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Khatape AB, Dastager SG, Rangaswamy V. An overview of erythritol production by yeast strains. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2022; 369:6819949. [PMID: 36354105 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnac107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythritol is a 4-carbon polyol produced with the aid of microbes in presence of hyper-osmotic stress. It is the most effective sugar alcohol that is produced predominantly by fermentation. In comparison to various polyols, it has many precise functions and is used as a flavor enhancer, sequestrant, humectant, nutritive sweetener, stabilizer, formulation aid, thickener, and a texturizer. Erythritol production is a common trait in a number of the yeast genera viz., Trigonopsis, Candida, Pichia, Moniliella, Yarrowia, Pseudozyma, Trichosporonoides, Aureobasidium, and Trichoderma. Extensive work has been carried out on the biological production of erythritol through Yarrowia, Moniliella, Candida, and other yeast strains, and numerous strategies used to improve erythritol productivity through mutagenesis and genetic engineering are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil B Khatape
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad- 201002, India.,NCIM-Resource Center, Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune-411008, India.,High Value Chemicals group, Reliance Industries Limited, Ghansoli, Navi Mumbai 400701, India
| | - Syed G Dastager
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad- 201002, India.,NCIM-Resource Center, Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune-411008, India
| | - Vidhya Rangaswamy
- High Value Chemicals group, Reliance Industries Limited, Ghansoli, Navi Mumbai 400701, India
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2
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Li W, Chen M, Ge X, Gu C, Yu W, Nie D. Validation of a sensitive high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric method for measuring carbohydrates in aerosol samples. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1619:460941. [PMID: 32044124 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates (such as levoglucosan) are a class of important water-soluble organic compounds in atmosphere. In this study, a high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was applied to characterize carbohydrates in aerosol particles. Since carbohydrate was a kind of compound with low response in mass spectrometry, the conventional HPLC-MS/MS method was not sensitive enough to determine it. When acetate acid was added into mobile phase as buffer, the transition of [M+CH3COO]-→[M-H]- could be selected as the quantification ions. In the range from 1.0 μg L-1 to 20 μg mL-1, the coefficients of regression (r2) were more than 0.990, and relative standard deviations (RSD) for replicated injections were lower than 2%. The limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were lower than 2.5 ng L-1 and 10 ng L-1, respectively. The precision and accuracy were examined by spiked samples at three different concentration levels (10 μg L-1, 100 μg L-1, and 500 μg L-1) in five replicates. Recovery ratios ranged from 85% to 115% with RSD lower than 16%. Matrix effects of different carbohydrates ranged from 62% to 120%. The most sensitive HPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated to analyze 40 aerosol samples successfully. The carbohydrates including three sugar alcohols (threitol, arabitol and sorbitol), one monosaccharide sugar (inositol), two disaccharides (sucrose, trehalose), one anhydrosugar (levoglucosan) and one 2-methyltetrols (2-Methylbutane-1,2,3,4-tretraol) were successfully quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology; Jiangsu key laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Mindong Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology; Jiangsu key laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Xinlei Ge
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology; Jiangsu key laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Chuanxin Gu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology; Jiangsu key laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Wentao Yu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology; Jiangsu key laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Dongyang Nie
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology; Jiangsu key laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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3
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Carly F, Fickers P. Erythritol production by yeasts: a snapshot of current knowledge. Yeast 2018; 35:455-463. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.3306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Carly
- Unité de Biotechnologies et Bioprocédés; Université Libre de Bruxelles; Belgium
| | - Patrick Fickers
- Microbial Processes and Interactions, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre; University of Liège - Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; Belgium
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Erythritol is a pentose-phosphate pathway metabolite and associated with adiposity gain in young adults. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E4233-E4240. [PMID: 28484010 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620079114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolomic markers associated with incident central adiposity gain were investigated in young adults. In a 9-mo prospective study of university freshmen (n = 264). Blood samples and anthropometry measurements were collected in the first 3 d on campus and at the end of the year. Plasma from individuals was pooled by phenotype [incident central adiposity, stable adiposity, baseline hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) > 5.05%, HbA1c < 4.92%] and assayed using GC-MS, chromatograms were analyzed using MetaboliteDetector software, and normalized metabolite levels were compared using Welch's t test. Assays were repeated using freshly prepared pools, and statistically significant metabolites were quantified in a targeted GC-MS approach. Isotope tracer studies were performed to determine if the potential marker was an endogenous human metabolite in men and in whole blood. Participants with incident central adiposity gain had statistically significantly higher blood erythritol [P < 0.001, false discovery rate (FDR) = 0.0435], and the targeted assay revealed 15-fold [95% confidence interval (CI): 13.27, 16.25] higher blood erythritol compared with participants with stable adiposity. Participants with baseline HbA1c > 5.05% had 21-fold (95% CI: 19.84, 21.41) higher blood erythritol compared with participants with lower HbA1c (P < 0.001, FDR = 0.00016). Erythritol was shown to be synthesized endogenously from glucose via the pentose-phosphate pathway (PPP) in stable isotope-assisted ex vivo blood incubation experiments and through in vivo conversion of erythritol to erythronate in stable isotope-assisted dried blood spot experiments. Therefore, endogenous production of erythritol from glucose may contribute to the association between erythritol and obesity observed in young adults.
