC-expressing interneurons, the diffuse type was not. To address this discrepancy, the hippocampus of amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice was analysed. Similar to observations made in AD, focal (i.e. core-containing) pE-Aβ deposits originating from QC-positive neurons and diffuse pE-Aβ deposits not associated with QC were detected in Tg2576 mouse hippocampus. The hippocampal layers harbouring diffuse pE-Aβ deposits receive multiple afferents from QC-rich neuronal populations of the entorhinal cortex and locus coeruleus. This might point towards a mechanism in which pE-Aβ and/or QC are being released from projection neurons at hippocampal synapses. Indeed, there are a number of reports demonstrating the reduction of diffuse, but not of focal, Aβ deposits in hippocampus after deafferentation experiments. Moreover, we demonstrate in neurons by live cell imaging and by enzymatic activity assays that QC is secreted in a constitutive and regulated manner. Thus, it is concluded that hippocampal pE-Aβ plaques may develop through at least two different mechanisms: intracellularly at sites of somatic QC activity as well as extracellularly through seeding at terminal fields of QC expressing projection neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Hartlage-Rübsamen
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Jahnallee 59, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Morawski
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Jahnallee 59, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Waniek
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Jahnallee 59, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carsten Jäger
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Jahnallee 59, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Zeitschel
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Jahnallee 59, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Birgit Koch
- Probiodrug AG, Biocenter, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Holger Cynis
- Probiodrug AG, Biocenter, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Stephan Schilling
- Probiodrug AG, Biocenter, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Reinhard Schliebs
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Jahnallee 59, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Demuth
- Probiodrug AG, Biocenter, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
- Ingenium Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Fraunhoferstr. 13, 82152 Martinsried/Munich, Germany
| | - Steffen Roßner
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Jahnallee 59, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
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Oertel R, Pietsch J, Arenz N, Goltz L, Kirch W. Distribution of metoprolol in human autopsy material. Pharmazie 2011; 66:115-118. [PMID: 21434573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In forensic medicine autopsy material is primarily investigated to find out the cause of death. But the results of corresponding toxicology measurements often involve more information. With screening methods drugs were detected not being related to the cause of death. Liquid/liquid extraction and LC/MS/MS methods were used for the determination of drug concentrations. In seven cases metoprolol could be determined in different autopsy materials. In all cases the dosage of the drug was unknown. In cases with oral application probably the patients took a normal customary continuous dosage. Intoxication with metoprolol could be excluded in all cases. The concentrations of metoprolol in blood were all in the therapeutic range. The time between oral intake and death was unknown. Therefore and because of the low number of cases statistic calculations were not meaningful and an individual case study was necessary. In three cases the highest concentration of metoprolol was found in the liver. Probably, metoprolol was taken shortly before the person died. In the other cases the highest concentration of metoprolol was found in urine. This means the elimination process of the drug predominated at the time of death. In all cases the concentrations of metoprolol were similar in the compartments heart blood, venous blood and brain. In this study it was possible to measure the distribution of metoprolol in human directly in several compartments. Measurement of drug concentrations in human autopsy material deepen the knowledge of its pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Oertel
- Institut für klinische Pharmakologiel, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University, Dresden, Germany.
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Lazebnik LB, Komissarenko IA, Mikheeva OM. [Cardiovascular pathology associated with digestive system diseases]. Eksp Klin Gastroenterol 2011:69-74. [PMID: 21919242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
With age, a person has "accumulation" of diseases. In patients of older age groups occurs simultaneously for at least 3-4 diseases. Assigning patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD), the physician takes into account the presence of concomitant diseases, especially diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, since the defeat of the stomach, liver, intestine may influence not only on the clinical course of heart disease, but also to change the pharmacokinetics of cardiac drugs. All groups of drugs used in treating coronary artery disease, have different effects on the digestive organs. This can be a positive influence. For example, the use of beta-blockers and nitrates for prevention of bleeding from esophageal varices at cirrhosis of the liver, calcium antagonists in achalasia cardia. It is well known, and the negative effect of cardiac drugs: erosive and ulcerative lesions of the stomach with aspirin use, increasing manifestations of GERD in patients receiving calcium antagonists (dihydropyridines group). In this regard, we need for rational pharmacotherapy.
