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Amjadi S, Akhoundian M, Alizadeh T. A simple method for melatonin determination in the presence of high levels of tryptophan using an unmodified carbon paste electrode and square wave anodic stripping voltammetry. ELECTROANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202200210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Amjadi
- University of Mohaghegh Ardabili Faculty of Basic Sciences IRAN (THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)
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2
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The new melatonin derivative: synthesis, characterization, biological properties, and serum determination by HPLC–UV. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-021-02195-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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3
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Alessa H, Saber AL, Althakafy JT. Up-to-date studies regarding the determination of melatonin by chromatographic methods. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021; 355:e2100378. [PMID: 34842297 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is an indolic compound that has been reported in the literature to exist in human-based samples, vertebrates, vegetables, fruits, and pharmaceutical products. Melatonin is considered a dietary supplement and can regulate circadian rhythms, although it has not been classified as a drug by the US Food and Drug Administration. Several analytical methods have been used for its detection. This study aimed to summarize the recent outcomes of the chromatographic methods such as electrophoretic methods, gas chromatography, and liquid chromatography, which have been used for the determination of melatonin in the last three decades, with the focus on gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussain Alessa
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amr L Saber
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.,Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Jalal T Althakafy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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Betti L, Palego L, Demontis GC, Miraglia F, Giannaccini G. Hydroxyindole- O-methyltransferase (HIOMT) activity in the retina of melatonin-proficient mice. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02417. [PMID: 31687544 PMCID: PMC6819757 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous pieces of evidence support the expression by the mammalian retina of Hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT, EC 2.1.1.4), the enzyme directly responsible for the biosynthesis of the pineal chronobiotic hormone melatonin (MLT). However, conflicting results obtained so far by enzyme-kinetic and immune-detection techniques still make HIOMT presence and relevance in the eye a matter of debate. This work aimed at evaluating unambiguously HIOMT activity in the mouse retina, a valuable model for studying the effects of MLT variations on ocular pathophysiology. Since laboratory mouse strains can bear genetic polymorphisms yielding defective enzymes of MLT biosynthesis, retinas and control pineal glands used in this study were obtained in a MLT-proficient crossing of A/J mice, the A/J/C57BL/10 strain. To improve the radiochemical reference assay, we tested different homogenization procedures coupled with HPLC detection. Concomitantly, we quantified MLT, and its precursor N-acetyl-serotonin (NAS) by HPLC coupled to electrochemical detection in retinas isolated from either light- or dark-adapted mice. Results showed that the standard radio-chemical assay was successful for pineal HIOMT only, whereas specific homogenization buffers and HPLC were required to detect retinal activity, presumably due to interfering methyl-transferases inhibited by NAS. Under present conditions, retinal HIOMT Vmax accounted for by ≈ 40 fmol/h/mg protein, 2.6-hundreds-fold lower than the pineal counterpart, displaying equivalent KMs (≈10 μM). Moreover, NAS and MLT rapidly decreased in light-exposed isolated retinas, corroborating light-sensitive in-situ MLT formation. Conclusively, we measured mouse retinal HIOMT kinetics under basal conditions, a useful result to elucidate the regulatory patterns, the possible impact on eye health, and therapeutic approaches related to this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Betti
- Department of Pharmacy, Via Bonanno 6, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Corresponding author.
| | - Lionella Palego
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Via Savi 10, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Corresponding author.