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Ricochon G, Paris C, Girardin M, Muniglia L. Highly sensitive, quick and simple quantification method for mono and disaccharides in aqueous media using liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization–mass spectrometry (LC–APCI–MS). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:1529-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bril V, Hirose T, Tomioka S, Buchanan R. Ranirestat for the management of diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy. Diabetes Care 2009; 32:1256-60. [PMID: 19366965 PMCID: PMC2699746 DOI: 10.2337/dc08-2110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aldose reductase inhibitors (ARIs) are potential disease modifiers for diabetes complications. We aimed to determine whether ranirestat, an ARI, could slow or reverse the course of diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DSP). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 549 patients with DSP were randomly assigned to treatment with placebo or 10, 20, or 40 mg/day ranirestat for 52 weeks in this multicenter, double-blind study. Efficacy was evaluated by nerve conduction studies, the modified Toronto Clinical Neuropathy Score (mTCNS), and quantitative sensory tests (QSTs). RESULTS At week 52, the summed sensory (bilateral sural plus proximal median sensory) nerve conduction velocity (NCV) did not show significant changes from baseline (2.0 m/s for placebo compared with 3.2-3.8 m/s for ranirestat). Significant improvement in the summed motor (peroneal, tibial, and median) NCV was observed with 20 and 40 mg/day ranirestat treatment at week 12 (P <or= 0.05) and at weeks 24 and 36 and in peroneal motor NCV at weeks 36 and 52 (P <or= 0.05) for the 20 mg/day ranirestat group. The mTCNS and QST results did not differ among the groups during the study. Ranirestat was well tolerated with no pertinent differences in drug-related adverse events or in effects on clinical laboratory parameters, vital signs, or electrocardiograms among the four groups. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with ranirestat appears to have an effect on motor nerve function in mild to moderate DSP, but the results of this study failed to show a statistically significant difference in sensory nerve function relative to placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Bril
- University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Onorato JM, Langish RA, Shipkova PA, Sanders M, Wang J, Kwagh J, Dutta S. A novel method for the determination of 1,5-anhydroglucitol, a glycemic marker, in human urine utilizing hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography/MS(3). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 873:144-50. [PMID: 18760978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Revised: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plasma levels of 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1-deoxyglucose), a short-term marker of glycemic control, have been measured and used clinically in Japan since the early 1990s. Plasma levels of 1,5-anhydroglucitol are typically measured using either a commercially available enzymatic kit or GC/MS. A more sensitive method is needed for the analysis of 1,5-anhydroglucitol in urine, where levels are significantly lower than in plasma. We have developed a sensitive and selective LC/MS(3) assay utilizing hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and ion trap mass spectrometry for the quantitative determination of 1,5-anhydroglucitol in human urine. Diluted human urine samples were analyzed by LC/MS(3) using an APCI source operated in the negative ionization mode. Use of an ion trap allowed monitoring of MS(3) transitions for both 1,5-anhydroglucitol and the internal standard which provided sufficient selectivity and sensitivity for analysis from 50 microL of human urine. Quantitation of 1,5-anhydroglucitol levels in urine was accomplished using a calibration curve generated in water (calibration range 50 ng/mL to 10 microg/mL). Method ruggedness and reproducibility were evaluated by determining the intra- and inter-day accuracies and precision of the assay, as well as the bench-top and freeze-thaw stability. For both inter- and intra-assay evaluations, the accuracy of the assay was found to be acceptable, with the concentrations of all QCs tested not deviating more than 8% from theoretical. Four-hour bench-top and freeze-thaw stabilities were also evaluated; 1,5-anhydroglucitol was found to be stable at room temperature (<18% deviation from theoretical) and during 3 freeze-thaw cycles (<1% deviation from theoretical, except at the lowest QC level). The LC/MS(3) assay was then used to successfully determine the concentration of 1,5-AG in more than 200 urine samples from diabetic patients enrolled in a clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelle M Onorato
- Bioanalytical and Discovery Analytical Science, Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, NJ 08543, United States.