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Gatchev E, Petrov A, Kolev E, Hristova R, Demircheva I, Koytchev R, Richter W, Tegel F, Thyroff-Friesinger U. Pharmacodynamic equivalence study of two preparations of eye drops containing dorzolamide and timolol in healthy volunteers. Arzneimittelforschung 2011; 61:282-286. [PMID: 21755811 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1296200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to assess the pharmacodynamic equivalence (lowering of intraocular pressure) of two preparations of eye drops containing 20 mg dorzolamide (CAS 120279-96-1) and 5 mg timolol (CAS 26839-75-8). METHOD The study was conducted as a monocentric, observer-blinded, randomized, single-dose, two-period crossover study in 38 healthy volunteers. Each volunteer received on day 1 in each period in a random way a single dose of 1 drop of the test or the reference formulation in the conjunctival sac of the right eye separated by a wash-out period of 7 days. Measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP) of the right eye (by a blinded observer) was performed on day 1 of each study period pre-dose and 2 h post dosing by means of Goldmann applanation tonometry. In order to investigate the pharmacodynamic equivalence of both products, the two-sided 95% confidence interval was calculated for the difference of the primary target parameter (absolute decrease in IOP 2 h post dose), by means of a parametric (ANOVA) statistical method. RESULTS The results of the statistical evaluation of the primary target parameter "absolute decrease in IOP 2 h post dose" demonstrated a decrease in the IOP of 4.72 mmHg for the eye treated with the test formulation (dorzolamide 20 mg/ml + timolol 5 mg/ml eye drops) and 4.61 mmHg for the treated with the reference formulation. The mean difference was 0.11 mmHg. The 95% confidence interval was between -0.33 and 0.55 mmHg and thus entirely within the pre-defined equivalence range (+/- 1.5 mmHg). The results of the statistical evaluation of the secondary target parameter relative (as % of baseline) decrease in IOP 2 h post dose demonstrated essentially similar effectiveness in lowering the IOP by 27.63% (test formulation) and 27.12% (reference formulation), respectively. Both drug products were well tolerated. CONCLUSION Both formulations showed comparable results obtained at a time probably equal to the maximum effect concerning the primary target parameter lowering of IOP 2 h post dose. The safety profile of both preparations showed no difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Gatchev
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Medical University of Sofia, University Hospital Tsaritsa Joanna-ISUL, Bulgaria
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Mikheeva OM, Drozdov VN, Komisarenko IA. [Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of antihypertensive drugs in the treatment of hypertensive patients with chronic diseases of the liver]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2011; 83:49-55. [PMID: 22416445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
AIM To determine optimal treatment of arterial hypertension (AH) in patients with hepatic cirrhosis (HC) basing on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and beta-adrenoblockers (BAB). MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 360 patients with AH of the second degree, steatosis and alcoholic HC of class A according to Child-Pue participated in the study. The control group consisted of 120 patients with peptic ulcer in remission and normal function of the liver. The patients' treatment with enalapril (pharmacologically inactive prodrug), lisinopril (biologically active substance), atenolol (hydrophilic drug) and metoprolol (lipophylic drug) was analysed. RESULTS Lisinopril showed a better hypotensive effect than enalapril in AH patients with HC. BAB decreased blood pressure in all hypertensive patients. Atenolol and metoprolol effectively reduced blood pressure in 88.89% patients with AH and HC. Bradycardia episodes in atenolol treatment were observed in 14.4% patients while in metoprolol treatment--in 22.2% patients, this evidencing for pronounced shifts in pharmacokinetic parameters of metoprolol exposed to hepatic metabolism. CONCLUSION Biological activity is an essential criterion of choice of ACE inhibitor in patients with hepatic pathology. Enalapril, for example, as a pharmacological inactive prodrug, is metabolized in the liver to acquire activity, whereas lisinopril has a direct biological activity and has, therefore, a stronger hypotensive action in AH patients with HC. BAB should be selected by the ability to effectively control blood pressure and heart rate without inducing bradycardia the appearance of which necessitates correction of dose regimen with reduction of day dose.
