1
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Rendić SP, Crouch RD, Guengerich FP. Roles of selected non-P450 human oxidoreductase enzymes in protective and toxic effects of chemicals: review and compilation of reactions. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2145-2246. [PMID: 35648190 PMCID: PMC9159052 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This is an overview of the metabolic reactions of drugs, natural products, physiological compounds, and other (general) chemicals catalyzed by flavin monooxygenase (FMO), monoamine oxidase (MAO), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (NQO), and molybdenum hydroxylase enzymes (aldehyde oxidase (AOX) and xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR)), including roles as substrates, inducers, and inhibitors of the enzymes. The metabolism and bioactivation of selected examples of each group (i.e., drugs, "general chemicals," natural products, and physiological compounds) are discussed. We identified a higher fraction of bioactivation reactions for FMO enzymes compared to other enzymes, predominately involving drugs and general chemicals. With MAO enzymes, physiological compounds predominate as substrates, and some products lead to unwanted side effects or illness. AOX and XOR enzymes are molybdenum hydroxylases that catalyze the oxidation of various heteroaromatic rings and aldehydes and the reduction of a number of different functional groups. While neither of these two enzymes contributes substantially to the metabolism of currently marketed drugs, AOX has become a frequently encountered route of metabolism among drug discovery programs in the past 10-15 years. XOR has even less of a role in the metabolism of clinical drugs and preclinical drug candidates than AOX, likely due to narrower substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel D Crouch
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN, 37204, USA
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
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2
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Wang J, Khorasani Motlagh M, Noroozifar M, Kerman K, Kraatz H. Ferrocene‐Functionalized Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes for the Simultaneous Determination of Dopamine, Uric Acid, and Xanthine. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Wang
- Department Physical and Environmental Sciences University of Toronto Scarborough 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C1A4 Ontario Canada
| | - Mozhgan Khorasani Motlagh
- Department Physical and Environmental Sciences University of Toronto Scarborough 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C1A4 Ontario Canada
| | - Meissam Noroozifar
- Department Physical and Environmental Sciences University of Toronto Scarborough 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C1A4 Ontario Canada
| | - Kagan Kerman
- Department Physical and Environmental Sciences University of Toronto Scarborough 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C1A4 Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto 280 St. George St., Toronto M5S 3H6 Ontario Canada
| | - Heinz‐Bernhard Kraatz
- Department Physical and Environmental Sciences University of Toronto Scarborough 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C1A4 Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto 280 St. George St., Toronto M5S 3H6 Ontario Canada
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3
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Heiling S, Knutti N, Scherr F, Geiger J, Weikert J, Rose M, Jahns R, Ceglarek U, Scherag A, Kiehntopf M. Metabolite Ratios as Quality Indicators for Pre-Analytical Variation in Serum and EDTA Plasma. Metabolites 2021; 11:638. [PMID: 34564454 PMCID: PMC8465943 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11090638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In clinical diagnostics and research, blood samples are one of the most frequently used materials. Nevertheless, exploring the chemical composition of human plasma and serum is challenging due to the highly dynamic influence of pre-analytical variation. A prominent example is the variability in pre-centrifugation delay (time-to-centrifugation; TTC). Quality indicators (QI) reflecting sample TTC are of utmost importance in assessing sample history and resulting sample quality, which is essential for accurate diagnostics and conclusive, reproducible research. In the present study, we subjected human blood to varying TTCs at room temperature prior to processing for plasma or serum preparation. Potential sample QIs were identified by Ultra high pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) based metabolite profiling in samples from healthy volunteers (n = 10). Selected QIs were validated by a targeted MS/MS approach in two independent sets of samples from patients (n = 40 and n = 70). In serum, the hypoxanthine/guanosine (HG) and hypoxanthine/inosine (HI) ratios demonstrated high diagnostic performance (Sensitivity/Specificity > 80%) for the discrimination of samples with a TTC > 1 h. We identified several eicosanoids, such as 12-HETE, 15-(S)-HETE, 8-(S)-HETE, 12-oxo-HETE, (±)13-HODE and 12-(S)-HEPE as QIs for a pre-centrifugation delay > 2 h. 12-HETE, 12-oxo-HETE, 8-(S)-HETE, and 12-(S)-HEPE, and the HI- and HG-ratios could be validated in patient samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Heiling
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics and Integrated Biobank Jena (IBBJ), University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany; (N.K.); (F.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Nadine Knutti
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics and Integrated Biobank Jena (IBBJ), University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany; (N.K.); (F.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Franziska Scherr
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics and Integrated Biobank Jena (IBBJ), University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany; (N.K.); (F.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Jörg Geiger
- Interdisciplinary Bank of Biological Material and Data Würzburg (IBDW), Straubmühlweg 2a, Haus A9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany; (J.G.); (R.J.)
| | - Juliane Weikert
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (J.W.); (U.C.)
- LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Rose
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics and Integrated Biobank Jena (IBBJ), University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany; (N.K.); (F.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Roland Jahns
- Interdisciplinary Bank of Biological Material and Data Würzburg (IBDW), Straubmühlweg 2a, Haus A9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany; (J.G.); (R.J.)
| | - Uta Ceglarek
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (J.W.); (U.C.)
- LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - André Scherag
- Institute of Medical Statistics, Computer and Data Sciences, Jena University Hospital, Bachstrasse 18, 07743 Jena, Germany;
| | - Michael Kiehntopf
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics and Integrated Biobank Jena (IBBJ), University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany; (N.K.); (F.S.); (M.R.)