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Tsivgoulis GM, Lala MA, Ioannou PV. Preparation of dl-2,3,4-trihydroxybutylarsonic acid and dl-2,3-dihydroxybutane-1,4-bis(arsonic acid): starting compounds for novel arsonolipids. Chem Phys Lipids 2007; 148:97-104. [PMID: 17555735 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2007.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2007] [Revised: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 04/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of DL-1,3-butadiene diepoxide and of DL-1,4-dibromo-2,3-butanediol with aqueous alkaline sodium arsenite, "Na(3)AsO(3)", gave mixtures of the title arsonic acids which can be separated by anion exchange resin. Characterization of by-products leads to a better understanding of these reactions. These compounds are valuable intermediates for the preparation of novel arsonic acids and bis(arsonic acids).
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Nguyen TM, Rodriguez LM, Mason KJ, Heptulla RA. Serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol (Glycomark) levels in children with and without type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatr Diabetes 2007; 8:214-9. [PMID: 17659063 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2007.00228.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Postprandial hyperglycemia associated with diabetes is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Currently, glycated hemoglobin A(1c) (HgbA(1c)) and glycated protein fructosamine are not sensitive markers for acute and short-term hyperglycemia. 1,5-Anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) (Glycomark; Tomen America, New York, NY, USA) is reported in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as a marker for postmeal hyperglycemia. However, the reference ranges for 1,5-AG in normal children and children with T1DM are not known. We studied 1,5-AG levels in 10 control children (6 males and 4 females) and 10 children with T1DM (7 males and 3 females). The levels of 1,5-AG in the normal controls were higher than those in children with T1DM (24.60 +/- 3.99 microg/mL vs. 4.75 +/- 2.95 microg/mL; p < 0.0001). There were no gender differences noted. The 1,5-AG levels were negatively correlated with HgbA(1c) (r =-0.9366; p < 0.0001) and the peak postmeal plasma glucose concentrations (Pearson r =-7230; p = 0.0003). Our findings suggest that despite good glycemic control, postprandial glucose concentrations are elevated and that 1,5-AG showed a difference between controls and children with T1DM. The data are comparable with previous studies in normal adults and in those with T1DM and T2DM. They support the use of 1,5-AG concentrations, together with HgbA(1c), to evaluate therapy, especially to target postprandial hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh M Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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10
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Rogatsky E, Tomuta V, Stein DT. LC/MS quantitative study of glucose by iodine attachment. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 591:155-60. [PMID: 17481402 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Revised: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 04/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We explored the potential of iodine attachment to improve the sensitivity of glucose measurement by LC/MS. After sample preparation, glucose was separated by normal phase chromatography, followed by anionization by I(-)-attachment prior to MS by post-column addition of a methanolic solution of iodoform. Iodine is capable of forming an anionic adduct with neutral monosaccharides in negative ion mode electrospray mass spectrometry. Quasi-molecular ions [M+I]- of glucose, and [6,6-(2)H2]glucose (abbreviated d2-glucose) internal standard were quantitated in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Iodine attachment LC/MS analysis provided high sensitivity, superior to GC/MS. It greatly simplified sample preparation and increased throughput. The advantages of iodine attachment can be realized even on old mass spectrometers. A LOD of 50 pg glucose on column was achieved. Due to iodine's predisposition to sublimate, the iodoform concentration must be minimized, which adds complexity to method development. To optimize reagent concentration we developed an efficient and flexible gradient-based delivery platform. Strategy for method development with iodoform is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Rogatsky
- Analytical Core Laboratory, General Clinical Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, United States.