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Abstract
Decades after its registration, amiodarone is still regarded as the most effective antiarrhythmic drug available for the treatment of tachyarrhythmias. Amiodarone is classified as a class III antiarrhythmic drug. In addition to the prolongation of cardiac repolarization, its leading pharmacologic features are sodium and calcium channel block, nonselective β-adrenergic inhibition as well as high lipophilicity and a very long plasma half-life. In patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, amiodarone is the most effective antiarrhythmic drug in maintaining sinus rhythm. Furthermore, it prevents ventricular arrhythmias, such as frequent ventricular extrasystoles or nonsustained runs of ventricular tachycardia, as well as sustained ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. In patients with increased risk for sudden cardiac death, e.g., with severely depressed left ventricular function, amiodarone is a highly effective and safe antiarrhythmic drug. In addition, amiodarone has been shown to reduce the number of appropriate and inappropriate shocks in patients with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. During long-term amiodarone treatment, typical side effects including corneal microdeposits, blue-gray skin discoloration, photosensitivity, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, peripheral neuropathy, optical neuritis and hepatotoxicity accrue. Upon cessation of medication, these are almost always reversible. Irreversible, severe adverse effects, such as pulmonary toxicity, are very rare under the currently used maintenance dose of 200 mg/day. With regard to its side effect profile, an adequate follow-up of patients including laboratory values, lung function tests, and visual acuity is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sohns
- Abteilung für Kardiologie und Pneumologie/Herzzentrum, Schwerpunkt Klinische Elektrophysiologie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Deutschland
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of duloxetine (DLX) on the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) function in vitro and in vivo. METHOD In vitro experiment was conducted using the Caco-2 cell, a human colon cancer cell line that naturally expresses the P-gp and P-gp function was evaluated by monitoring whether DLX affect the accumulation of Rhd123. In vivo study was conducted by quantitating the effect of orally administered DLX on the bioavailability of talinolol. RESULTS In the in vitro study, incubation of Caco-2 cell with DLX caused a concentration-dependent increase in the accumulation of Rhd123. In the in vivo study, co-administration of DLX increased the bioavailability of talinolol. The ratio (90% confidence intervals) of AUC(0-60), AUC(0-∞), and C(max) (talinolol alone versus talinolol plus DLX) were 0.87(0.77-1.06), 0.85(0.74-1.01), 0.87 (0.68-1.12). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that DLX could inhibit the function of P-gp in vitro and in vivo, and caution should be exercised when DLX is to be co-administered with drugs that are P-gp substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Ruike
- Clinical Pharmacy Research Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
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Contardo-Jara V, Pflugmacher S, Nützmann G, Kloas W, Wiegand C. The beta-receptor blocker metoprolol alters detoxification processes in the non-target organism Dreissena polymorpha. Environ Pollut 2010; 158:2059-2066. [PMID: 20363538 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Due to increasing amounts of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in the aquatic environment, their largely unknown effects to non-target organisms need to be assessed. This study examined physiological changes in the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha exposed to increasing concentrations (0.534, 5.34, 53.4 and 534 microg L(-1)) of the beta-blocker metoprolol in a flow-through system for seven days. The two lower concentrations represent the environmentally relevant range. Surprisingly, metallothionein mRNA was immediately up-regulated in all treatments. For the two higher concentrations mRNA up-regulation in gills was found for P-glycoprotein after one day, and after four days for pi class glutathione S-transferase, demonstrating elimination and biotransformation processes, respectively. Additionally, catalase and superoxide dismutase were up-regulated in the digestive gland indicating oxidative stress. In all treated mussels a significant up-regulation of heat shock protein mRNA was observed in gills after four days, which suggests protein damage and the requirement for repair processes. Metoprolol was 20-fold bioaccumulated for environmentally relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeska Contardo-Jara
- Dpt. Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany.