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4
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Sharma NK, Kaushal A, Thakur S, Thakur N, Kumar D, Bhalla TC. Nanohybrid electrochemical enzyme sensor for xanthine determination in fish samples. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:212. [PMID: 33928000 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02735-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An amperometric biosensor for xanthine was designed, based on covalent immobilization of xanthine oxidase (XO) of Bacillus pumilus RL-2d onto a screen-printed multi-walled carbon nanotubes gold nanoparticle-based electrodes (Nano-Au/c-MWCNT). The carboxyl groups at the electrode surface were activated by the use of 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide) (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). The working electrode was then coated with 6 μL of xanthine oxidase (0.273 U/mg protein). The cyclic voltammetry (CV) study was done for the characterization of the sensor using [K3Fe(CN)6] as an artificial electron donor. The sensitivity (S) and the limit of detection (LOD) of the biosensor were 2388.88 µA/cm2/nM (2.388 µA/cm2/µM) and 1.14 nM, respectively. The developed biosensor was used for determination of fish meat freshness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmal Kant Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Himachal Pradesh, Gyan-Path, Shimla, 171005 India
| | | | - Shikha Thakur
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Himachal Pradesh, Gyan-Path, Shimla, 171005 India
| | - Neerja Thakur
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Himachal Pradesh, Gyan-Path, Shimla, 171005 India
| | | | - Tek Chand Bhalla
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Himachal Pradesh, Gyan-Path, Shimla, 171005 India
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5
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Okuyama T, Shirakawa J, Nakamura T, Murase T, Miyashita D, Inoue R, Kyohara M, Togashi Y, Terauchi Y. Association of the plasma xanthine oxidoreductase activity with the metabolic parameters and vascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3768. [PMID: 33580173 PMCID: PMC7881005 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83234-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine, and of xanthine to uric acid. XOR also enhances the production of reactive oxygen species and causes endothelial dysfunction. In this study, we evaluated the association of XOR and its substrate with the vascular complications in 94 Japanese inpatients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The plasma XOR activity and plasma xanthine levels were positively correlated with the body mass index, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), γ-GTP, fasting plasma insulin, and the homeostasis model of assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and negatively correlated with the high density lipoprotein cholesterol. The plasma XOR activity also showed a positive correlation with the serum triglyceride. Multivariate analyses identified AST, ALT, fasting plasma insulin and HOMA-IR as being independently associated with the plasma XOR activity. The plasma XOR activity negatively correlated with the duration of diabetes, and positively correlated with the coefficient of variation of the R-R interval and sensory nerve conduction velocity. Furthermore, the plasma XOR activity was significantly decreased in patients with coronary artery disease. Thus, the plasma XOR activity might be a surrogate marker for the development of vascular complications, as well as liver dysfunction and insulin resistance, in T2DM. Trial registration: This study is registered at the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN000029970; https://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/index-j.htm). The study was conducted from Nov 15, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Okuyama
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Jun Shirakawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan. .,Laboratory and Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation (IMCR), Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, 371-8512, Japan.
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Mie Research Laboratories, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., Inabe, Mie, Japan
| | - Takayo Murase
- Mie Research Laboratories, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., Inabe, Mie, Japan
| | - Daisuke Miyashita
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ryota Inoue
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.,Laboratory and Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation (IMCR), Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Mayu Kyohara
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yu Togashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasuo Terauchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
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Hokama N, Shirakura T, Sunagawa S, Morishima S, Nakachi S, Nishi Y, Murayama Y, Matsui C, Hase N, Tamura M, Okamoto S, Shimabukuro M, Nakamura K, Masuzaki H. A pilot assessment of xanthine oxidase activity in plasma from patients with hematological malignancies using a highly sensitive assay. Hematol Oncol 2019; 37:527-530. [PMID: 31359444 DOI: 10.1002/hon.2659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Hokama
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Hematology, Rheumatology (Second Department of Internal Medicine), Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.,Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Shirakura
- Pharmacology Research Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sumito Sunagawa
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Hematology, Rheumatology (Second Department of Internal Medicine), Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Satoko Morishima
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Hematology, Rheumatology (Second Department of Internal Medicine), Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Sawako Nakachi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Hematology, Rheumatology (Second Department of Internal Medicine), Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nishi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Hematology, Rheumatology (Second Department of Internal Medicine), Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Yuko Murayama
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Hematology, Rheumatology (Second Department of Internal Medicine), Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Chieko Matsui
- Pharmacology Research Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Hase
- Pharmacology Research Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mizuho Tamura
- Pharmacology Research Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiki Okamoto
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Hematology, Rheumatology (Second Department of Internal Medicine), Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Michio Shimabukuro
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Katsunori Nakamura
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Masuzaki
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Hematology, Rheumatology (Second Department of Internal Medicine), Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
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7
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Nagao H, Nishizawa H, Tanaka Y, Fukata T, Mizushima T, Furuno M, Bamba T, Tsushima Y, Fujishima Y, Kita S, Funahashi T, Maeda N, Mori M, Fukusaki E, Shimomura I. Hypoxanthine Secretion from Human Adipose Tissue and its Increase in Hypoxia. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:1168-1178. [PMID: 29877616 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The production of uric acid in murine white adipose tissue (mWAT), and that such production was augmented in obese mice, was recently reported. However, little is known about the secretion of metabolites associated with purine catabolism in human WAT (hWAT). The present study analyzed this in hWAT. METHODS Freshly isolated hWAT and mWAT were cultured. The secretion of metabolites associated with purine catabolism was measured. Tissue distribution profiles of genes associated with purine metabolism and metabolite profiling of adipocytes in hypoxia were analyzed. RESULTS Secretion of hypoxanthine from hWAT was higher than those of xanthine and uric acid. On the other hand, secretion of uric acid was relatively higher than xanthine and hypoxanthine in mWAT. Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) mRNA expression levels in hWAT were markedly lower than that in the human liver. In murine tissues, XOR mRNA expression levels in mWAT were comparable with those in the liver. Cultured human adipocytes secreted hypoxanthine, and its secretion was increased under hypoxia. The metabolic analysis of human adipocytes showed that hypoxia increased metabolites associated with de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides. CONCLUSIONS The present study revealed that hypoxanthine was secreted from human adipose tissue, and the secretion might be increased in local hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Nagao
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nishizawa
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Tanaka
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tadafumi Fukata
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsunekazu Mizushima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Furuno
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Bamba
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Metabolomics, Research Center for Transomics Medicine, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yu Tsushima
- Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuya Fujishima
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shunbun Kita
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tohru Funahashi
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norikazu Maeda
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Fukusaki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Iichiro Shimomura
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Sebesta I, Stiburkova B, Krijt J. Hereditary xanthinuria is not so rare disorder of purine metabolism. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 37:324-328. [PMID: 29723117 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2018.1460478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary xanthinuria (type I) is caused by an inherited deficiency of the xanthine oxidorectase (XDH/XO), and is characterized by very low concentration of uric acid in blood and urine and high concentration of urinary xanthine, leading to urolithiasis. Type II results from a combined deficiency of XDH/XO and aldehyde oxidase. Patients present with hematuria, renal colic, urolithiasis or even acute renal failure. Clinical symptoms are the same for both types. In a third type, clinically distinct, sulfite oxidase activity is missing as well as XDH/XO and aldehyde oxidase. The prevalence is not known, but about 150 cases have been described so far. Hypouricemia is sometimes overlooked, that´s why we have set up the diagnostic flowchart. This consists of a) evaluation of uric acid concentrations in serum and urine with exclusion of primary renal hypouricemia, b) estimation of urinary xanthine, c) allopurinol loading test, which enables to distinguish type I and II; and finally assay of xanthine oxidoreductase activity in plasma with molecular genetic analysis. Following this diagnostic procedure we were able to find first patients with hereditary xanthinuria in our Czech population. We have detected nine cases, which is one of the largest group worldwide. Four patients were asymptomatic. All had profound hypouricemia, which was the first sign and led to referral to our department. Urinary concentrations of xanthine were in the range of 170-598 mmol/mol creatinine (normal < 30 mmol/mol creatinine). Hereditary xanthinuria is still unrecognized disorder and subjects with unexplained hypouricemia need detailed purine metabolic investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Sebesta