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Wan ECH, Yu JZ. Analysis of sugars and sugar polyols in atmospheric aerosols by chloride attachment in liquid chromatography/negative ion electrospray mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2007; 41:2459-66. [PMID: 17438800 DOI: 10.1021/es062390g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Sugars and sugar polyols are relatively abundant groups of water-soluble constituents in atmospheric aerosols. This paper describes a method that uses liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to analyze sugars and sugar polyols in atmospheric aerosols, ranging from C3 sugar alcohols to trisaccharides. Postcolumn addition of chloroform in acetonitrile was found to greatly enhance ionization of these compounds by forming chloride adduct ions in the negative-ion mode using electrospray ionization. A gradient elution program starting at 5%:95% H20/acetonitrile and ending at 30%:70% H2O/acetonitrile provides baseline separations of the sugars and sugar polyols on an amino-based carbohydrate column. The detection limits based on quantification of [M + 35Cl]- adduct ions were in the order of 0.1 microM. By eliminating the need for derivatization, this LC-MS based method provides a simpler alternative method to the commonly used and more laborious gas-chromatography based methods. It also has an additional advantage of being able to quantify trisaccharide sugars. The method was applied to analyze 30 ambient samples of fine particulate matter collected at a site away from urban centers in Hong Kong. The sugar compounds positively identified and detected in the ambient samples included four sugar alcohols (glycerol, erythritol, xylitol, and mannitol), three monosacchride sugars (xylose, fructose, and glucose), two disaccharides (sucrose, trehalose), two trisaccharides (melezitose, raffinose), and one anhydrosugar (levoglucosan). The sum of these sugar and sugar polyol compounds ranged from 38 to 1316 ng m(-3), accounting for an average of 1.3% organic carbon mass. Through the use of a principal component analysis of the ambient measurements, the mono- to trisactharide sugars and C3-C5 sugar polyols were identified to be mainly associated with soil/soil microbiota while the anhydrosugar (levoglucosan) was associated with biomass burning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C H Wan
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Wan ECH, Yu JZ. Determination of sugar compounds in atmospheric aerosols by liquid chromatography combined with positive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1107:175-81. [PMID: 16405980 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Revised: 12/15/2005] [Accepted: 12/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We here report a method for the determination of sugar compounds of known presence in atmospheric aerosols using liquid chromatography (LC) combined with positive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (MS). The target analytes include C(3)-C(6) monosaccharide alcohols (glycerol, erythritol, xylitol, mannitol), C(5)-C(6) monosaccharides (xylose, glucose, and levoglucosan), a disaccharide (sucrose), and a trisaccharide (melezitose). A mobile phase consisting of 20% 10 mM aqueous ammonium acetate, 8% methanol, and 72% water was found to provide abundant [M+NH(4)](+) adduct ions when coupled with electrospray ionization. Use of a polymer-based amino analytical column resolved the target compounds from the bulk solvent and provided limited separation among the target compounds. The target analytes were quantified using their [M+NH(4)](+) ions. Sample pretreatment was greatly simplified in comparison with the more commonly used gas chromatographic methods. It involved extraction of aerosol filters in methanol, evaporation of the solvent, and reconstitution with 5 mM ammonium acetate in water prior to the LC-MS analysis. The analyte recoveries were measured at the levels of 100, 500 and 1000 microg/L to be in the range of 78-102%, 94-112%, and 92-110%, respectively. The detection limits were lower than 10 pmol/injection for the tested target compounds except for xylose. Xylose had a detection limit of 95 pmol/injection. The method was applied to analyze 30 atmospheric aerosol samples to demonstrate its feasibility. The LC-MS method made possible the detection of trisaccharides as aerosol constituents for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Chun Hong Wan
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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13