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Zarudyĭ FS, Garifullin BN, Zakirova AN. [Structure and activity of carvedilol]. Eksp Klin Farmakol 2010; 73:40-43. [PMID: 20184288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Unique stereochemistry of the third-generation beta-adrenoblockers is a basis of advantages of the new drugs such as carvedilol. Data on the stereochemistry beta-adrenoblockers and the influence of their optical activity on the pharmacological effects of related drugs are presented. Main steps in the practical invest gation of carvedilol stereoisomers are reviewed. Clinical aspects of the use of carvedilol, representing a racemic mixture of two enantiomers, in the treatment chronic heart failure, arterial hypertension, and coronary heart disease are considered.
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Mikheeva OM. [Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic features of hypertensive drugs in treatment of patients with arterial hypertension associated with liver disease]. Eksp Klin Gastroenterol 2010:95-101. [PMID: 20731173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE Being based on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic property of inhibitor ACE and -adrenoblokers to optimise treatment of patients arterial hypertension (AH), a liver proceeding against chronic diseases. MATERIALS AND RESEARCH METHODS In research it is included 360 patients with AH 2 degree in a combination with steatosis and the cirrhosis of liver of an alcoholic etiology of a class A by Chald-Pugh. In control group patients with stomach ulcer are included in stages of remission with normal function of a liver. For the purpose of diagnostics AH and an efficiency estimation hypotensive preparations the patient it is spent systolic arterial pressure. For a pharmacokinetics estimation definition of concentration of preparations in whey of blood sick of a method of a highly effective liquid chromatography was spent. RESULTS At patients AH with the normal and broken function of a liver after reception lizinoprili and atonololi it is noted distinctions in pharmacokinetic parametres. The broken function of a liver at patients AH against the cirrhosis lover is at the bottom of changes pharmacokinetic parametres metoprololi and enalaprili.
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Bolbrinker J, Huber M, Scholze J, Kreutz R. Pharmacokinetics and safety of olmesartan medoxomil in combination with either amlodipine or atenolol compared to respective monotherapies in healthy subjects. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2009; 23:767-74. [PMID: 19659504 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2009.00720.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Bolbrinker
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, CharitéCentrum für Therapieforschung, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Shimizu T. [Beta blockers in migraine prophylaxis]. Brain Nerve 2009; 61:1125-1130. [PMID: 19882938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Beta blockers (beta-adrenoceptor blockers) are known to be used for the prophylactic treatment of migraine. The improvement of migraine in the patients who recieved propranolol for angina pectoris revealed the effectiveness of propranolol in migraine prophylaxis. Many clinical trials have confirmed that propranolol is effective in the prophylactic treatment of migraine. Other beta-blocking drugs, namely nadolol, metoprolol, atenolol, timolol and bisoprolol, have also been demonstrated to be effective in the prophylaxis of migraine. In contrast, several beta blockers with intrinsic sympathetic activity (ISA), such as alprenolol, oxprenolol, pindolol and acebutolol, have not been demonstrated to be effective in migraine prophylaxis. In this review, we have descrived the pharmacologic background and pharmacokinetics of the beta blockers that demonstrated a prophylactic effect for migraine will be described. We have also reviewed the results of clinical trials of beta-blocking drugs for migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Shimizu
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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Jagdale SC, Agavekar AJ, Pandya SV, Kuchekar BS, Chabukswar AR. Formulation and evaluation of gastroretentive drug delivery system of propranolol hydrochloride. AAPS PharmSciTech 2009; 10:1071-9. [PMID: 19672719 PMCID: PMC2802136 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-009-9300-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of present study was to develop a gastroretentive drug delivery system of propranolol hydrochloride. The biggest problem in oral drug delivery is low and erratic drug bioavailability. The ability of various polymers to retain the drug when used in different concentrations was investigated. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) K4 M, HPMC E 15 LV, hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC; Klucel HF), xanthan gum, and sodium alginate (Keltose) were evaluated for their gel-forming abilities. One of the disadvantages in using propranolol is extensive first pass metabolism of drug and only 25% reaches systemic circulation. The bioavailability of propranolol increases in presence of food. Also, the absorption of various drugs such as propranolol through P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux transporter is low and erratic. The density of P-gp increases toward the distal part of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Therefore, it was decided to formulate floating tablet of propranolol so that it remains in the upper part of GIT for longer time. They were evaluated for physical properties, in vitro release as well as in vivo behavior. In preliminary trials, tablets formulated with HPC, sodium alginate, and HPMC E 15 LV failed to produce matrix of required strength, whereas formulation containing xanthan gum showed good drug retaining abilities but floating abilities were found to be poor. Finally, floating tablets were formulated with HPMC K4 M and HPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati C Jagdale
- Department of Pharmaceutics, MAEER's Maharashtra Institute of Pharmacy, Pune, 411 038 Maharashtra, India.