- a Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine , Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic.,b Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine , Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - B Stiburkova
- a Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine , Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic.,c Institute of Rheumatology, First Faculty of Medicine , Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - J Krijt
- a Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine , Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
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9
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Nakatani A, Nakatani S, Ishimura E, Murase T, Nakamura T, Sakura M, Tateishi Y, Tsuda A, Kurajoh M, Mori K, Emoto M, Inaba M. Xanthine oxidoreductase activity is associated with serum uric acid and glycemic control in hemodialysis patients. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15416. [PMID: 29133805 PMCID: PMC5684129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15419-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthine oxidoreductase activity (XOR-a) plays an important role as a pivotal source of reactive oxygen species. In the present study, we investigated factors associated with plasma XOR-a in 163 hemodialysis patients (age 67.3 ± 10.9 years; 89 males and 74 females), using a newly established, highly-sensitive assay based on [13C2,15N2] xanthine and liquid chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Plasma glucose and serum uric acid levels correlated significantly and positively with plasma XOR-a. In multiple regression analyses, the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and plasma glucose were associated significantly, independently, and positively with plasma XOR-a. While serum uric acid correlated significantly and positively with plasma XOR-a in hemodialysis patients without T2DM, plasma glucose and serum glycated albumin, a new marker of glycemic control in diabetic hemodialysis patients, correlated significantly and positively with plasma XOR-a in those with T2DM. Multivariate analyses in those with T2DM revealed that plasma glucose and serum glycated albumin were associated significantly and independently with plasma XOR-a, and that serum uric acid was associated significantly and independently with XOR-a in those without T2DM. Our results suggested that glycemic control in hemodialysis patients may be important in regard to a decrease in ROS induced by XOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Nakatani
- Departments of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinya Nakatani
- Departments of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Departments of Nephrology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Departments of Nephrology, Ishikiriseiki Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eiji Ishimura
- Departments of Nephrology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Takayo Murase
- Departments of Radioisotope and Chemical Analysis Center, Laboratory Management, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Department Pharmacological Study Group, Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mari Sakura
- Departments of Nephrology, Ishikiriseiki Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yu Tateishi
- Departments of Nephrology, Ishikiriseiki Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akihiro Tsuda
- Departments of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kurajoh
- Departments of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsuhito Mori
- Departments of Nephrology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masanori Emoto
- Departments of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaaki Inaba
- Departments of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Departments of Nephrology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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10
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Murase T, Nampei M, Oka M, Miyachi A, Nakamura T. A highly sensitive assay of human plasma xanthine oxidoreductase activity using stable isotope-labeled xanthine and LC/TQMS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1039:51-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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11
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Murase T, Oka M, Nampei M, Miyachi A, Nakamura T. A highly sensitive assay for xanthine oxidoreductase activity using a combination of [(13) C2 ,(15) N2 ]xanthine and liquid chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2016; 59:214-20. [PMID: 27006202 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a highly sensitive assay for xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) activity utilizing a combination of [(13) C2 ,(15) N2 ]xanthine and liquid chromatography (LC)/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (TQMS). In this assay, the amount of [(13) C2 ,(15) N2 ]uric acid (UA) produced by XOR was determined by using LC/TQMS. For this assay, we synthesized [(13) C2 ,(15) N2 ]xanthine as a substrate, [(13) C2 ,(15) N2 ]UA as an analytical standard, and [(13) C3 ,(15) N3 ]UA as an internal standard. The [(13) C2 ,(15) N2 ]UA calibration curve obtained using LC/TQMS under the selected reaction monitoring mode was evaluated, and the results indicated good linearity (R(2) = 0.998, weighting of 1/x(2) ) in the range of 20 to 4000 nM. As a model reaction of less active samples, the XOR activity of serial-diluted mouse plasma was measured. Thereby, the XOR activity of the 1024-fold-diluted mouse plasma was 4.49 ± 0.44 pmol/100 μL/h (mean ± standard deviation, n = 3). This value is comparable to the predicted XOR activity value of healthy human plasma. Hence, this combination method may be used to obtain high-sensitivity measurements required for XOR activity analysis on various organs or human plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayo Murase
- Radioisotope and Chemical Analysis Center, Laboratory Management Department, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., 363 Shiosaki, Hokusei-cho, Inabe-shi, Inabe, Mie, 511-0406, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Oka
- API Development Group, Pharmaceutical Technology Laboratories, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., 363 Shiosaki, Hokusei-cho, Inabe-shi, Inabe, Mie, 511-0406, Japan
| | - Mai Nampei
- Pharmacological Study Group, Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., 363 Shiosaki, Hokusei-cho, Inabe-shi, Inabe, Mie, 511-0406, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyachi
- Radioisotope and Chemical Analysis Center, Laboratory Management Department, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., 363 Shiosaki, Hokusei-cho, Inabe-shi, Inabe, Mie, 511-0406, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Pharmacological Study Group, Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., 363 Shiosaki, Hokusei-cho, Inabe-shi, Inabe, Mie, 511-0406, Japan
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Murase T, Nampei M, Oka M, Ashizawa N, Matsumoto K, Miyachi A, Nakamura T. Xanthine oxidoreductase activity assay in tissues using stable isotope-labeled substrate and liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1008:189-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Del Castillo Velasco-Martínez I, Hernández-Camacho CJ, Méndez-Rodríguez LC, Zenteno-Savín T. Purine metabolism in response to hypoxic conditions associated with breath-hold diving and exercise in erythrocytes and plasma from bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 191:196-201. [PMID: 26506131 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In mammalian tissues under hypoxic conditions, ATP degradation results in accumulation of purine metabolites. During exercise, muscle energetic demand increases and oxygen consumption can exceed its supply. During breath-hold diving, oxygen supply is reduced and, although oxygen utilization is regulated by bradycardia (low heart rate) and peripheral vasoconstriction, tissues with low blood flow (ischemia) may become hypoxic. The goal of this study was to evaluate potential differences in the circulating levels of purine metabolism components between diving and exercise in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Blood samples were taken from captive dolphins following a swimming routine (n=8) and after a 2min dive (n=8). Activity of enzymes involved in purine metabolism (hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT), inosine monophosphate deshydrogenase (IMPDH), xanthine oxidase (XO), purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP)), and purine metabolite (hypoxanthine (HX), xanthine (X), uric acid (UA), inosine monophosphate (IMP), inosine, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)), adenosine, adenosine monophosphate (AMP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), ATP, guanosine diphosphate (GDP), guanosine triphosphate (GTP)) concentrations were quantified in erythrocyte and plasma samples. Enzymatic activity and purine metabolite concentrations involved in purine synthesis and degradation, were not significantly different between diving and exercise. Plasma adenosine concentration was higher after diving than exercise (p=0.03); this may be related to dive-induced ischemia. In erythrocytes, HGPRT activity was higher after diving than exercise (p=0.007), suggesting an increased capacity for purine recycling and ATP synthesis from IMP in ischemic tissues of bottlenose dolphins during diving. Purine recycling and physiological adaptations may maintain the ATP concentrations in bottlenose dolphins after diving and exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Del Castillo Velasco-Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C., Programa de Planeación Ambiental y Conservación, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur C.P. 23096, México.
| | - Claudia J Hernández-Camacho
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Laboratorio de Ecología de Pinnípedos, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional s/n, Playa Palo Santa Rita, La Paz, Baja California Sur C.P. 23096, México.
| | - Lía C Méndez-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C., Programa de Planeación Ambiental y Conservación, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur C.P. 23096, México.
| | - Tania Zenteno-Savín
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C., Programa de Planeación Ambiental y Conservación, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur C.P. 23096, México.
