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Moghadam AG, Rajabi M, Asghari A. Efficient and relatively safe emulsification microextraction using a deep eutectic solvent for influential enrichment of trace main anti-depressant drugs from complicated samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1072:50-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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2
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Borges NC, Barrientos-Astigarraga RE, Sverdloff CE, Donato JL, Moreno P, Felix L, Galvinas PAR, Moreno RA. A fast, sensitive and simple method for mirtazapine quantification in human plasma by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Application to a comparative bioavailability study. Biomed Chromatogr 2012; 26:1399-407. [PMID: 22345050 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In the present study a simple, fast, sensitive and robust method to quantify mirtazapine in human plasma using quetiapine as the internal standard (IS) is described. The analyte and the IS were extracted from human plasma by a simple protein precipitation with methanol and were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to an electrospray tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). Chromatography was performed isocratically on a C(18), 5 µm analytical column and the run time was 1.8 min. The lower limit of quantitation was 0.5 ng/mL and a linear calibration curve over the range 0.5-150 ng/mL was obtained, showing acceptable accuracy and precision. This analytical method was applied in a relative bioavailability study in order to compare a test mirtazapine 30 mg single-dose formulation vs a reference formulation in 31 volunteers of both sexes. The study was conducted in an open randomized two-period crossover design and with a 14 day washout period. Since the 90% confidence interval for C(max) , AUC(last) and AUC(0-inf) were within the 80-125% interval proposed by the Food and Drug Administration and ANVISA (Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency), it was concluded that mirtazapine 30 mg/dose is bioequivalent to the reference formulation, according to both the rate and extent of absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ney Carter Borges
- Synchrophar Assessoria e Desenvolvimento de Projetos Clínicos S/S Ltda, 24 Cesar Bierrenbach St, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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3
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Saraji M, Mehrafza N, Bidgoli AAH, Jafari MT. Determination of desipramine in biological samples using liquid-liquid-liquid microextraction combined with in-syringe derivatization, gas chromatography, and nitrogen/phosphorus detection. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:2637-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Saraji
- Department of Chemistry; Isfahan University of Technology; Isfahan Iran
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4
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Elhamili A, Samuelsson J, Bergquist J, Wetterhall M. Optimizing the extraction, separation and quantification of tricyclic antidepressant drugs in human plasma with CE-ESI-TOF-MS using cationic-coated capillaries. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:647-58. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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5
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Wille SMR, Cooreman SG, Neels HM, Lambert WEE. Relevant Issues in the Monitoring and the Toxicology of Antidepressants. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2008; 45:25-89. [DOI: 10.1080/10408360701713112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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6
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Wille SMR, Maudens KE, Van Peteghem CH, Lambert WEE. Development of a solid phase extraction for 13 'new' generation antidepressants and their active metabolites for gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1098:19-29. [PMID: 16314157 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2005] [Revised: 08/10/2005] [Accepted: 08/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A solid phase extraction procedure (SPE) for 13 'new' antidepressants (venlafaxine, fluoxetine, viloxazine, fluvoxamine, mianserin, mirtazapine, melitracen, reboxetine, citalopram, maprotiline, sertraline, paroxetine and trazodone) together with eight of their metabolites (O-desmethylvenlafaxine, norfluoxetine, desmethylmianserine, desmethylmirtazapine, desmethylcitalopram, didesmethylcitalopram, desmethylsertraline and m-chlorophenylpiperazine) from plasma is optimized using HPLC-DAD as monitoring system. Special attention has been paid to the choice of washing and eluting solvent, resulting in a highly concentrated, clean and moisture free extract, also suitable for GC-MS. A total number of 10 sorbents (apolar, polymeric, ion-exchange and mixed mode) was evaluated. Based on recovery, reproducibility and absence of interfering substances the strong cation exchanger gave the best results. Recoveries were determined at low and high therapeutic and toxic levels and ranged between 70 and 109% for all compounds, except for trazodone (39%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M R Wille
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Ghent University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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7
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Abstract