| | - Gian Carlo Demontis
- Department of Pharmacy, Via Bonanno 6, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabiana Miraglia
- Department of Pharmacy, Via Bonanno 6, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Gino Giannaccini
- Department of Pharmacy, Via Bonanno 6, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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5
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Darwish HW, Attia MI, Abdelhameed AS, Alanazi AM, Bakheit AH. Comparative ANNs with different input layers and GA-PLS study for simultaneous spectrofluorimetric determination of melatonin and pyridoxine HCl in the presence of melatonin’s main impurity. Molecules 2013; 18:974-96. [PMID: 23344205 PMCID: PMC6270584 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18010974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin (MLT) has many health implications, therefore it is important to develop specific analytical methods for the determination of MLT in the presence of its main impurity, N-{2-[1-({3-[2-(acetylamino)ethyl]-5-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl}methyl)-5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl]ethyl}acetaamide (DMLT) and pyridoxine HCl (PNH) as a co-formulated drug. This work describes simple, sensitive, and reliable four multivariate calibration methods, namely artificial neural network preceded by genetic algorithm (GA-ANN), principal component analysis (PCA-ANN) and wavelet transform procedures (WT-ANN) as well as partial least squares preceded by genetic algorithm (GA-PLS) for the spectrofluorimetric determination of MLT and PNH in the presence of DMLT. Analytical performance of the proposed methods was statistically validated with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision and specificity. The proposed methods were successfully applied for the assay of MLT in laboratory prepared mixtures containing up to 15% of DMLT and in commercial MLT tablets with recoveries of no less than 99.00%. No interference was observed from common pharmaceutical additives and the results compared favorably with those obtained by a reference method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany W. Darwish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; E-Mails: (A.S.A.); (A.M.A.); (A.H.B.)
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (H.W.D.); (M.I.A.); Tel.: +966-1467-7343 (H.W.D.); Fax: +966-1467-6220 (H.W.D.)
| | - Mohamed I. Attia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; E-Mails: (A.S.A.); (A.M.A.); (A.H.B.)
- Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (H.W.D.); (M.I.A.); Tel.: +966-1467-7343 (H.W.D.); Fax: +966-1467-6220 (H.W.D.)
| | - Ali S. Abdelhameed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; E-Mails: (A.S.A.); (A.M.A.); (A.H.B.)
| | - Amer M. Alanazi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; E-Mails: (A.S.A.); (A.M.A.); (A.H.B.)
| | - Ahmed H. Bakheit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; E-Mails: (A.S.A.); (A.M.A.); (A.H.B.)
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Wang AQ, Wei BP, Zhang Y, Wang YJ, Xu L, Lan K. An ultra-high sensitive bioanalytical method for plasma melatonin by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using water as calibration matrix. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:2259-64. [PMID: 21727044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
For the endogenous substances with an ultra-low level in biological fluids, such as melatonin, the blank biological matrix is obviously not "blank". This problem leads to a serious issue of the bioanalytical methods development and validation by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). This work developed and validated an ultra-high sensitive bioanalytical method for plasma melatonin by LC-MS/MS using water as calibration matrix. The lower limit of quantitation of the method was verified to be 1.0 pg/mL and the method exhibited a linear range of 1-5000 pg/mL. Potential matrix effects, accuracy and precision were fully monitored and validated by two complementary quality control approaches respectively using water and the pooled plasma as matrix. The intra-run and inter-run precisions were less than 11.5% and 12.2%, respectively, and the relative error was below ± 13.8% for all of 5 quality control levels. The method was successfully applied to investigate the daytime (8:00 AM-8:00 PM) baseline level of endogenous plasma melatonin, as well as the pharmacokinetic profiles of exogenous melatonin after oral administration in beagle dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, China
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7