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Stabler T, Zura RD, Hsueh MF, Kraus VB. Xanthine oxidase injurious response in acute joint injury. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 451:170-4. [PMID: 26415819 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While acute trauma is a major cause of osteoarthritis, its etiology is poorly understood. We sought to determine whether xanthine oxidase (XO), a major producer of reactive oxygen species, plays a role in the early events of acute joint injury. METHODS We analyzed synovial fluid from 23 subjects with recent severe acute knee injury. As a control we evaluated SF from 23 individuals with no or minimal knee osteoarthritis. We measured XO activity, reactive oxygen+reactive nitrogen species (ROS+RNS), protein oxidative damage (carbonyl), the type II collagen synthesis marker procollagen II c-propeptide (CPII) and the type II collagen degradation marker collagen type II telopeptide (CTx-II). We also measured the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6. RESULTS XO and ROS+RNS were higher (p=0.02 and p=0.001 respectively) in acute injury than control and were strongly positively associated (r=0.62, p=0.004). Carbonyl was higher in acute injury than control (p=0.0002) and was positively correlated with XO (r=0.68, p=0.0007) as well as with ROS+RNS (r=0.71, p=0.004). CPII was higher in acute injury than control (p<0.0001) and was negatively correlated with XO (r=-0.49, p=0.017). While CTxII was not significantly higher in acute injury than control, it was positively correlated with CPII (r=0.71, p=0.0002). IL-6 was higher in acute injury than control (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS These results are consistent with a potentially injurious effect of XO activity in acute joint injury characterized by excess free radical production and oxidative damage. These effects are associated with an inhibition of type II collagen production that may impede the ability of the injured joint to repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Stabler
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Robert D Zura
- Department of Orthopaedic Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ming-Feng Hsueh
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Virginia B Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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Liu G, Ma W, Luo Y, Sun DM, Shao S. Simultaneous determination of uric Acid and xanthine using a poly(methylene blue) and electrochemically reduced graphene oxide composite film modified electrode. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2014; 2014:984314. [PMID: 25436174 PMCID: PMC4244694 DOI: 10.1155/2014/984314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Poly(methylene blue) and electrochemically reduced graphene oxide composite film modified electrode (PMB-ERGO/GCE) was successfully fabricated by electropolymerization and was used for simultaneous determination of uric acid (UA) and xanthine (Xa). Based on the excellent electrocatalytic activity of PMB-ERGO/GCE, the electrochemical behaviors of UA and Xa were studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV). Two anodic sensitive peaks at 0.630 V (versus Ag/AgCl) for UA and 1.006 V (versus Ag/AgCl) for Xa were given by CV in pH 3.0 phosphate buffer. The calibration curves for UA and Xa were obtained in the range of 8.00 × 10(-8)~4.00 × 10(-4) M and 1.00 × 10(-7)~4.00 × 10(-4) M, respectively, by SWV. The detection limits for UA and Xa were 3.00 × 10(-8) M and 5.00 × 10(-8) M, respectively. Finally, the proposed method was applied to simultaneously determine UA and Xa in human urine with good selectivity and high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China
| | - Deng-ming Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China
| | - Shuang Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China
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16
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Pathophysiology of circulating xanthine oxidoreductase: New emerging roles for a multi-tasking enzyme. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:1502-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Li Z, Guan R, Liu H. A Sensitive Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for the Quantitative Determination of Milk Xanthine Oxidase Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ojmc.2013.31004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Kalimuthu P, Leimkühler S, Bernhardt PV. Low-Potential Amperometric Enzyme Biosensor for Xanthine and Hypoxanthine. Anal Chem 2012; 84:10359-65. [DOI: 10.1021/ac3025027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Palraj Kalimuthu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular
Biosciences, University of Queensland,
Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Silke Leimkühler
- Institut für Biochemie
und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Paul V. Bernhardt
- School of Chemistry and Molecular
Biosciences, University of Queensland,
Brisbane, 4072, Australia
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Liu L, Wang H, Bo X, Yang L, Guo L. Electrochemistry and Simultaneous Detection of Metabolites of Purine Nucleotide Based on Large Mesoporous Carbon Modified Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201200095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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20
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van Golen RF, van Gulik TM, Heger M. Mechanistic overview of reactive species-induced degradation of the endothelial glycocalyx during hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:1382-402. [PMID: 22326617 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells are covered by a delicate meshwork of glycoproteins known as the glycocalyx. Under normophysiological conditions the glycocalyx plays an active role in maintaining vascular homeostasis by deterring primary and secondary hemostasis and leukocyte adhesion and by regulating vascular permeability and tone. During (micro)vascular oxidative and nitrosative stress, which prevails in numerous metabolic (diabetes), vascular (atherosclerosis, hypertension), and surgical (ischemia/reperfusion injury, trauma) disease states, the glycocalyx is oxidatively and nitrosatively modified and degraded, which culminates in an exacerbation of the underlying pathology. Consequently, glycocalyx degradation due to oxidative/nitrosative stress has far-reaching clinical implications. In this review the molecular mechanisms of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species-induced destruction of the endothelial glycocalyx are addressed in the context of hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury as a model disease state. Specifically, the review focuses on (i) the mechanisms of glycocalyx degradation during hepatic ischemia/reperfusion, (ii) the molecular and cellular players involved in the degradation process, and (iii) its implications for hepatic pathophysiology. These topics are projected against a background of liver anatomy, glycocalyx function and structure, and the biology/biochemistry and the sources/targets of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. The majority of the glycocalyx-related mechanisms elucidated for hepatic ischemia/reperfusion are extrapolatable to the other aforementioned disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan F van Golen