Chromatographic methods are preferred in the analysis of organic molecules with lower molecular mass (<500 g/mol) in body fluids, i.e., the assay of drugs, metabolites, endogenous substances and poisons as well as of environmental exposure by gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC), for example. Sample preparation in biomedical analysis is mainly performed by liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction. However, new methods are investigated with the aim to increase the sample throughput and to improve the quality of analytical methods. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was introduced about a decade ago and it was mainly applied to environmental and food analysis. All steps of sample preparation, i.e., extraction, concentration, derivatization and transfer to the chromatograph, are integrated in one step and in one device. This is accomplished by the intelligent combination of an immobilized extraction solvent (a polymer) with a special geometry (a fiber within a syringe). It was a challenge to test this novel principle in biomedical analysis. Thus, an introduction is provided to the theory of SPME in the present paper. A critical review of the first applications to biomedical analyses is presented in the main paragraph. The optimization of SPME as well as advantages and disadvantages are discussed. It is concluded that, because of some unique characteristics, SPME can be introduced with benefit into several areas of biomedical analysis. In particular, the application of headspace SPME-GC-MS in forensic toxicology and environmental medicine appears to be promising. However, it seems that SPME will not become a universal method. Thus, on-line SPE-LC coupling with column-switching technique may be a good alternative if an analytical problem cannot be sufficiently dealt with by SPME.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ulrich
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Olesen OV, Plougmann P, Linnet K. Determination of nortriptyline in human serum by fully automated solid-phase extraction and on-line high-performance liquid chromatography in the presence of antipsychotic drugs. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 746:233-9. [PMID: 11076076 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00332-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A fully automated on-line method for determination of nortriptyline in human serum was developed using an ASPEC XL (Gilson) solid-phase extraction apparatus in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography. Solid phase extraction was performed on cyanopropyl cartridges. HPLC was carried out using a C18 column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile-0.01 M triethylamine (34:66 v/v) buffer, pH 3.0. UV detection was at 242 nm. The Inter-day CV% was <5%. Comparison with liquid-liquid extraction of serum from patients treated with nortriptyline showed good agreement. Studies of analytical interference from coadministered psychoactive drugs revealed that only imipramine and a methotrimeprazine metabolite interfered.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Olesen
- Institute for Basic Research in Psychiatry, Department of Biological Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
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9
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Yoshida H, Hidaka K, Ishida J, Yoshikuni K, Nohta H, Yamaguchi M. Highly selective and sensitive determination of tricyclic antidepressants in human plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography with post-column tris(2,2′-bipyridyl) ruthenium(III) chemiluminescence detection. Anal Chim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)00788-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of a number of psychotropic medications has proven to be of value, enabling minimization of the limitations of considerable genetic variability in their metabolism and the high rates of poor compliance with many psychiatric disorders. Therapeutic ranges have been established for lithium, some of the tricyclic antidepressants, and clozapine. TDM has also been shown to be useful in avoiding toxicity (as many psychotropics have narrow therapeutic indices), particularly that due to interactions with other compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Mitchell
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Australia.
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11
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Theurillat R, Thormann W. Monitoring of tricyclic antidepressants in human serum and plasma by HPLC: characterization of a simple, laboratory developed method via external quality assessment. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1998; 18:751-60. [PMID: 9919978 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(98)00263-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of plasma and serum levels of amitriptyline (AMI), nortriptyline (NORT), imipramine (IMI), desipramine (DESI), clomipramine (CLOMI), and norclomipramine (NCLOMI) is described. The assay is based upon single step liquid/liquid extraction of these compounds using hexane at pH 11 (recovery between 92 and 105%), a Nova-Pack C-18 HPLC cartridge column, a mobile phase composed of a phosphate buffer with 50% (v/v) acetonitrile and about 0.2% (v/v) diethylamine (final pH: 8) and solute detection at 242 nm. Using 1 ml of plasma or serum and econazole as internal standard, drug levels between 20 and 400 ng ml(-1) (about 60-1450 nM) were found to provide linear calibration graphs. For drug concentrations in the range of 70-120 ng ml(-1) (about 240-430 nM), intraday and interday imprecisions (n = 5) were determined to be < 6.0, and < 15%, respectively. Data reported include those gathered over a 3-year period during which this assay was employed for therapeutic drug monitoring and clinical toxicology. The performance of the laboratory developed assay was assessed via analysis of monthly samples provided by an external quality control scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Theurillat