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de Almeida EA, Di Mascio P, Harumi T, Warren Spence D, Moscovitch A, Hardeland R, Cardinali DP, Brown GM, Pandi-Perumal SR. Measurement of melatonin in body fluids: standards, protocols and procedures. Childs Nerv Syst 2011; 27:879-91. [PMID: 21104186 PMCID: PMC3128751 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-010-1278-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The circadian rhythm of melatonin in saliva or plasma, or of the melatonin metabolite 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (a6MTs) in urine, is a defining feature of suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) function, the body's endogenous oscillatory pacemaker. The primary objective of this review is to ascertain the clinical benefits and limitations of current methodologies employed for detection and quantification of melatonin in biological fluids and tissues. DATA IDENTIFICATION A search of the English-language literature (Medline) and a systematic review of published articles were carried out. STUDY SELECTION Articles that specified both the methodology for quantifying melatonin and indicated the clinical purpose were chosen for inclusion in the review. DATA EXTRACTION The authors critically evaluated the methodological issues associated with various tools and techniques (e.g. standards, protocols, and procedures). RESULTS OF DATA SYNTHESIS Melatonin measurements are useful for evaluating problems related to the onset or offset of sleep and for assessing phase delays or advances of rhythms in entrained individuals. They have also become an important tool for psychiatric diagnosis, their use being recommended for phase typing in patients suffering from sleep and mood disorders. Additionally, there has been a continuous interest in the use of melatonin as a marker for neoplasms of the pineal region. Melatonin decreases such as found with aging are or post pinealectomy can cause alterations in the sleep/wake cycle. The development of sensitive and selective methods for the precise detection of melatonin in tissues and fluids has increasingly been shown to have direct relevance for clinical decision making. CONCLUSIONS Due to melatonin's low concentration, as well as the coexistence of numerous other compounds in the blood, the routine determination of melatonin has been an analytical challenge. The available evidence indicates however that these challenges can be overcome and consequently that evaluation of melatonin's presence and activity can be an accessible and useful tool for clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Alves de Almeida
- Departamento de Química e Ciências Ambientais, IBILCE, UNESP, Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, CEP 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Paolo Di Mascio
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, USP Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, CEP 05513-970 São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Tatsuo Harumi
- Department of Anatomy, Asahikawa Medical College, Nishikagura, Asahikawa Japan
| | | | - Adam Moscovitch
- Sleep and Fatigue Institute, 106 Codsell Ave, Toronto, ON Canada M3H 3W1
| | - Rüdiger Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel P. Cardinali
- Departamento de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, 1107 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gregory M. Brown
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON Canada M5T 1R8
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Jin E, Jia L, Li J, Yang G, Wang Z, Cao J, Chen Y. Effect of Monochromatic Light on Melatonin Secretion and Arylalkylamine N-Acetyltransferase mRNA Expression in the Retina and Pineal Gland of Broilers. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2011; 294:1233-41. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.21408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Caporossi L, Santoro A, Papaleo B. Saliva as an analytical matrix: state of the art and application for biomonitoring. Biomarkers 2010; 15:475-87. [PMID: 20450335 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2010.481364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Analytical tests to measure chemicals in saliva can be employed for numerous analytes, endogenous compounds or xenobiotics. The objective was to determine which chemicals can be analysed with this matrix, which analytical methods are applicable, and what application is possible for biomonitoring. We reviewed the literature using three databases, MEDLINE, PubMed and Scopus, collecting articles on different kinds of analysis in saliva. Studies were principally about molecules of clinical interest, xenobiotics, especially drugs of abuse, and chemicals used at workplaces; some substances show no relevant correlation with exposure data while others seems to be of particular interest for systematic use for biomonitoring. Currently, saliva is used far less than other biological fluids but its use for biomonitoring of exposure to chemicals might open up new areas for research and would certainly simplify the collection of biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Caporossi
- ISPESL-National Institute of Occupational Safety and Prevention, Department of Occupational Medicine, Monteporzio Catone (RM), Italy.