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Owen SF, Huggett DB, Hutchinson TH, Hetheridge MJ, Kinter LB, Ericson JF, Sumpter JP. Uptake of propranolol, a cardiovascular pharmaceutical, from water into fish plasma and its effects on growth and organ biometry. Aquat Toxicol 2009; 93:217-224. [PMID: 19515433 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals in the environment (PIE) are of importance since these compounds are designed to affect biological receptors/enzymes that are often conserved across vertebrate families. Across-species extrapolation of these therapeutic targets suggests potential for impacting amphibia and fish in the aquatic environment. Due to the scarcity of relevant ecotoxicological data, the long-tem impact of PIE remains a research question. Efficient use of mammalian data has been proposed to better understand and predict the potential for a given pharmaceutical to impact the environment. Using a model cardiovascular pharmaceutical (propranolol, a non-specific beta(1)/beta(2)-adrenergic antagonist), the hypothesis that mammalian data can be used to predict toxicity in fish was tested. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)) have beta-adrenergic signalling mechanisms analogous to human cardiovascular receptors that respond to pharmacological doses of agonists and antagonists. Trout absorbed propranolol from water such that after 40 days of exposure, the linear relationship was [plasma] - 0.59[water] (n - 31, r - 0.96). Growth rate was affected only at very high aqueous concentrations (10-day (growth)NOEC - 1.0 and (growth)LOEC - 10 mg/l). Growth recovered with time (40-day (growth)NOEC - 10 mg/l), suggesting possible adaptation to the pharmaceutical, although the internal plasma concentration in trout exposed to 10mg propranolol/l of water was higher than the mammalian therapeutic plasma concentration. Additional endpoints suggested subtle changes of liver and heart size at much lower concentrations may have occurred, although these were not concentration-related. There was, however, a dose-dependent effect upon overall body condition. The trout plasma concentrations at these effective aqueous concentrations fell within the range of mammalian effective plasma concentrations, supporting the potential for developing 'read-across' from mammalian pharmacology safety data to fish ecotoxicology. Despite these effects at relatively high concentrations, propranolol is not expected to pose a risk to fish at the concentrations considered to be present in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart F Owen
- Institute for the Environment, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, UK
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Zanchetti A. Clinical pharmacodynamics of nebivolol: new evidence of nitric oxide‐mediated vasodilating activity and peculiar haemodynamic properties in hypertensive patients. Blood Press 2009; 1:17-32. [PMID: 15587108 DOI: 10.1080/08038020410016548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
New evidence from recently completed clinical studies performed with nebivolol, a highly selective beta-1 beta-blocker, endowed with additional vasodilating activity mediated by nitric oxide (NO) endothelial release, confirm previous findings that nebivolol differs from other beta-blocking agents and that the combination of beta-1 blockade and NO-mediated vasodilation not only potentiates the blood pressure lowering activity, but leads to a broader favourable haemodynamic profile, which is clinically relevant to the treatment of hypertensive patients. In particular, six new studies focusing on the vasodilation properties of nebivolol demonstrated that: (i) its blood pressure lowering effect is accompanied by a vasodilating action that is seen after single and chronic administration of the usual antihypertensive oral dose of 5 mg once daily; (ii) the vasodilation can be documented systemically, at various regional vascular beds and skin microcirculation, and is accompanied by increased small arterial distensibility; (iii) the NO-endothelium-dependency of its vasodilating action is shown by the model of forearm or cutaneous vasodilating response to acetylcholine and by the blockade of the nebivolol-induced local vasodilation by a blocker of the arginine-NO cascade, L-NMMA. Two more studies demonstrated the ability of nebivolol to increase NO concentrations through preservation of NO from oxidative degradation, and not only by stimulation of its synthesis. Finally, two studies confirmed the favourable haemodynamic action of nebivolol on both systolic and diastolic function and, in particular, an increase in stroke