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Berne, Switzerland
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12
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Johansen K, Rasmussen KE. Automated on-line dialysis for sample preparation and HPLC analysis of antidepressant drugs in human plasma. Inhibition of interaction with the dialysis membrane. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1998; 16:1159-69. [PMID: 9571533 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(97)00167-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antidepressant drugs interact with the dialysis membrane and were selected as model substances to study inhibition of analyte-membrane interactions. A chemometric approach based on response surface modelling was used for screening and optimisation of dialysis recoveries. Optimal dialysis recoveries (52-65%) were obtained for the model compounds (mianserine, amitriptyline, nortriptyline, imipramine and desimipramine) when a cationic surfactant added to the donor solution of the dialyser was used to inhibit analyte-membrane interactions. Automated analysis of antidepressants in plasma was performed by connecting the ASTED (Automated Sequential Trace Enrichment of Dialysates) system to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The drugs were detected by ultraviolet detection and fluorescence detection after post-column photochemical reaction. Validation of the method showed linear standard curves for all the drugs in the concentration range 50-2000 nmol 1-1. Within-and between day relative standard deviations ranged from 1.1 to 5.7%.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Johansen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Norway
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13
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Optimum TLC system for identification of phenothiazines and tri- and tetracyclic antidepressants. Mikrochim Acta 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01246859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Pommier F, Sioufi A, Godbillon J. Simultaneous determination of imipramine and its metabolite desipramine in human plasma by capillary gas chromatography with mass-selective detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 703:147-58. [PMID: 9448071 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00400-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
An analytical method for the simultaneous determination of imipramine (IMI) and its N-desmethyl metabolite, desipramine (DIMI) in human plasma by capillary gas chromatography-mass selective detection (GC-MS), with D4-imipramine (D4-IMI) and D4-desipramine (D4-DIMI) as internal standards, was developed and validated. After addition of the internal standards, the compounds were extracted from plasma at basic pH into n-heptane-isoamyl alcohol (99:1, v/v), back-extracted into acidic aqueous solution and re-extracted at basic pH into toluene. Desipramine and D4-desipramine were converted into their pentafluoropropionyl derivatives. The compounds were determined by gas chromatography using a mass selective detector at m/z 234 for IMI, m/z 238 for D4-IMI, m/z 412 for DIMI and m/z 416 for D4-DIMI. The method was applied to clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pommier
- Novartis Pharma, Bioanalytics and Pharmacokinetics, Rueil Malmasion, France
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15
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Jourdil NH, Fontanille PD, Bessard GM. Concurrent Determination of Second-Generation Antidepressants in Plasma by Using Gas Chromatography with Nitrogen–Phosphorus Detection. Clin Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/43.11.2209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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16
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Liu J, Stewart JT. Quantitation of trimipramine enantiomers in human serum by enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography and mixed-mode disc solid-phase extraction. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 700:175-82. [PMID: 9390727 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00324-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and stereospecific method for the quantitation of trimipramine enantiomers in human serum was developed. The assay involves the use of a novel mixed-mode disc solid-phase extraction for serum sample clean-up prior to HPLC analysis and is also free of interference from the enantiomers of desmethyltrimipramine, 2-hydroxytrimipramine, and 2-hydroxydesmethyltrimipramine, the three major metabolites of trimipramine. Chromatographic resolution of trimipramine enantiomers was performed on a reversed-phase cellulose-based chiral column (Chiralcel OD-R) under isocratic conditions using a mobile phase consisting of 0.3 M aqueous sodium perchlorate-acetonitrile (58:42, v/v) at a flow-rate of 0.5 ml/min. Recoveries for R- and S-trimipramine enantiomers were in the range of 93-96% at 25-185 ng/ml levels. Intra-day and inter-day precisions calculated as R.S.D. were in the ranges of 0.30-8.00% and 1.60-10.20% for both enantiomers, respectively. Intra-day and inter-day accuracies calculated as percent error were in the 0.01-2.10% and 1.00-3.00% ranges for both enantiomers, respectively. Linear calibration curves were in the concentration range 15-250 ng/ml for each enantiomer in serum. The limit of quantification of each enantiomer was 15 ng/ml. The detection limit for each enantiomer in serum using a UV detector set at 210 nm was 10 ng/ml (S/N=2). In addition, separation of the enantiomers of desmethyltrimipramine, 2-hydroxytrimipramine, and 2-hydroxydesmethyltrimipramine were investigated. The desmethyltrimipramine enantiomers could be resolved on the Chiralcel OD-R column under the same chromatographic conditions as the trimipramine enantiomers, but the other two metabolite enantiomers required different mobile phases on the Chiralcel OD-R column to achieve satisfactory resolution with Rs values of 1.00.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602-2352, USA