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10
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Yerlikaya F, Aktas Y, Capan Y. LC-UV Determination of Melatonin from Chitosan Nanoparticles. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1563-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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11
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Muñoz JL, Ceinos RM, Soengas JL, Míguez JM. A simple and sensitive method for determination of melatonin in plasma, bile and intestinal tissues by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:2173-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Chau RMW, Patel BA. Determination of serotonin, melatonin and metabolites in gastrointestinal tissue using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 23:175-81. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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13
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Wei SL, Zhao LX, Cheng XL, Lin JM. Determination of Melatonin in Rat Pineal Gland and Drug with Flow-Injection Chemiluminescence. CHINESE J CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200790100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Musijowski J, Pobozy E, Trojanowicz M. On-line preconcentration techniques in determination of melatonin and its precursors/metabolites using micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1104:337-45. [PMID: 16343514 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2005] [Revised: 11/08/2005] [Accepted: 11/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Determination of melatonin (MT) (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) and related indole compounds using standard capillary electrophoresis (CE) system with UV detection was investigated. Satisfactory separations of six analytes i.e. l-tryptophan (l-TRP), 5-methoxyindoleacetic acid (5-MIAA), 6-hydroxymelatonin (6-HMT), MT, serotonin (SER) and 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MTRA) were performed employing micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). The optimal background electrolytes (BGE) used for separations were 20mM tetraborate buffer (pH 9.2) and 20mM phosphate buffer (pH 3.3) when employing techniques with normal and reverse migration of micelles, respectively. Fifty millimolar sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was employed as the pseudostationary phase and voltage of +/-20kV was used throughout the investigation. On-line preconcentration techniques, stacking and sweeping, were applied in order to overcome high detection limits that are a serious drawback of CE with UV detection. A comparison of used techniques, concerning enhancement factors and limits of detection (LOD), is presented. Obtained results show that the use of stacking with reverse migrating micelles (SRMM) as one of preconcentration techniques allows obtaining the lowest estimated LODs for MT at the level of 30ng/mL with injection time of 99s at 0.5psi. Estimated LODs for other analytes in these conditions were, 21, 26 and 100ng/mL for l-TRP, 5-MIAA and 6-HMT, respectively. Signals of 5-MTRA and SER obtainable only with 10s injection allowed reaching estimated LODs of 62.5 and 130ng/mL, respectively. Analysis of spiked, diluted human serum was carried out as a preliminary application illustration of developed procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Musijowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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Pobozy E, Michalski A, Sotowska-Brochocka J, Trojanowicz M. Determination of melatonin and its precursors and metabolites using capillary electrophoresis with UV and fluorometric detection. J Sep Sci 2005; 28:2165-72. [PMID: 16318213 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A micellar electrokinetic chromatography method has been developed for simultaneous determination of melatonin and its precursors and metabolites. A 20 mM borate buffer pH 9.5 with 50 mM SDS served as the electrolyte. Tryptophan, 5-methoxyindoleacetic acid, 6-hydroxymelatonin, melatonin, serotonin, and 5-methoxytryptamine were baseline separated in less than 13 min. The limits of detection for UV detection and fluorometric detection based on native fluorescence of analytes were at the sub-ppm level. The proposed method with UV detection was applied to melatonin content control in pharmaceutical tablets with a precision expressed as RSD (n = 7) = 1.6%. For biological samples extraction with chloroform and ethyl acetate was examined. With ethyl acetate and chloroform recoveries of 87.2% and 82.1% melatonin, respectively, were obtained from plasma samples. The recovery of melatonin from spiked urine samples was 80.0% for ethyl acetate and 82.5% for chloroform. Fluorometric detection provides about two-fold improvement over UV in the detection of melatonin and minor improvements for three other analytes, but is much poorer than UV for tryptophan and 6-hydroxymelatonin in applied conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Pobozy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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Corujo-Antuña JL, Abad-Villar EM, Fernández-Abedul MT, Costa-García A. Voltammetric and flow