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Andrews DT, Sutherland J, Dawson P, Royse AG, Royse C. L-arginine cardioplegia reduces oxidative stress and preserves diastolic function in patients with low ejection fraction undergoing coronary artery surgery. Anaesth Intensive Care 2012; 40:99-106. [PMID: 22313068 DOI: 10.1177/0310057x1204000110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PL-arginine cardioplegia decreases biochemical markers of myocardial damage and oxidative stress in patients with normal left ventricular function. We investigated the effects of L-arginine supplemented cardioplegic arrest in patients with reduced ejection fraction. Fifty-three adult patients with left ventricular ejection fraction <35% undergoing elective coronary artery bypass surgery were randomised to receive blood cardioplegia with or without L-arginine. Following cardiopulmonary bypass, measured endpoints were cardiac troponin-I concentration at 12 and 24 hours, coronary sinus concentrations of malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase activity at five and 15 minutes, lactic acid flux at one, five and 15 minutes and left ventricular systolic and diastolic function after protamine administration. There were no differences in cardiac troponin-I between groups. Malondialdehyde was lower in the L-arginine group, 0.28 ± 0.12 vs 0.48 ± 0.32 (5 minutes) and 0.31 ± 0.14 vs 0.38 ± 0.15 nmol.ml(-1) (15 minutes) (P=0.0004). Superoxide dismutase activity was higher in L-arginine group, 229 ± 87 vs 191.3 ± 68 (5 minutes), 229 ± 54 vs 198 ± 15 nmol.minute(-1).m(l) (15 minutes) (P=0.005). Lactic acid flux was lower in L-arginine group, 0.15 ± 0.23 vs 0.48 ± 0.32 (1 minute), 0.08 ± 0.19 vs 0.38 ± 0.31 (5 minutes) and -0.15 ± 0.13 vs 0.26 ± 0.30 mmol.l(-1) (15 minutes), (P=0.0003). There was no difference in left ventricular systolic function. The mitral annular tissue Doppler inflow (e') velocity during early diastole improved in the L-arginine group following cardiopulmonary bypass (control 4.2 ± 1.9 cm.s(-1) to 3.6 ± 1.2 cm.s(-1) vs L-arginine 3.8 ±1.2 cm.s(-1) to 4.6 ± 1.4 cm.s(-1)) (P=0.018). In patients with reduced ejection fraction, L-arginine supplemented cardioplegic arrest did not affect postoperative cardiac troponin-I levels, but attenuated cardiac cellular peroxidation and improved early left ventricular diastolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Andrews
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Stiburkova B, Krijt J, Vyletal P, Bartl J, Gerhatova E, Korinek M, Sebesta I. Novel mutations in xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase cause severe hypouricemia: biochemical and molecular genetic analysis in two Czech families with xanthinuria type I. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 413:93-9. [PMID: 21963464 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The article describes the clinical, biochemical, enzymological and molecular genetics findings in two patients from two families with xanthinuria type I. METHODS Biochemical analysis using high performance liquid chromatography, allopurinol loading test and analysis of xanthine oxidase activity in plasma and of uromodulin excretion in urine were performed. Sequencing analysis of the xanthine dehydrogenase gene and the haplotype and statistical analyses of consanguinity were performed. RESULTS Probands showed extremely low concentrations of uric acid, on seven occasions under the limit of detection. The concentration of uric acid in 38-year-old female was 15 μmol/L in serum and 0.04 mmol/L in urine. Excretion of xanthine in urine was 170 mmol/mol creatinine. The concentration of uric acid in 25-year-old male was 0.03 mmol/L in urine. Excretion of xanthine in urine was 141 mmol/mol creatinine. The allopurinol loading test confirmed xanthinuria type I. The xanthine oxidase activities in patients were 0 and 0.4 pmol/h/mL of plasma. We found three nonsense changes: p.P214QfsX4 and unpublished p.R825X and p.R881X. CONCLUSIONS We found two nonconsanguineous compound heterozygotes with xanthinuria type I caused by three nonsense changes. The methods used did not confirm consanguinity in the probands, thus there might be an unconfirmed biological relationship or mutational hotspot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Stiburkova
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Plank MS, Calderon TC, Asmerom Y, Boskovic DS, Angeles DM. Biochemical measurement of neonatal hypoxia. J Vis Exp 2011:2948. [PMID: 21897351 DOI: 10.3791/2948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia ischemia is characterized by inadequate blood perfusion of a tissue or a systemic lack of oxygen. This condition is thought to cause/exacerbate well documented neonatal disorders including neurological impairment. Decreased adenosine triphosphate production occurs due to a lack of oxidative phosphorylation. To compensate for this energy deprived state molecules containing high energy phosphate bonds are degraded. This leads to increased levels of adenosine which is subsequently degraded to inosine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, and finally to uric acid. The final two steps in this degradation process are performed by xanthine oxidoreductase. This enzyme exists in the form of xanthine dehydrogenase under normoxic conditions but is converted to xanthine oxidase (XO) under hypoxia-reperfusion circumstances. Unlike xanthine dehydrogenase, XO generates hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct of purine degradation. This hydrogen peroxide in combination with other reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during hypoxia, oxidizes uric acid to form allantoin and reacts with lipid membranes to generate malondialdehyde (MDA). Most mammals, humans exempted, possess the enzyme uricase, which converts uric acid to allantoin. In humans, however, allantoin can only be formed by ROS-mediated oxidation of uric acid. Because of this, allantoin is considered to be a marker of oxidative stress in humans, but not in the mammals that have uricase. We describe methods employing high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) to measure biochemical markers of neonatal hypoxia ischemia. Human blood is used for most tests. Animal blood may also be used while recognizing the potential for uricase-generated allantoin. Purine metabolites were linked to hypoxia as early as 1963 and the reliability of hypoxanthine, xanthine, and uric acid as biochemical indicators of neonatal hypoxia was validated by several investigators. The HPLC method used for the quantification of purine compounds is fast, reliable, and reproducible. The GC/MS method used for the quantification of allantoin, a relatively new marker of oxidative stress, was adapted from Gruber et al. This method avoids certain artifacts and requires low volumes of sample. Methods used for synthesis of MMDA were described elsewhere. GC/MS based quantification of MDA was adapted from Paroni et al. and Cighetti et al. Xanthine oxidase activity was measured by HPLC by quantifying the conversion of pterin to isoxanthopterin. This approach proved to be sufficiently sensitive and reproducible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S Plank
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, USA
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24
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The role of human xanthine oxidoreductase (HXOR), anti-HXOR antibodies, and microorganisms in synovial fluid of patients with joint inflammation. Rheumatol Int 2011; 32:2355-62. [PMID: 21644044 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-011-1965-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This work is to investigate the levels of human xanthine oxidoreductase (HXOR), its antibodies, and microorganisms in synovial fluid of patients with untreated rheumatoid joint diseases. Synovial fluids were collected from sixty-four patients with rheumatoid joint diseases. Sixty-four age-matched individuals were included as control. Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) proteins level and anti-XOR antibodies were determined in the blood and synovial fluid, using human XOR as antigen, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assay. Synovial fluids were cultured for bacteria and fungi. The titers of XOR protein in the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis were 90.43 ± 23.37 μg/ml (mean ± SD, n = 29) and up to 62.42 ± 8.74 μg/ml (mean ± SD, n = 35) in other joint inflammation. Anti-HXOR antibodies titers in patients were 167.72 ± 23.64 μg/ml, n = 64, which was significantly higher in rheumatoid arthritis patients. The results indicated that anti-HXOR antibodies in synovial fluids have a protective role as high concentrations against XOR were detected in inflammatory arthritis. These antibodies play a role in eliminating XOR from synovial fluids. However, immune complex formation could activate complement and participate in propagating the inflammatory cycle. Synovial aspirate ordinary microbial cultures were negative for any bacteria or fungi, but that does not exclude organisms of special culture requirements.