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17
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Ulrich S, Martens J. Solid-phase microextraction with capillary gas-liquid chromatography and nitrogen-phosphorus selective detection for the assay of antidepressant drugs in human plasma. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 696:217-34. [PMID: 9323542 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00249-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was tested as a sample preparation for the simultaneous assay of ten antidepressant drugs and metabolites (TADs) in human plasma. Aqueous NaOH (0.5 ml, 1 M) and chloramitriptyline (50 microliters, 40 micrograms/ml) as internal standard (I.S.) were added to a 2-ml plasma sample. This mixture was extracted with a 100-micron polydimethylsiloxane SPME fiber (Supelco) for 10 min. After washing in water and methanol (50%) and subsequent drying at room temperature, desorption of the fiber was performed in the injection port of a gas chromatograph at 260 degrees C for 1 min (HP 5890, DB-17 30 m x 0.25 mm I.D., 0.25 micron capillary; 0.7 ml/min nitrogen; nitrogen-phosphorus selective detection). The recovery was found to be very low from plasma (0.3% to 0.8%) but considerably higher from water (about 15%). Therefore, the high protein binding of antidepressants appears to be the main limiting mechanism for a better extraction. However, the analytes were well separated and the calibrations were linear between 125 ng/ml and 2000 ng/ml. The limits of quantification were about 90 ng/ml for imipramine and desipramine, 125 ng/ml for amitriptyline, trimipramine, doxepine, nortriptyline and mianserine and about 200 ng/ml for maprotiline, clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine. The recovery was improved by increasing the extraction time. The influence of the concentrations of the sum of proteins and of alpha-acid glycoprotein on the peak-area ratios ATAD/A I.S. and on absolute peak areas was studied. Peak-area ratios increased with decreasing protein concentration but were found to be independent on alpha-acid glycoprotein. A simple model for the explanation of the effect is presented. Measures for the improvement of sensitivity are discussed. As presented in this paper, which first describes SPME for the analysis of drugs in plasma, SPME with a short extraction time can be of only very limited value for therapeutic drug monitoring. Lower concentrations than the limit of quantification are usually found at therapeutic doses. The method can be useful for toxicological analysis after the accidental or suicidal intake of higher doses. However, an about 10-fold improvement of the sensitivity of the method seems to be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ulrich
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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Rotzinger S, Todd KG, Bourin M, Coutts RT, Baker GB. A rapid electron-capture gas chromatographic method for the quantification of fluvoxamine in brain tissue. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 1997; 37:129-33. [PMID: 9253748 DOI: 10.1016/s1056-8719(97)00008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Rotzinger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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19
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Ulrich S, Isensee T, Pester U. Simultaneous determination of amitriptyline, nortriptyline and four hydroxylated metabolites in serum by capillary gas-liquid chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus-selective detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1996; 685:81-9. [PMID: 8930756 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(96)00156-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A method for the simultaneous quantification of the antidepressant drug amitriptyline, its demethylated metabolite nortriptyline and four hydroxy metabolites (E-10-hydroxyamitriptyline, Z-10-hydroxyamitriptyline, E-10-hydroxynortriptyline, Z-10-hydroxynortriptyline) in human serum or plasma has been developed. The method is based on a three-step liquid-liquid extraction followed by gas-liquid chromatography (split-splitless injection, HP-5, 25 m x 0.2 mm I.D., 0.33 microns capillary) with nitrogen-phosphorus-selective detection (GLC-NPD). The limits of detection are 1.5 ng/ml for amitriptyline, nortriptyline, E-10-hydroxyamitriptyline and Z-10-hydroxyamitriptyline and 3 ng/ml for E-10-hydroxynortiptyline and Z-10-hydroxynortriptyline. The within-day and between-day precision is between 6 and 15% at three concentrations (low, moderate and high) for amitriptyline, nortriptyline and E-10-hydroxy metabolites. At low concentrations of 10 ng/ml, the precision of the assay of the Z-10-hydroxy metabolites has been found to be up to 19%. Accuracy is between 91 and 115% for all analytes. The performance of the assay of the hydroxy metabolites is mainly determined by the cleanness and the deactivation of the quartz insert of the injector port. Therefore, every day a freshly cleaned and deactivated insert was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ulrich
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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20