amperometric methods for the determination of melatonin in pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 31:421-9. [PMID: 12615228 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00349-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin can be sensitively detected in pharmaceuticals by two different and simple electrochemical methods: cyclic voltammetry (CV) and amperometric detection in a flow injection analysis system (FIA-ED). An adequate pre-treatment of the carbon paste electrode in the first case and the employ of a high flow rate in the second one were the key for obtaining a very good reproducibility (R.S.D. values of 1.5 (n=10) and 1.3% (n=20), respectively). Low limits of detection were achieved and with the coupling of a flow system a linear dynamic range of three orders of magnitude (from 10(-8) to 10(-5) M) was obtained. Both methods were applied to the determination of melatonin in pharmaceuticals. In order to best validate these methodologies a fluorescent procedure was developed to contrast the results. As no interferences from the matrix were found the employ of a separation technique is not necessary. In this way the procedure is fastened and simplified. Moreover, the low price, ease of handling, possibility of automation and high sample throughput are important advantages that convert the flow methodology in an attractive alternative for quality control of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Corujo-Antuña
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, Julian Claveria 8, Oviedo, Asturias 33006, Spain
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17
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Yamada H, Hayashi M, Uehara S, Kinoshita M, Muroyama A, Watanabe M, Takei K, Moriyama Y. Norepinephrine triggers Ca2+-dependent exocytosis of 5-hydroxytryptamine from rat pinealocytes in culture. J Neurochem 2002; 81:533-40. [PMID: 12065661 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.00839.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a precursor and a putative modulator for melatonin synthesis in mammalian pinealocytes. 5-HT is present in organelles distinct from l-glutamate-containing synaptic-like microvesicles as well as in the cytoplasm of pinealocytes, and is secreted upon stimulation by norepinephrine (NE) to enhance serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity via the 5-HT2 receptor. However, the mechanism underlying the secretion of 5-HT from pinealocytes is unknown. In this study, we show that NE-evoked release of 5-HT is largely dependent on Ca2+ in rat pinealocytes in culture. Omission of Ca2+ from the medium and incubation of pineal cells with EGTA-tetraacetoxymethyl-ester inhibited by 59 and 97% the NE-evoked 5-HT release, respectively. Phenylephrine also triggered the Ca2+-dependent release of 5-HT, which was blocked by phentolamine, an alpha antagonist, but not by propranolol, a beta antagonist. Botulinum neurotoxin type E cleaved 25 kDa synaptosomal-associated protein and inhibited by 50% of the NE-evoked 5-HT release. Bafilomycin A1, an inhibitor of vacuolar H+-ATPase, and reserpine and tetrabenazine, inhibitors of vesicular monoamine transporter, all decreased the storage of vesicular 5-HT followed by inhibition of the NE-evoked 5-HT release. Agents that trigger L-glutamte exocytosis such as acetylcholine did not trigger any Ca2+-dependent 5-HT release. Vice versa neither NE nor phenylephrine caused synaptic-like microvesicle-mediated l-glutamate exocytosis. These results indicated that upon stimulation of a adrenoceptors pinealocytes secrete 5-HT through a Ca2+-dependent exocytotic mechanism, which is distinct from the exocytosis of synaptic-like microvesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yamada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
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18
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Lu J, Lau C, Lee MK, Kai M. Simple and convenient chemiluminescence method for the determination of melatonin. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)01603-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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19
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Harumi T, Matsushima S. Separation and assay methods for melatonin and its precursors. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 747:95-110. [PMID: 11103901 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00064-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is an indoleamine hormone that is synthesized from tryptophan via 5-hydroxytryptophan, serotonin and N-acetylserotonin in the vertebrate pineal gland. Many chromatographic and non-chromatographic techniques have been developed and improved for the determination and measurement of melatonin and its related indoleamines. At present, gas chromatography with mass spectrometry and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence or electrochemical detection are widely used for indoleamine determinations in the pineal gland. This review will deal with methods for the separation and determination of the melatonin and its related indoleamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Harumi
- Department of Anatomy, Asahikawa Medical College, Japan.