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Wikoff WR, Kalisak E, Trauger S, Manchester M, Siuzdak G. Response and recovery in the plasma metabolome tracks the acute LCMV-induced immune response. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:3578-87. [PMID: 19496611 DOI: 10.1021/pr900275p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection of mice is noncytopathic, producing well-characterized changes reflecting the host immune response. Untargeted metabolomics using mass spectrometry identified endogenous small molecule changes in blood from mice inoculated with LCMV, sampled at days 1, 3, 7, and 14 post infection. These time points correspond to well characterized events during acute LCMV infection and the immune response. Diverse pathways were altered, including TCA cycle intermediates, gamma-glutamyl dipeptides, lysophosphatidyl cholines, and fatty acids. The kynurenine pathway was activated, surprising because it is stimulated by IFN-gamma, which LCMV suppresses, thus, suggesting alternative activators. In contrast, biopterin/neopterin, another IFN-gamma stimulated pathway, was not activated. Many metabolites followed "response and recovery" kinetics, decreasing after infection to a minimum at days 3-7, and returning to normal by day 14. The TCA pathway followed this pattern, including citrate, cis-aconitate and alpha-ketoglutarate, intriguing because succinate has been shown to mediate cellular immunity. This response and recovery dynamic tracks the immune response, including the rise and fall of natural killer cell populations, serum TNF receptor concentration, and viral clearance. Metabolomics can provide target pathways for molecular diagnostics or therapeutics of viral infection and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Wikoff
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Center for Mass Spectrometry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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Farthing D, Sica D, Gehr T, Wilson B, Fakhry I, Larus T, Farthing C, Karnes HT. An HPLC method for determination of inosine and hypoxanthine in human plasma from healthy volunteers and patients presenting with potential acute cardiac ischemia. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 854:158-64. [PMID: 17466604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2007] [Revised: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method utilizing ultraviolet (UV) detection was developed for the determination of inosine and hypoxanthine in human plasma. For component separation, a monolithic C(18) column at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min with an aqueous mobile phase of trifluoroacetic acid (0.1% TFA in deionized water pH 2.2, v/v) and methanol gradient was used. The method employed a one-step sample preparation utilizing centrifugal filtration with high component recoveries (approximately 98%) from plasma, which eliminated the need of an internal standard. The method demonstrated excellent linearity (0.25-5 microg/mL, R>0.9990) for both inosine and hypoxanthine with detection limits of 100 ng/mL. This simple and cost effective method was utilized to evaluate potential endogenous plasma biomarker(s), which may aid hospital emergency personnel in the early detection of acute cardiac ischemia in patients presenting with non-traumatic chest pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Farthing
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Clinical Pharmacology and Hypertension, VCU Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Cooper N, Khosravan R, Erdmann C, Fiene J, Lee JW. Quantification of uric acid, xanthine and hypoxanthine in human serum by HPLC for pharmacodynamic studies. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 837:1-10. [PMID: 16631418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2005] [Revised: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 02/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A simple HPLC method was developed and validated for the determination of uric acid (UA), xanthine (X) and hypoxanthine (HX) concentrations in human serum to support pharmacodynamic (PD) studies of a novel xanthine oxidase inhibitor during its clinical development. Serum proteins were removed by ultrafiltration. The hydrophilic analytes and the I.S. were eluted by 100% aqueous phosphate buffer mobile phase. The hydrophobic matrix components (late peaks) were eluted with a step gradient of a higher organic mobile phase. Validation on linearity, sensitivity, precision, accuracy, stability, and robustness of the method for PD biomarkers (UA, X, and HX) was carried out in a similar manner to that for pharmacokinetic (PK) data where applicable. Issues of selectivity for endogenous biomarker analytes and individual concentration variations were addressed during method validation. Standards were prepared in analyte-free phosphate buffer. Quality control samples were prepared in control serum from individuals not dosed with the xanthine oxidase inhibitor. The method was simple and robust with good accuracy and precision for the measurement of serum UA, X, and HX concentrations.
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29
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Kitamura S, Sugihara K, Ohta S. Drug-Metabolizing Ability of Molybdenum Hydroxylases. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2006; 21:83-98. [PMID: 16702728 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.21.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Molybdenum hydroxylases, which include aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidoreductase, are involved in the metabolism of some medicines in humans. They exhibit oxidase activity towards various heterocyclic compounds and aldehydes. The liver cytosol of various mammals also exhibits a significant reductase activity toward nitro, sulfoxide, N-oxide and other moieties, catalyzed by aldehyde oxidase. There is considerable variability of aldehyde oxidase activity in liver cytosol of mammals: humans show the highest activity, rats and mice show low activity, and dogs have no detectable activity. On the other hand, xanthine oxidoreductase activity is present widely among species. Interindividual variation of aldehyde oxidase activity is present in humans. Drug-drug interactions associated with aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidoreductase are of potential clinical significance. Drug metabolizing ability of molybdenum hydroxylases and the variation of the activity are described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Kitamura
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi, Japan.