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Park YC, Lee DY, Lee DH, Kim HJ, Ryu YW, Seo JH. Proteomics and physiology of erythritol-producing strains. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 815:251-60. [PMID: 15652814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2004] [Accepted: 10/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In-depth knowledge bases on physiological properties of microbes are required to design a better microbial system at a gene level and to develop an industrially viable process in an optimized scheme. Proteomic analyses of industrially useful microorganisms are particularly important for achieving such objectives. In this review, industrial application of erythritol in food and pharmaceutical areas and proteomic techniques for erythritol-producing microbes were presented. Proteomic technologies for erythritol-producing strains such as Candida magnoliae contained protein or peptide sample preparation for two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, analysis of proteome with matrix assisted laser desorption-ionization/time-of-flight mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization/tandem mass spectrometry and similarity searching algorithms. The proteomic information was applied to predict the carbon metabolism of erythritol-synthesizing microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Cheol Park
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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14
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Liang HR, Takagaki T, Foltz RL, Bennett P. Quantitative determination of endogenous sorbitol and fructose in human nerve tissues by atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:2284-94. [PMID: 16034846 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Attachment of anions to sorbitol and fructose has been shown to enhance sensitivity in both electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization (APCI) mass spectrometry. The post-column addition of CHCl3 produced Cl-adducts of sorbitol and fructose but their signals were suppressed due to the elevated background. Different chlorinated compounds and different additive methods were systematically investigated to form more abundant Cl-adduct precursor ions and deprotonated product ions. The major causes of the high background were explored and effective methods were developed to improve the signal-to-noise ratios and reproducibility. The compositions of mobile phase, percentages of organic modifiers (MeCN, MeOH and water), columns, oven temperature, flow rates and different gradients were investigated to separate sorbitol from fructose along with their isomers including glucose, galactose, mannose, sorbose, mannitol, and dulcitol. The optimized separation was achieved on a Luna 5 mu NH2 100A column (150 x 4.6 mm) using a mobile phase containing MeCN with 0.1% of CH2Cl2 and 50% MeOH in water at a flow rate of 800 microL/min and an oven temperature of 40 degrees C using a gradient liquid chromatography (LC) system. Human nerve tissue samples were extracted by protein precipitation followed by mixed-mode solid-phase extraction. The LC/ESI-MS/MS method produced higher peak intensities than LC/APCI-MS/MS. However, there were matrix effects from extracted tissues in LC/ESI-MS/MS but not in LC/APCI-MS/MS. Consequently, APCI proved to be the more effective method of ionization. Then the LC/APCI-MS/MS method was fully validated and successfully applied to analysis of clinical samples. The concentrations of endogenous sorbitol and fructose were determined using calibration curves employing sorbitol-13C6 and fructose-13C6 as surrogate analytes. The method has provided excellent intra- and inter-assay precision and accuracy with linear ranges of 0.2-80 ng/mg for sorbitol and 1-400 ng/mg for fructose in human nerve tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Liang
- Tandem Labs, A Division of NWT Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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Bril V, Buchanan RA. Aldose reductase inhibition by AS-3201 in sural nerve from patients with diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy. Diabetes Care 2004; 27:2369-75. [PMID: 15451902 DOI: 10.2337/diacare.27.10.2369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The primary purpose of this investigation was to determine whether AS-3201, a new aldose reductase inhibitor, penetrates the sural nerve and inhibits sorbitol and fructose accumulation in patients with diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DSP). An additional aim was to determine whether any changes in nerve function would manifest with AS-3201 therapy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Patients with mild to moderate DSP based on nerve conduction studies were randomized into one of three treatment groups in a double-blind fashion: placebo or AS-3201 at 5 or 20 mg/day. After 12 weeks of administration, the sural nerve was biopsied for measurement of sorbitol, fructose, and AS-3201. RESULTS At baseline, no important clinical, electrophysiological, or laboratory differences were found between the three groups. The nerve sorbitol concentration of 3.14 x 10(-2) nmol/mg wet nerve in patients in the placebo group was inhibited by 65 and 84% in patients on AS-3201 at 5 and 20 mg/day, respectively (P < 0.001). Fructose levels were similarly inhibited. Sensory nerve conduction velocities improved by > or = 1 m/s (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS AS-3201 penetrates the sural nerve and inhibits sorbitol accumulation in patients with DSP. Additional studies are needed to confirm the electrophysiological suggestion that AS-3201 delays progression or leads to regression of DSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Bril