volume, associated with reduction in vascular resistance, resulting in a maintained cardiac output despite reduced heart rate. These properties consistently differentiate nebivolol from non-vasodilating beta-blockers, such as those used for the active comparative studies, i.e. atenolol, metoprolol or bisoprolol. The observation that nebivolol enhances or restores NO-mediated vasodilation in hypertensive patients has important therapeutic implications in view of the well-established protective role of NO against cardiovascular risk factors, and particularly the development of atherosclerosis. Similarly, the favourable haemodynamic profile of nebivolol, as described by the new investigations (preservation of cardiac output, reduction of peripheral resistance and improved diastolic function) appear to have clinically relevant benefits on the impairment in systolic and/or diastolic function often complicating the hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Zanchetti
- Centro di Fisiologia Clinica ed Ipertensione, University of Milan, Ospedale Maggiore, Italy.
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Ohno Y, Iga T, Yamada Y, Nagahara M, Araie M, Takayanagi R. Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Systemic Effect of Topically Applied Timolol Maleate Ophthalmic Gelling Vehicle (Rysmon® TG). Curr Eye Res 2009; 30:319-28. [PMID: 16020262 DOI: 10.1080/02713680590923294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to evaluate the degree of systemic absorption and the systemic side effect after instillation of timolol maleate ophthalmic gelling vehicle in human. METHODS A volunteer study was employed, and a randomized crossover design with the two phases was used. In one phase, the volunteers instilled a single drop of the 0.5% timolol maleate ophthalmic gelling vehicle; in the other phase, the volunteers instilled a single drop of the 0.5% timolol maleate ophthalmic solution. The plasma concentration of timolol and the heart rates were studied during the following 120 min and 60 min, respectively. RESULTS The area under the blood concentration time curve (AUC) in timolol maleate ophthalmic gelling vehicle was lower than that in timolol maleate ophthalmic solution (p < 0.05). No differences were observed in heart rates between ophthalmic gelling vehicle and ophthalmic solution. The correlation between the calculated occupancy of beta-adrenergic receptors and the systemic side effects after instillation could be successfully analyzed with a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model, showing the predictability of the model for the systemic side effects of timolol. CONCLUSIONS The result of our analysis clearly shows that timolol maleate ophthalmic gelling vehicle reduced the systemic absorption below that of ophthalmic solution, but the degree in difference of systemic effects was negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Ohno
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Tokyo Hospital, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
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Alam MA, Awal MA, Subhan N, Mostofa M. In-vitro relationship between protein-binding and free drug concentrations of a water-soluble selective beta-adrenoreceptor antagonist (atenolol) and its interaction with arsenic. J Health Popul Nutr 2009; 27:20-30. [PMID: 19248645 PMCID: PMC2761805 DOI: 10.3329/jhpn.v27i1.3315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The degree of binding of a drug to plasma proteins has a marked effect on its distribution, elimination, and pharmacological effect since only the unbound fraction is available for distribution into extra-vascular space. The protein-binding of atenolol was measured by equilibrium dialysis in the bovine serum albumin (BSA). Free atenolol concentration was increased due to addition of arsenic which reduced the binding of the compounds to BSA. During concurrent administration, arsenic displaced atenolol from its high-affinity binding Site I, and free concentration of atenolol increased from 4.286 +/- 0.629% and 5.953 +/- 0.605% to 82.153 +/- 1.924% and 85.486 +/- 1.158% in absence and presence of Site I probe respectively. Thus, it can be suggested that arsenic displaced atenolol from its binding site resulting in an increase of the free atenolol concentration in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, Stamford University Bangladesh, 51 Siddeswari Road, Dhaka 1217, Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Carter