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30
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Fernández-Pachón MS, Villaño D, Troncoso AM, García-Parrilla MC. Antioxidant capacity of plasma after red wine intake in human volunteers. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:5024-9. [PMID: 15941351 DOI: 10.1021/jf0501995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plasma antioxidant capacity (AC) has been assessed in eight healthy human volunteers after wine intake. Analytical methods used for evaluating AC included the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity using two different fluorescent probes, beta-phycoerythrin (ORAC-PE) and fluorescein (ORAC-FL). In addition, the concentrations of endogenous antioxidants such as uric acid, albumin, and bilirubin were determined. The suitability of analytical methods was evaluated with two different biological matrixes: plasma and serum. Plasma AC was determined before ingestion of 300 mL of red wine (baseline value) and 30, 55, and 120 min afterward. Maximum average increase in AC values was reached at 55 min. Plasma AC determined by ORAC-PE at time zero was significantly correlated with albumin concentration. Plasma AC determined with FRAP at time zero is well correlated with uric acid. Moreover, a good linear correlation was found between uric acid concentration and AC determined by FRAP in each volunteer. The maximum concentration of uric acid occurred after 55 min. Uric acid increase accounts for a nonnegligible part in FRAP values and must be evaluated when using this method for assessing AC in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Fernández-Pachón
- Area de Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C/P, García Glez no. 2, Sevilla E-41012, Spain
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31
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Kelley EE, Trostchansky A, Rubbo H, Freeman BA, Radi R, Tarpey MM. Binding of xanthine oxidase to glycosaminoglycans limits inhibition by oxypurinol. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:37231-4. [PMID: 15231841 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m402077200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the binding of xanthine oxidase (XO) to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) results in significant alterations in its catalytic properties, the consequence of XO/GAG immobilization on interactions with clinically relevant inhibitors is unknown. Thus, the inhibition kinetics of oxypurinol for XO was determined using saturating concentrations of xanthine. When XO was bound to a prototypical GAG, heparin-Sepharose 6B (HS6B-XO), the rate of inactivation for uric acid formation from xanthine was less than that for XO in solution (k(inact) = 0.24 versus 0.39 min(-1)). Additionally, the overall inhibition constant (K(i)) of oxypurinol for HS6B-XO was 2-5-fold greater than for free XO (451 versus 85 nm). Univalent electron flux (O(2)(.) formation) was diminished by the binding of XO to heparin from 28.5% for free XO to 18.7% for GAG-immobilized XO. Similar to the results obtained with HS6B-XO, the binding of XO to bovine aortic endothelial cells rendered the enzyme resistant to inhibition by oxypurinol, achieving approximately 50% inhibition. These results reveal that GAG immobilization of XO in both HS6B and cell models substantially limits oxypurinol inhibition of XO, an event that has important relevance for the use of pyrazolo inhibitors of XO in clinical situations where XO and its products may play a pathogenic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Kelley
- Department of Anesthesiology, and the Center for Free Radical Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA.
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Kinugasa Y, Ogino K, Furuse Y, Shiomi T, Tsutsui H, Yamamoto T, Igawa O, Hisatome I, Shigemasa C. Allopurinol improves cardiac dysfunction after ischemia-reperfusion via reduction of oxidative stress in isolated perfused rat hearts. Circ J 2003; 67:781-7. [PMID: 12939555 DOI: 10.1253/circj.67.781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that the xanthine oxidase inhibitor, allopurinol, has a protective effect on ischemia - reperfusion injury, but the precise mechanism of its action is still unclear. Therefore, in the present study the mechanisms of the myocardial protection of allopurinol were evaluated in isolated perfused rat hearts. Allopurinol significantly inhibited myocardial xanthine oxidase activity, and improved left ventricular dysfunction after ischemia - reperfusion. In addition, the lactate dehydrogenase content in the coronary effluent obtained after reperfusion was significantly decreased. ATP, ADP, AMP and IMP significantly decreased, whereas inosine, hypoxanthine and xanthine significantly increased after ischemia in both the control and allopurinol groups. The concentration of xanthine was significantly decreased after ischemia - reperfusion in the allopurinol group; however, allopurinol did not affect the other purine metabolites. To evaluate the accumulation of oxidative stress, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) production in myocardial tissue was measured and allopurinol significantly decreased TBARS formation after ischemia - reperfusion. Finally, myocardial hydroxyl radicals were directly measured by electron spin resonance spectroscopy with the nitroxide radical 4-hydroxy-2, 2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine-N-oxyl. Hydroxyl radicals significantly increased immediately after reperfusion, but were significantly decreased in the allopurinol group. In conclusion, allopurinol reduced myocardial injury after ischemia-reperfusion by suppressing oxidative stress, but not by salvage of ATP. These findings may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies for myocardial ischemia - reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiharu Kinugasa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
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Abstract
Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is a complex molybdoflavoenzyme, present in milk and many other tissues, which has been studied for over 100 years. While it is generally recognized as a key enzyme in purine catabolism, its structural complexity and specialized tissue distribution suggest other functions that have never been fully identified. The publication, just over 20 years ago, of a hypothesis implicating XOR in ischemia-reperfusion injury focused research attention on the enzyme and its ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Since that time a great deal more information has been obtained concerning the tissue distribution, structure, and enzymology of XOR, particularly the human enzyme. XOR is subject to both pre- and post-translational control by a range of mechanisms in response to hormones, cytokines, and oxygen tension. Of special interest has been the finding that XOR can catalyze the reduction of nitrates and nitrites to nitric oxide (NO), acting as a source of both NO and peroxynitrite. The concept of a widely distributed and highly regulated enzyme capable of generating both ROS and NO is intriguing in both physiological and pathological contexts. The details of these recent findings, their pathophysiological implications, and the requirements for future research are addressed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Harrison
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
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Battelli MG, Musiani S, Valgimigli M, Gramantieri L, Tomassoni F, Bolondi L, Stirpe F. Serum xanthine oxidase in human liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96:1194-9. [PMID: 11316169 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.03700.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES High concentrations of serum xanthine oxidase (XO) have been reported during human liver disease and hepatocyte injury in experimental settings. However, it is unclear whether this elevation reflects hepatocyte necrosis or has a different meaning. METHODS The serum level of XO in 64 patients with chronic liver disease (17 patients with cirrhosis, 30 with chronic hepatitis, and 17 with cholestatic disorders) and in 12 control subjects was determined by a competitive ELISA. Conventional serum markers of liver damage were assessed in all patients, and grading and staging were scored in the chronic hepatitis group according to Knodell. RESULTS The XO serum levels were significantly higher in the patients than in the controls. The differences were also significant when controls were compared to patients with chronic hepatitis and cholestatic disorders separately, but not when compared to the cirrhosis group. Patients with cholestatic disorders had XO values higher than those of patients with cirrhosis or chronic hepatitis. XO levels did not correlate with stage and grade in chronic hepatitis group. We found a weak but significant positive correlation in patients between XO serum level and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (r = 0.37). This correlation was stronger when chronic hepatitis (r = 0.42) and, especially cholestatic disorders (r = 0.71), were separately tested, but was absent in the cirrhosis group. The XO values positively correlated with alkaline phosphatase in patients with cholestatic disorders. A level of serum XO >32 microg/ml specifically identified cholestatic disorders in our study population. CONCLUSIONS A marked elevation of serum XO in patients with chronic liver disease seems to reflect the presence of cholestasis. No correlation between XO levels and histological or serum evidence of hepatocyte necrosis was found in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Battelli
- Department of Experimental Pathology, S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy
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35
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Ziegler I, McDonald T, Hesslinger C, Pelletier I, Boyle P, McDonaldo T. Development of the pteridine pathway in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:18926-32. [PMID: 10770954 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m910307199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the zebrafish, the peripheral neurons and the pigment cells are derived from the neural crest and share the pteridine pathway, which leads either to the cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin or to xanthophore pigments. The components of the pteridine pattern were identified as tetrahydrobiopterin, sepiapterin, 7-oxobiopterin, isoxanthopterin, and 2,4,7-trioxopteridine. The expression of GTP cyclohydrolase I activity during the first 24-h postfertilization, followed by 6-pyruvoyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin synthase and sepiapterin reductase, suggest an early supply of tetrahydrobiopterin for neurotransmitter synthesis in the neurons and for tyrosine supply in the melanophores. At 48-h postfertilization, sepiapterin formation branches off the de novo pathway of tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis. Sepiapterin, via 7,8-dihydrobiopterin and biopterin, serves as a precursor for the formation of 7-oxobiopterin, which may be further catabolized to isoxanthopterin and 2,4,7-trioxopteridine. Neither 7, 8-dihydrobiopterin nor biopterin is a substrate for xanthine oxidoreductase. In contrast, both of these compounds are oxidized at C-7 by a xanthine oxidase variant form, which is inactivated by KCN, but is insensitive to allopurinol. The oxidase and the dehydrogenase form of xanthine oxidoreductase as well as the xanthine oxidase variant have specific developmental patterns. It follows that GTP cyclohydrolase I, the formation of sepiapterin, and the xanthine oxidoreductase family control the pteridine pathway in the zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ziegler
- GSF Research Center, Institut für Klinische Molekularbiologie und Tumorgenetik, 81377 München, Germany.