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Yoshida N, Uchida E, Katsuragi T, Tani Y. A novel NAD-dependent dehydrogenase, highly specific for 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol, from Trichoderma longibrachiatum strain 11-3. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:2603-7. [PMID: 12732527 PMCID: PMC154545 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.5.2603-2607.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel NAD-dependent dehydrogenase highly specific for 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol (1,5-AG) was found in the cell extract of an imperfect fungus, Trichoderma longibrachiatum strain 11-3. This fungus used 1,5-AG as a sole carbon source for growth and transformed 1,5-AG into glucose. 1,5-AG dehydrogenase (AGH) was purified to homogeneity, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The molecular mass of the purified enzyme was estimated to be 36 and 141 kDa by SDS-PAGE and by gel filtration, respectively, suggesting that the enzyme was homotetrameric. The enzyme was highly specific for 1,5-AG and did not exhibit activity with any sugar or sugar alcohol tested in this study other than 1,5-AG. A linear relationship between the initial rate of the enzyme reaction and the concentration of 1,5-AG at the physiological level was observed. The presence of glucose in abundance did not interfere with the relationship. The optimum temperature for the enzyme reaction was 50 degrees C, and the enzyme was stable at temperatures up to 70 degrees C. These results suggested that AGH is a novel enzyme and is useful for specifically diagnosing diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Yoshida
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
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17
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Abstract
This review focuses on biological and biomedical mass spectrometry, and covers a selection of publications in this area included in the MEDLINE database for the period 1987-2001. Over the last 15 years, biological and biomedical mass spectrometry has progressed out of all recognition. The development of soft ionization methods, such as electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization, has mainly contributed to the remarkable progress, because they can easily produce gas-phase ions of large, polar, and thermally labile biomolecules, such as proteins, peptides, nucleic acids and others. The innovations of ionization methods have led to remarkable progress in mass spectrometric technology and in biochemistry, biotechnology and molecular biology research. In addition, mass spectrometry is one of the powerful and effective technologies for drug discovery and development. It is applicable to studies on structural determination, drug metabolism, including pharmacokinetics and toxicokinetics, and de novo drug discovery by applying post-genomic approarches. In the present review, the innovative soft ionization methods are first discussed along with their features. Also, the characteristics of the mass spectrometers which are active in the biological and biomedical research fields are also described. In addition, examples of the applications of biological and biomedical mass spectrometry are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nariyasu Mano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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Horimoto S, Mayumi T, Aoe K, Nishimura N, Sato T. Analysis of beta-lactam antibiotics by high performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry using bromoform. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 30:1093-102. [PMID: 12408900 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00402-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The novel identification method for a heat-unstable antibiotic, FC/TA-891 and its active metabolite (FCE22101) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI-MS) employing bromoform as an ionization acceleration solvent, was applied to eight penicillins and 13 cephalosporins which are groups of beta-lactam antibiotics. The conditions of HPLC-APCI-MS were examined with ampicillin. Bromoform or chloroform was added to the mobile phase in HPLC to compare the difference between bromine and chlorine adducted ions. For all penicillins except sulbenicillin, both chlorine adducted and bromine adducted ions were observed with a flow injection method. The results indicated that the relative sensitivity ratios of bromine adducted ions to [M-H](-) were higher than those of chlorine adducted ions. These bromine adduct ions could be clearly distinguished from other ions due to its isotopical ratio (1:1), leading to an easy identification of the compounds. For 13 cephalosporins, bromine adducted ions were detected in nine compounds, and chlorine adducted ions were detected in four compounds. The separation of four antibiotics was investigated with an HPLC column to apply this technique to the actual analysis. The capability was equal as in the flow injection method and it found that this technique, i.e. APCI-MS with bromoform could be applicable in the separation analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Horimoto
- Analytical Research Laboratory, Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd., 16-89, Kashima 3-chome, Yodogawa-ku, 532-8505, Osaka, Japan.