- Wolters Kluwer Health | Adis, Mairangi Bay, North Shore, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Bertera FM, Di Verniero CA, Mayer MA, Bramuglia GF, Taira CA, Höcht C. Is urethane-chloralose anaesthesia appropriate for pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic assessment? Studies with carvedilol. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2008; 59:13-20. [PMID: 18973819 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of the work was to establish the impact of urethane-chloralose anaesthesia on pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) properties of carvedilol in control rats and L-NAME hypertensive animals. METHODS Male Wistar Rats were randomly divided into: control (n=12) with tap water to drink and L-NAME rats (n=12) with L-NAME solution (40 mg/kg/day) to drink for 2 weeks. Effects of carvedilol (1 mg kg(-1), i.v.) on blood pressure and heart rate were recorded during 3 h in conscious and urethane (500 mg kg(-1), i.p.) - chloralose (50 mg kg(-1), i.p.) anaesthetized rats. Carvedilol plasma pharmacokinetics was studied by means of traditional blood sampling. PK-PD modeling of carvedilol was made by means of an effect compartment model. RESULTS Neither urethane-chloralose nor L-NAME modified estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters of carvedilol. Although urethane-chloralose did not modify potency of carvedilol comparing with awake animals in control and hypertensive group, maximal negative chronotropic response was significantly greater in anaesthetized L-NAME rats in comparison to awake animals. Conversely, anaesthesia did not modify maximal chronotropic response to carvedilol in control rats. Whilst no differences were found in the estimated potency of carvedilol hypotensive response comparing control and L-NAME rats in both awake and anaesthetized conditions, maximal hypotensive effect of carvedilol was significantly greater in anaesthetized control and L-NAME animals in comparison to conscious rats. L-NAME rats showed a greater maximal hypotensive response comparing to control group. DISCUSSION Urethane-chloralose anaesthesia is an acceptable experimental condition for the evaluation of PK-PD properties of carvedilol, considering that it does not affect the potency of carvedilol for its chronotropic and hypotensive effect. Conclusions obtained from urethane-chloralose anaesthetized animals, regarding the impact of l-NAME treatment on PK-PD properties of carvedilol, did not differ from those obtained from conscious animals. Anaesthesia did not modify pharmacokinetic behaviour of carvedilol in both normotensive and L-NAME hypertensive rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Facundo Martín Bertera
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Cátedra de Farmacología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Aqil M, Sultana Y, Ali A, Dubey K, Najmi AK, Pillai KK. Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems of a Beta Blocker: Design, In Vitro, and In Vivo Characterization. Drug Deliv 2008; 11:27-31. [PMID: 15168788 DOI: 10.1080/10717540490265225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The matrix type transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) of metoprolol were prepared by film casting technique using a fabricated stainless steel film casting apparatus and characterized in vitro by drug release, skin permeation, skin irritation, and in vivo pharmacodynamic and stability studies. Four formulations were prepared that differed in the ratio of matrix forming polymers. Formulations M-1, M-2, M-3, and M-4 were composed of Eudragit RL-100 and polyvinyl acetate with the following ratios: 2:8, 4:6, 6:4, and 8:2, respectively. All the four formulations carried 10% (w/w) of metoprolol tartrate, 5% (w/w) of dibutylphthalate, and 5% (w/w) of (+/-) menthol in dichloromethane:isopropyl alcohol (80:20 v/v). Cumulative amount of drug released in 48 hr from the four formulations was 79.16%, 81.17%, 85.98%, and 95.04%. The corresponding values for cumulative amount of drug permeated for the said formulations were 59.72%, 66.52%, 77.36%, and 90.38%. On the basis of in vitro drug release and skin permeation performance, formulation M-4 was found to be better than the other three formulations and it was selected as the optimized formulation. The formulation appeared to be stable when stored at 40 degrees C and 75% RH with negligible degradation of the drug. The TDDS was found to be free of any skin irritation as suggested by skin irritation score of 1.16 (<2.00) under Draize score test. Statistically significant reduction in mean blood pressure (p < .01) was achieved in methyl prednisolone-induced hypertensive rats on treatment with the TDDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aqil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India.