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36
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Godber BL, Doel JJ, Durgan J, Eisenthal R, Harrison R. A new route to peroxynitrite: a role for xanthine oxidoreductase. FEBS Lett 2000; 475:93-6. [PMID: 10858495 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(00)01639-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite, a potent oxidising, nitrating and hydroxylating agent, results from the reaction of nitric oxide with superoxide. We show that peroxynitrite can be produced by the action of a single enzyme, xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), in the presence of inorganic nitrite, molecular oxygen and a reducing agent, such as pterin. The effects of oxygen concentration on peroxynitrite production have been examined. The physiologically predominant dehydrogenase form of the enzyme is more effective than the oxidase form under aerobic conditions. It is proposed that XOR-derived peroxynitrite fulfils a bactericidal role in milk and in the digestive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Godber
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK
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Godber BL, Doel JJ, Sapkota GP, Blake DR, Stevens CR, Eisenthal R, Harrison R. Reduction of nitrite to nitric oxide catalyzed by xanthine oxidoreductase. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:7757-63. [PMID: 10713088 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.11.7757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) was shown to catalyze the reduction of nitrite to nitric oxide (NO), under anaerobic conditions, in the presence of either NADH or xanthine as reducing substrate. NO production was directly demonstrated by ozone chemiluminescence and showed stoichiometry of approximately 2:1 versus NADH depletion. With xanthine as reducing substrate, the kinetics of NO production were complicated by enzyme inactivation, resulting from NO-induced conversion of XO to its relatively inactive desulfo-form. Steady-state kinetic parameters were determined spectrophotometrically for urate production and NADH oxidation catalyzed by XO and xanthine dehydrogenase in the presence of nitrite under anaerobic conditions. pH optima for anaerobic NO production catalyzed by XO in the presence of nitrite were 7.0 for NADH and </=6.0 for xanthine. Involvement of the molybdenum site of XO in nitrite reduction was shown by the fact that alloxanthine inhibits xanthine oxidation competitively with nitrite. Strong preference for Mo=S over Mo=O was shown by the relatively very low NADH-nitrite reductase activity shown by desulfo-enzyme. The FAD site of XO was shown not to influence nitrite reduction in the presence of xanthine, although it was clearly involved when NADH was the reducing substrate. Apparent production of NO decreased with increasing oxygen tensions, consistent with reaction of NO with XO-generated superoxide. It is proposed that XO-derived NO fulfills a bactericidal role in the digestive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Godber
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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38
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Yamamoto T, Moriwaki Y, Fujimura Y, Takahashi S, Tsutsumi Z, Tsutsui T, Higashino K, Hada T. Effect of TEI-6720, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, on the nucleoside transport in the lung cancer cell line A549. Pharmacology 2000; 60:34-40. [PMID: 10629441 DOI: 10.1159/000028344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To examine the effect of 2-(3-cyano-4-isobutoxyphenyl)-4-methyl-5-thiazolecarboxylic acid (TEI-6720), an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, on purine metabolism in the lung cancer cell line A549, the activities of adenosine deaminase, purine nucleoside phosphorylase, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase, hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase, xanthine oxidase, and guanase together with pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase were measured with or without the addition of TEI-6720, and the extracellular concentrations of hypoxanthine, xanthine, inosine, uracil, and uridine were measured after the addition of inosine or uridine to the incubation medium with or without TEI-6720. Moreover, the Na-independent nucleoside transport was determined in A549 cells with or without TEI-6720. TEI-6720 inhibited the activity of xanthine oxidase in A549 cells, but did not affect other enzymes. During incubation, TEI-6720 not only prevented a decrease in the inosine concentration in inosine-containing medium, but also a decrease in the uridine concentration in uridine-containing medium. Furthermore, the Na-independent transport of uridine was inhibited by TEI-6720 with a K(i) value of 4.1 micromol/l. These results indicate that TEI-6720 is an inhibitor of the Na-independent nucleoside transport of uridine and inosine, as well as xanthine oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamamoto
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
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Lacy F, O'Connor DT, Schmid-Schönbein GW. Plasma hydrogen peroxide production in hypertensives and normotensive subjects at genetic risk of hypertension. J Hypertens 1998; 16:291-303. [PMID: 9557922 DOI: 10.1097/00004872-199816030-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxygen free radicals may play roles in hypertension both in arteriolar constriction and in formation of lesions. OBJECTIVE To quantify free radical production in blood plasma of genetic hypertensives. DESIGN Hydrogen peroxide levels were measured, because it is one of the most stable reactive oxygen species. METHODS An electrode technique was used to determine plasma hydrogen peroxide levels after blockade of endogenous catalase with sodium azide. This method was validated by an independent spectrophotometric technique. RESULTS Members of the essential hypertensive group (n=21) had higher plasma hydrogen peroxide levels (3.16+/-0.14 versus 2.50+/-0.16 micromol/l, P=0.005) than did members of the normotensive group (n=29). Furthermore, within the normotensive group, those with a family history of hypertension (n=15) exhibited higher hydrogen peroxide levels (2.83+/-0.27 versus 2.14< or =0.13 micromol/l, P=0.03) than did those without such a family history (n=14). Plasma hydrogen peroxide levels in these 50 subjects were correlated to their mean arterial pressures (r=0.54, P < 0.001). When hypertensives were grouped with normotensives without a family history of hypertension, the correlation improved (r=0.70, P< 0.001). Statistical analysis (two-way analysis of variance) revealed that a family history of hypertension was a better predictor of plasma hydrogen peroxide production than was blood pressure status (P=0.003 versus P=0.093). Further investigations showed that superoxide is produced in plasma and that one of its sources is xanthine oxidase. CONCLUSIONS Hydrogen peroxide is produced in blood plasma and elevation of its level could constitute a pathogenic factor in vascular organ damage attendant upon systemic hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lacy
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Veterans Administration Medical Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, USA
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