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Constanzer M, Chavez C, Matuszewski B. Development and comparison of high-performance liquid chromatographic methods with tandem mass spectrometric and ultraviolet absorbance detection for the determination of cyclobenzaprine in human plasma and urine. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1995; 666:117-26. [PMID: 7655609 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(94)00556-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive assays for the determination of cyclobenzaprine (I) in human plasma and urine were developed utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with tandem mass spectrometric (MS-MS) and ultraviolet (UV) absorbance detections. These two analytical techniques were evaluated for reliability and sensitivity, and applied to support pharmacokinetic studies. Both methods employed a liquid-liquid extraction of the compound from basified biological sample. The organic extract was evaporated to dryness, the residue was reconstituted in the mobile phase and injected onto the HPLC system. The HPLC assay with MS-MS detection was performed on a PE Sciex API III tandem mass spectrometer using the heated nebulizer interface. Multiple reaction monitoring using the parent-->daughter ion combinations of m/z 276 --> 215 and 296 --> 208 was used to quantitate I an internal standard (II), respectively. The HPLC-MS-MS and HPLC-UV assays were validated in human plasma in the concentration range 0.1-50 ng/ml and 0.5-50 ng/ml, respectively. In urine, both methods were validated in the concentration range 10-1000 ng/ml. The precision of the assays, as expressed as coefficients of variation (C.V.) was less than 10% over the entire concentration range, with adequate assay specificity and accuracy. In addition to better sensitivity, the HPLC-MS-MS assay was more efficient and allowed analysis of more biological fluid samples in a single working day than the HPLC-UV method.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Constanzer
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
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22
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Elm T, Hansen EL. Simultaneous determination of lofepramine and desipramine by a high-performance liquid chromatographic method used for therapeutic drug monitoring. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1995; 665:355-61. [PMID: 7795815 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(94)00540-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A simple reversed-phase HPLC method with ultraviolet detection for the simultaneous measurement of lofepramine and desipramine is described. Only a single alkaline extraction was used, with clomipramine as internal standard. The column used was a Supelco PCN column, and the mobile phase was acetonitrile-methanol-0.015 M phosphate buffer (120:35:100, v/v). The average recoveries were 78.8% for desipramine and 103.8% for lofepramine, and limits of quantitation were 25 and 5 nmol/l, respectively. The inter-assay C.V.s for lofepramine and desipramine were 6.0 and 7.6%, respectively. The method is specific and has excellent accuracy, and has been used for therapeutic drug monitoring of patients with depressions treated with lofepramine. Mean steady-state plasma concentrations found for lofepramine and desipramine were 8.5 +/- 6.1 and 123.6 +/- 120.6 nmol/l, respectively. It is concluded that lofepramine in itself has an antidepressive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Elm
- Kolonien Filadelfia, Laboratory, Dianalund, Denmark
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Wong SH, Kranzler HR, DellaFera S, Fernandes R. Determination of fluvoxamine concentration in plasma by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Biomed Chromatogr 1994; 8:278-82. [PMID: 7888729 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1130080605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Fluvoxamine, a serotonin re-uptake inhibitor, was quantified in plasma by modifying a previously published procedure for monitoring plasma concentrations of tricyclic antidepressants. Alkalinized plasma samples were extracted with n-hexane/isoamyl alcohol, followed by back-extraction with diluted phosphoric acid. The extracts were analysed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography using a C-18 column, with phosphate/acetonitrile as the mobile phase. The assay was linear from 10 to 800 micrograms/L. Precision studies showed within-run and day-to-day coefficients of variation to be 4.5 and 6.8%, respectively. Desipramine interfered with the detection of fluvoxamine. The assay was used to measure a total of 8 plasma samples from 4 alcohol-dependent patients medicated with fluvoxamine as an adjunct to relapse prevention psychotherapy. In these patients, the plasma concentrations ranged from 54 to 241 micrograms/L. Dosage of fluvoxamine, duration of treatment, interval between last dosage and blood collection were associated with effects on plasma concentrations that were consistent with the pharmacokinetic profile of fluvoxamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Wong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington
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24