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Identification of FC/TA-891 and its metabolite, FCE22101 by high performance liquid chromatography — Atmospheric pressure chemical lonization mass spectrometry using bromoform. Chromatographia 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02490999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Suzuki T, Nakamura T, Yamada M, Ide H, Kanaori K, Tajima K, Morii T, Makino K. Isolation and characterization of diazoate intermediate upon nitrous acid and nitric oxide treatment of 2'-deoxycytidine. Biochemistry 1999; 38:7151-8. [PMID: 10353825 DOI: 10.1021/bi982803t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The intermediate produced from dCyd by HNO2 and NO treatments was isolated and characterized. When 10 mM dCyd was treated with 100 mM NaNO2 in 1.0 M acetate buffer (pH 3.7) at 37 degrees C, a previously unidentified product was formed. By spectrometric measurements, the product was identified as a diazoate derivative of dCyd, 1-(beta-D-2'-deoxyribofuranosyl)-2-oxopyrimidine-4-diazoate. The time course of the concentration change of the diazoate showed a profile characteristic of a reaction intermediate, and the maximum yield was 37 microM at the reaction time of 25 min. Up to the reaction time of 10 min, the diazoate concentration was greater than that of dUrd, a deamination product of dCyd. Addition of thiocyanate increased the yield of the diazoate in HNO2 treatment, whereas addition of ascorbate decreased the yield. When 10 mM dCyd in 100 mM phosphate buffer was treated with NO at 37 degrees C under aerobic conditions holding the pH (7.2-7.6), the diazoate was also generated. The yield of the diazoate was higher than that of dUrd up to 15 mmol of NO absorption. At pH 3.7 and 37 degrees C, the diazoate was converted to dUrd with the first-order rate constant k = 4.8 x 10(-)4 s-1 (t1/2 = 24 min). Under physiological conditions (pH 7.4, 37 degrees C), however, it was fairly stable (k = 5.8 x 10(-)7 s-1, t1/2 = 330 h). In both cases, the diazoate was converted to dUrd exclusively and no other intermediates were detected by HPLC analysis. Uracil-DNA glycosylase did not remove the diazoate residue from an oligodeoxynucleotide containing this damage, [d(T6DT5), D = the diazoate]. The Tm value of a duplex containing the diazoate, d(T6DT5).d(A5GA6), was much lower than that of a duplex containing a correct C:G base pair, d(T6CT5).d(A5GA6). These results show that the diazoate is generated as a stable intermediate in the reactions of dCyd with HNO2 and NO and that the major product is the diazoate but not dUrd in the initial stage of the reactions. Thus, once formed in vivo, the diazoate persists for long time in DNA and may act as a major cytotoxic and/or genotoxic lesion with biologically relevant doses of HNO2 and NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Suzuki
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
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21
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Munro IC, Berndt WO, Borzelleca JF, Flamm G, Lynch BS, Kennepohl E, Bär EA, Modderman J, Bernt WO. Erythritol: an interpretive summary of biochemical, metabolic, toxicological and clinical data. Food Chem Toxicol 1998; 36:1139-74. [PMID: 9862657 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(98)00091-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A critical and comprehensive review of the safety information on erythritol was undertaken. Numerous toxicity and metabolic studies have been conducted on erythritol in rats, mice and dogs. The toxicity studies consist of long-term feeding studies conducted to determine carcinogenic potential, intravenous and oral teratogenicity studies to determine the potential for effects on the foetus, oral studies in which erythritol was administered over one or two generations to determine the potential for reproductive effects, and studies in bacterial and mammalian systems to determine mutagenic potential. The majority of the safety studies conducted were feeding studies in which erythritol was mixed into the diet at concentrations as high as 20%. The metabolic studies in animals have shown that erythritol is almost completely absorbed, not metabolized systemically and is excreted unchanged in the urine. The safety studies have demonstrated that erythritol is well tolerated and elicits no toxicological effects. The clinical program for erythritol involved a series of single-dose and repeat-dose, short-duration studies which have been used to investigate the human correlates to the physiological responses seen in the preclinical studies. The clinical studies showed erythritol to be well tolerated and not to cause any toxicologically relevant effects, even following high-dose exposure. Erythritol administered orally to humans was rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and quantitatively excreted in the urine without undergoing metabolic change. At high oral doses, urinary excretion accounted for approximately 90% of the administered dose with minimal amounts appearing in the faeces. A comparison of the human and animal data indicated a high degree of similarity in the metabolism of erythritol and this finding supports the use of the animal species used to evaluate the safety of erythritol for human consumption. It can be concluded, based on the available studies that erythritol did not produce evidence of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Munro
- CanTox Inc., Consultants in Toxicology, Health and Environmental Sciences, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