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20
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Kema IP, de Vries EG, Muskiet FA. Clinical chemistry of serotonin and metabolites. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 747:33-48. [PMID: 11103898 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00341-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Analyses of serotonin and other 5-hydroxyindoles, such as its precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan and major metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), are indispensable for the elucidation of their (patho)physiological roles. In clinical chemistry attention is mainly focused on the diagnosis and follow-up of carcinoid tumours. For this most laboratories routinely measure urinary 5-HIAA. More recently, measurements of serotonin in platelets and urine have been advocated. Platelet serotonin may be the most sensitive indole marker for the detection of carcinoid tumours that secrete only small amounts of serotonin and/or its precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan. Although several chromatographic techniques have emerged for the analysis of tryptophan-related indoles, HPLC with either electrochemical or fluorometric detection have become the methods of choice for their quantification. HPLC-based methods combine selectivity, sensitivity and high precision, and enable the simultaneous investigation of several metabolically related indoles. This review aims to place the analysis of indoles in biological matrices in a biochemical, physiological and clinical perspective and highlights several important steps in their chromatographic analysis and quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- I P Kema
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands
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21
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Andrisano V, Bertucci C, Battaglia A, Cavrini V. Photostability of drugs: photodegradation of melatonin and its determination in commercial formulations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2000; 23:15-23. [PMID: 10898150 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(00)00259-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The photostability of melatonin, a hormone used as supplementary drug in the alleviation of jet-lag and other sleep disorders, was studied. The drug photodegradation at different pH values was monitored by HPLC methods. The main photoproduct was isolated and characterised on the basis of the NMR, FTIR, and mass spectra. A HPLC method, in combination with a post-column on-line photochemical derivatisation was developed for the selective and reliable quality control of commercially available melatonin containing products.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Andrisano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Universita di Bologna, Italy
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22
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Sastre Toraño J, Rijn-Bikker PV, Merkus P, Guchelaar HJ. Quantitative determination of melatonin in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid with high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection. Biomed Chromatogr 2000; 14:306-10. [PMID: 10960829 DOI: 10.1002/1099-0801(200008)14:5<306::aid-bmc986>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A validated new and precise reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of melatonin in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid, with 5-fluorotryptamine as internal standard, is described. Liquid-liquid extraction with dichloromethane was performed under alkaline conditions. After evaporation of the organic solvent, the extract was dissolved in eluent and chromatographed on a base-deactivated octadecyl column, using an eluent composed of 650 mL potassium dihydrogenphosphate solution (0.07 mol/L water), adjusted to a pH of 3.0 with a 43% phosphoric acid solution, mixed with 350 mL methanol. Fluorescence detection at an excitation wavelength of 224 nm and an emission wavelength of 348 nm was used for quantitation. Melatonin and 5-fluorotryptamine chromatographed with retention times of 5.3 and 9. 3 min, respectively. Mean recoveries of 96% (n = 10) and 95% (n = 5) were found for melatonin in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid respectively. 5-Fluorotryptamine was found to have a mean recovery of 90% (n = 10) and 82% (n = 5) in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid, respectively. The repeatability coefficients of variation for both melatonin and 5-fluorotryptamine in plasma were 4-5% [five different samples (r = 5) on two consecutive days (n = 2)], with reproducibility coefficients of 1.6-7% (n = 2, r = 5) and 0.9-4% (n = 2, r = 5) for melatonin and internal standard, respectively. In cerebrospinal fluid the repeatability coefficient of variation of the extraction procedure was 5% (n = 1, r = 5) for melatonin and 7% (n = 1, r = 5) for 5-fluorotryptamine. The correlation coefficients of the calibration curves were 0.9998 (n = 2) in plasma at a concentration range of 0.108-25.9 ng/mL and 0.9994 (n = 2) at a concentration range of 0.108-25.9 ng/mL in cerebrospinal fluid. The limit of detection was determined at 8 pg/mL which enables to measure melatonin concentrations at physiological concentrations reached during daytime.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sastre Toraño
- Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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23
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Molnár-Perl I. Advances in the analysis of tryptophan and its related compounds by chromatography. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2000; 467:801-16. [PMID: 10721133 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4709-9_102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the analysis of tryptophan,--(both in its free form and bound, alone or together with its metabolites),--has been compiled on the basis of the relevant papers published in the last 4-5 years, including author's experiences associated with the preparation of derivatives and with any of those conditions arising from the analytical procedure itself. The special requirements of various, tryptophan containing matrices were also taken into consideration (biological tissues or fluids, food and feed stuffs, etc). For the sake of completeness in addition to the most common HPLC/UV/F1 techniques, HPLC/MS, GC/MS, CE/UV/F1 and spectrophotometry will be also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Molnár-Perl
- Institute of Inorganic & Analytical Chemistry, L. Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary.