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Berger TA, Wilson WH. Separation of drugs by packed column supercritical fluid chromatography. 2. Antidepressants. J Pharm Sci 1994; 83:287-90. [PMID: 8207669 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600830305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Antidepressants can be rapidly and efficiently separated by packed-column supercritical fluid chromatography with a tertiary mobile phase. Ten antidepressants were nearly baseline resolved in < 6 min without programming. Calculated detection limits with a 5-microL injection volume were as low as 88 ppb. The effects of temperature, pressure, and modifier concentration on retention and selectivity were studied. Changing modifier concentration caused significant changes in selectivity. Several relationships between solute structure and selectivity changes were noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Berger
- Hewlett Packard Company, Wilmington, DE 19808
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25
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Olesen OV, Poulsen B. On-line fully automated determination of clozapine and desmethylclozapine in human serum by solid-phase extraction on exchangeable cartridges and liquid chromatography using a methanol buffer mobile phase on unmodified silica. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1993; 622:39-46. [PMID: 8120111 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(93)80247-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A fully automated method for determination of clozapine and desmethylclozapine in human serum using high-performance liquid chromatography was developed. On-line solid-phase extraction was performed on an exchangeable cyanopropyl cartridge. The analytes were eluted with a methanol-ammonium acetate buffer mobile phase, separated on a silica column, and measured by ultraviolet detection at 261 nm. The total time for one analysis was 13 min. Inter-day variation was < 6% and < 8% for clozapine and desmethylclozapine, respectively. Detector response was linear in the range of 30-300 ng/ml. Comparison with liquid-liquid extraction showed good agreement. The patients had clozapine serum concentrations in the range 40-1500 ng/ml. Desmethylclozapine concentrations were 25% lower and closely related.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Olesen
- Department of Biological Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
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26
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McIntyre IM, King CV, Skafidis S, Drummer OH. Dual ultraviolet wavelength high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the forensic or clinical analysis of seventeen antidepressants and some selected metabolites. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1993; 621:215-23. [PMID: 8294543 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(93)80098-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive method suitable for the determination of tricyclic and other antidepressants in postmortem and clinical specimens is presented. The procedure, which utilizes reversed-phase HPLC combined with dual ultraviolet wavelength detection, enables the separation of 17 commonly prescribed antidepressants and some selected metabolites in a single extraction. Peak purity was confirmed using absorbance ratios at 220 nm and 254 nm wavelengths and revealed little interference from other eluting analytes. The blood detection limit for most antidepressants was 50 ng/ml. The most commonly observed antidepressants in 281 forensic cases analysed over a two-year period with the described method were dothiepin, amitriptyline, nortriptyline and doxepin.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M McIntyre
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Pathology, Monash University, South Melbourne, Australia
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27
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Gupta RN. An Improved Solid Phase Extraction Procedure for the Determination of Antidepressants in Serum by Column Liquid Chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079308019610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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28
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Buzinkaiová T, Sádecká J, Polonský J, Vlašičová E, Kořínková V. Isotachophoretic analysis of some antidepressants. J Chromatogr A 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)83432-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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29
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Coudore F, Ardid D, Eschalier A, Lavarenne J, Fialip J. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of amitriptyline and its main metabolites using a silica column with reversed-phase eluent. Application in mice. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1992; 584:249-55. [PMID: 1484109 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(92)80582-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A method was developed for the assay of amitriptyline, amitriptyline N-oxide, nortriptyline, desmethylnortriptyline and E (trans) and Z (cis) isomers of 10-hydroxyamitriptyline and of 10-hydroxynortriptyline in plasma and brain of animals, using high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (254 nm). Single extraction was performed at pH 10.5 from 0.25 ml of plasma or 1 ml of brain mixture. Chromatographic separations were achieved with a silica column and an aqueous methanol mobile phase containing ammonia. This procedure offers high sensitivity (8-10 ng/ml), high linearity (r > 0.99) and acceptable precision (coefficient of variation < or = 13.3%). The method was used to determine levels of amitriptyline and its major metabolites in mice 30 min after a single intraperitoneal administration of amitriptyline (20 mg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- F Coudore
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Médicale, INSERM U195, Faculté de Médecine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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