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Abstract
A polymer matrix system for transdermal delivery of Atenolol was developed for its prolonged and controlled release systemic availability. To achieve the desired and controlled release rate, different combinations of Eudragit RL with polyvinyl pyrrolidone and polyethylene glycol 4000 were used in the preparations of polymeric matrix system. These preparations were evaluated for in vitro release and permeation of the drug across pig skin. The desired systems exhibited linear relationship between drug release (Q) versus ne0.8(hr0.8). The product exhibiting required skin permeation 64 mcg/h/cm2 to achieve an effective plasma concentration was selected for the in vivo performance evaluation. The drug plasma profile was compared with the plasma profile obtained following the administration of a conventional oral dose of Atenolol. The study revealed that the designed polymeric matrix transdermal drug delivery system of Atenolol could be successful with improved performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Gupta
- Government College of Pharmacy, Aurangabad, India.
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Abstract
Metoprolol tartrate sustained-release tablets (100 mg) were prepared using xanthan/guar gums and also hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) carboxymethyl-Cellulose (CMC) polymers by direct compression method. Physical characteristics of the tablets and water uptake in addition to their dissolution profiles were compared with standard (Lopressor SR) tablets. Dissolution test was performed in the phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.8) and the samples were analyzed spectrophotometerically in 275.7 nm. Dissolution studies showed that formulations containing 100 and 80% of HPMC, 100% of guar, and 20% of xanthan followed the Higuchi model, while those containing 60 and 40% HPMC and 100 and 80% xanthan followed a zero-order model. The tablets with 40% xanthen followed a Hixon-Crowell model. In cellulose derivatives the highest MDT and dissolution efficiency until 8 hr (DE8%) belonged to tablets with 40% HPMC, increasing the amount of CMC decreased the drug release rate, and formulations containing 60 and 40% of HPMC had the USP dissolution standards. While, in the gum formulations, the highest mean dissolution time and the lowest DE(8)% belonged to tablets with 100% xanthan, increasing the xanthan decreased the release rate of metoprolol, and formulations containing 80 and 100% xanthan had the USP dissolution standards. Results showed that natural gums are suitable for production of sustained-release tablets of metoprolol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaleh Varshosaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Iemma F, Spizzirri UG, Puoci F, Muzzalupo R, Trombino S, Picci N. Radical Crosslinked Albumin Microspheres as Potential Drug Delivery Systems: Preparation and In Vitro Studies. Drug Deliv 2008; 12:179-84. [PMID: 16025848 DOI: 10.1080/10717540590932278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reports on the preparation of acryloylated bovine serum albumin microspheres and the evaluation of their employment in drug delivery areas. The influence of preparation parameters on albumin microspheres and the chemicophysical properties of loaded drugs were investigated. In particular, we focussed on acylation albumin degree and the amount of acryloylated albumin against comonomer in the polymerization step. Finally the release profile took into consideration the interaction drug-matrix, the fuctionalization degree of albumin, and the water affinity of matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Iemma
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università della Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy.
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