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24
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Determination of melatonin and pyridoxine in pharmaceutical preparations for health-caring purposes by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. Anal Chim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00809-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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25
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Simonin G, Bru L, Lelièvre E, Jeanniot JP, Bromet N, Walther B, Boursier-Neyret C. Determination of melatonin in biological fluids in the presence of the melatonin agonist S 20098: comparison of immunological techniques and GC-MS methods. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1999; 21:591-601. [PMID: 10701426 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(99)00150-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Immunoassays were investigated for the determination of melatonin in biological samples in the presence of a naphthalenic structural analogue S 20098, which is currently under development as a melatonin agonist. The lack of specificity of commercially available antibodies in the presence of closely related molecules led us to develop an LC-RIA procedure with a quantification limit set at 15 pg/ml(-1). Because this technique was not sensitive enough and difficult to use on a routine basis, a more sensitive GC-MS technique was developed. This method involved automated solid-phase extraction (plasma) or liquid-liquid extraction (saliva), derivatization of the indolic moiety and GC separation with an automated switching device before MS detection. The method was validated over the range 1-100 pg/ml(-1), with a quantification limit set at 1 pg/ml(-1) in human plasma and saliva. Intra-assay and inter-assay precision and accuracy were within 16% for all concentrations investigated and each biological matrix. The stability of melatonin in plasma and saliva under various storage conditions was also determined. The specificity of the assay for the analysis of melatonin in the presence of S 20098 and its metabolises was demonstrated. The method was subsequently applied for the determination of endogenous melatonin concentrations in plasma and saliva samples from clinical studies performed with S 20098 to provide pharmacodynamic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Simonin
- Technologie Servier, Orleans, France
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26
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Abstract
A simple capillary GC-MS method for the determination of melatonin from tablets is proposed. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after extraction from ground tablets with ethyl acetate and derivatization with N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyl-heptafluorobutyramide (MTSHFBA). Splitless injection offers good reproducibility with a standard deviation of +/- 2%. The proposed method was applied to analyse the melatonin content from three different tablet formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Aboul-Enein
- Biological and Medical Research Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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27
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Melatonin: quantitative analysis in pharmaceutical oral dosage forms using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) densitometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(98)00040-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Chanut E, Nguyen-Legros J, Versaux-Botteri C, Trouvin JH, Launay JM. Determination of melatonin in rat pineal, plasma and retina by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1998; 709:11-8. [PMID: 9653921 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00041-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive method for the routine measurement of endogenous melatonin (MEL) in pineal, retina and plasma rat tissues has been developed using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Quantification limit for MEL was 0.2 ng/mg protein in pineal, 15 pg/ml in plasma and 2.0 pg/mg protein in retina. To improve both MEL quantification and the reproducibility of the assay, an internal standard was used when an extraction in organic solvent was required, in contrast with other available chromatographic methods. MEL values and the circadian profile obtained in this study from both rat pineal and plasma agree with those reported previously. This method allows MEL detection in mammal retina, particularly in rat, where MEL levels are very low.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Chanut
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Harumi T, Matsushima S. Indoleamine metabolism in the pineal gland of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1998; 109:133-9. [PMID: 9446730 DOI: 10.1006/gcen.1997.7014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Day- and nighttime contents of pineal melatonin and other indoleamines were measured in the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus. The hamsters were inbred in our colony and kept in LD 14:10. Absolute levels of pineal melatonin and N-acetylserotonin contents were extremely low, but showed a significant circadian rhythm with a minor peak during the light period. Pineal hydroxytryptophan and serotonin (5HT) contents were also found to be higher in the light period. The activity of N-acetyltransferase in the pineal was higher in the light period than in the dark period, whereas there was no difference in hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase activity between the light and dark periods. The uptake level of tryptophan into the pineal gland was higher in the light period than in the dark period. These results suggest that the 5HT synthesis pathway and/or tryptophan uptake may be involved in forming the circadian rhythm of 5HT content in the Chinese hamster pineal gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Harumi
- Department of Anatomy, Asahikawa Medical College, Japan
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