This article reviews the literature on the mass spectrometry (MS) that has been used in the research of uremic toxins. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) has been most often used for the analysis of low-molecular-weight compounds in uremic blood such as organic acids, phenols, and polyols. However, it cannot be used for the analysis of middle- to high-molecular-weight substances or for involatile compounds. The development of fast atom bombardment (FAB) and liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry (LSIMS) has made possible the analysis of middle-molecules and involatile low-molecular-weight substances such as peptides and nucleosides. The development of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) has also lead to the analysis of involatile low-molecular-weight substances. The recent advances in ionization methods, such as electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI), have permitted the MS analysis of high-molecular-weight substances such as beta 2-microglobulin, a major component of dialysis amyloid. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), using ESI, APCI, or FAB as an ionization method, is currently the preferred method for the analysis of low- to high-molecular-weight substances in uremic blood. ESI-LC/MS and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) are useful for elucidating the structure of post-translationally modified proteins obtained from the blood and tissues of uremic patients. Post-translational modification such as the formation of advanced glycation end-products and carbamoylation is enhanced in uremic patients, and is considered to be responsible for some uremic symptoms. Laser microprobe MS is unique in its capability for the two-dimensional detection of atoms such as aluminum in a tissue section obtained from uremic patients. This review focuses on the mainstream research for discovering uremic toxins, specific uremic toxins identified or quantified using MS, and the MS analysis of post-translationally modified proteins in uremia. These studies have provided ample evidence that MS has played an important role in the search for uremic toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Niwa
- Nagoya University Daiko Medical Center, Japan
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Phillipov G, Ninan VT, Mathew TH. Plasma 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol concentration and its relation to other plasma components in renal failure and renal transplant recipients. Clin Chim Acta 1996; 247:51-8. [PMID: 8920226 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(95)06219-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Plasma levels of 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol (AG) were measured in non-diabetic patients with renal failure or following renal transplant. For patients with renal failure (n = 20) from various causes, the plasma level of AG was found to be positively associated with urate and negatively with both urea and prior dialysis. The results for seven renal transplant recipients, serially assessed during the post-transplant period, verified an increase in plasma AG with time, approaching normal levels (> or = 70 mumol/l) after 60 days, and which was adversely affected by rejection episodes. The actual mean rate of plasma AG rise ranged from 0.35 to 1.29 mumol/l per day. AG levels for long term (> 1000 days) surviving renal transplant recipients (n = 16) were predominantly related to renal function as assessed by plasma creatinine.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Phillipov
- Endocrine and Diabetes Service, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, Australia. geophill/adam.com.au
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Nozaki O, Iwaeda T, Kato Y. Detection of substances with alcoholic or phenolic hydroxyl groups by generation of hydrogen peroxide with imidazole and peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence. JOURNAL OF BIOLUMINESCENCE AND CHEMILUMINESCENCE 1995; 10:339-44. [PMID: 8588510 DOI: 10.1002/bio.1170100606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
On-line detection of substances with an alcoholic or phenolic hydroxyl group using imidazole and peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence was investigated qualitatively using a flow-injection method. The substances tested included six polyphenols, five monophenols and six sugars. After incubation at 80 degrees C with an imidazole buffer (pH 9.5) the substances were detected by peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence. The polyphenols tested (e.g., pyrogallol, purpurogallin, and dopamine) showed the strongest light emission. The sugars with hydroxyl groups (e.g., fructose and lactose) and the monophenols (e.g., phenol, serotonin, and beta-estradiol) produced only a weak light emission. Imidazole served two roles, it catalysed the reaction with the hydroxyl compound and initiated peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence on-line. A novel reactor formed by packing glass beads into a flow cell (Teflon) of a chemiluminometer improved the sensitivity of light detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Nozaki
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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25
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Procedures for MS analysis of clinically relevant compounds. Clin Chim Acta 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(00)89105-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Mass spectrometry in uremia. Clin Chim Acta 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(00)89106-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ito T, Kidouchi K, Sugiyama N, Kajita M, Chiba T, Niwa T, Wada Y. Liquid chromatographic-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometric analysis of glycine conjugates and urinary isovalerylglycine in isovaleric acidemia. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1995; 670:317-22. [PMID: 8548022 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(95)00174-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
n-Acetylglycine, n-propionylglycine, n-butyrylglycine, isobutyrylglycine, n-valerylglycine, isovalerylglycine, heptanoylglycine, phenylacetylglycine and isovalerylglucuronide were identified based on their liquid chromatographic-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectra (LC-APCI-MS). We were able to detect the presence of urinary isovalerylglycine in two cases of isovaleric acidemia using LC-APCI-MS. Membrane-filtered urine samples were injected into the LC-APCI-MS system in the negative-ion mode without any further pretreatment, and large amounts of isovalerylglycine were detected as the [M-H]- ion. The urinary excretion of isovalerylglycine appeared to increase after L-carnitine therapy. This analytical method is quick and easy and it may be a useful tool in understanding dysfunctional conditions in isovaleric acidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya City University Medical School, Japan
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