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Alarcón S, Esteban J, Roos R, Heikkinen P, Sánchez-Pérez I, Adamsson A, Toppari J, Koskela A, Finnilä MAJ, Tuukkanen J, Herlin M, Hamscher G, Leslie HA, Korkalainen M, Halldin K, Schrenk D, Håkansson H, Viluksela M. Endocrine, metabolic and apical effects of in utero and lactational exposure to non-dioxin-like 2,2',3,4,4',5,5'-heptachlorobiphenyl (PCB 180): A postnatal follow-up study in rats. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 102:109-127. [PMID: 33992733 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PCB 180 is a persistent and abundant non-dioxin-like PCB (NDL-PCB). We determined the developmental toxicity profile of ultrapure PCB 180 in developing offspring following in utero and lactational exposure with the focus on endocrine, metabolic and retinoid system alterations. Pregnant rats were given total doses of 0, 10, 30, 100, 300 or 1000 mg PCB 180/kg bw on gestational days 7-10 by oral gavage, and the offspring were sampled on postnatal days (PND) 7, 35 and 84. Decreased serum testosterone and triiodothyronine concentrations on PND 84, altered liver retinoid levels, increased liver weights and induced 7-pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylase (PROD) activity were the sensitive effects used for margin of exposure (MoE) calculations. Liver weights were increased together with induction of the metabolizing enzymes cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2B1, CYP3A1, and CYP1A1. Less sensitive effects included decreased serum estradiol and increased luteinizing hormone levels in females, decreased prostate and seminal vesicle weight and increased pituitary weight in males, increased cortical bone area and thickness of tibial diaphysis in females and decreased cortical bone mineral density in males. Developmental toxicity profiles were partly different in male and female offspring, males being more sensitive to increased liver weight, PROD induction and decreased thyroxine concentrations. MoE assessment indicated that the 95th percentile of current maternal PCB 180 concentrations do not exceed the estimated tolerable human lipid-based PCB 180 concentration. Although PCB 180 is much less potent than dioxin-like compounds, it shares several toxicological targets suggesting a potential for interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Alarcón
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche (Alicante), Spain; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Javier Esteban
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche (Alicante), Spain.
| | - Robert Roos
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Päivi Heikkinen
- Environmental Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), P.O. Box 95, Kuopio, FI-70701, Finland
| | - Ismael Sánchez-Pérez
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche (Alicante), Spain
| | - Annika Adamsson
- Research Center for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology and Centre for Population Health Research, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Department of Paediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, FI-20520, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Research Center for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology and Centre for Population Health Research, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Department of Paediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, FI-20520, Finland
| | - Antti Koskela
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mikko A J Finnilä
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha Tuukkanen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Maria Herlin
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerd Hamscher
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, D-35392, Germany
| | - Heather A Leslie
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, NL-1081 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Merja Korkalainen
- Environmental Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), P.O. Box 95, Kuopio, FI-70701, Finland
| | - Krister Halldin
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dieter Schrenk
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, D-67663, Germany
| | - Helen Håkansson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matti Viluksela
- School of Pharmacy (Toxicology), Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Esteban J, Serrano-Maciá M, Sánchez-Pérez I, Alonso-Magdalena P, Pellín MDLC, García-Arévalo M, Nadal Á, Barril J. In utero exposure to bisphenol-A disrupts key elements of retinoid system in male mice offspring. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 126:142-151. [PMID: 30790712 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The retinoid system controls essential cellular processes including mitosis, differentiation and metabolism among others. Although the retinoid-signalling pathway is a potential target for the action of several endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), the information about the developmental effects of bisphenol-A (BPA) on the hepatic retinoid system is scarce. Herein, male mice were in utero exposed to BPA following maternal subcutaneous doses of 0, 10 and 100 μg/kg bw/day from gestational day 9-16 and they were sacrificed at post-natal day 30. Retinoid concentrations and gene expression of key elements involved in the retinoid system were determined in liver. BPA increased all-trans-retinoic acid concentration and expression of Adh1, Aox1 and Cyp1a2 (biosynthesis of retinoic acid), while reduced Mrp3 (efflux from hepatocyte to blood), increased Bcrp expression (biliary excretion) and changed the retinoid-dependent signalling system after reducing expression of Rxrβ and increasing that of Fgf21. Furthermore, we found bivariate associations of Rarγ and Rxrγ expressions with all-trans-retinoic acid concentrations and of Fgf21 expression with that of Rarγ. Those findings occurred in animals which showed altered pancreatic function and impaired glucose metabolism during adulthood. The present information should be useful for enhancing testing methods for the identification of EDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Esteban
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Spain.
| | | | | | - Paloma Alonso-Magdalena
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Spain; Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Spain
| | | | - Marta García-Arévalo
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Ángel Nadal
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Spain; Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Jose Barril
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Spain
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Sawada K, Inoue D, Wada Y, Sei K, Nakanishi T, Ike M. Detection of retinoic acid receptor agonistic activity and identification of causative compounds in municipal wastewater treatment plants in Japan. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2012; 31:307-315. [PMID: 22095885 DOI: 10.1002/etc.741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) receptor (RAR) agonists are potential toxicants that can cause teratogenesis in vertebrates. To determine the occurrence of RAR agonists in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), we examined the RARα agonistic activities of influent and effluent samples from several municipal WWTPs in Osaka, Japan, using a yeast two-hybrid assay. Significant RARα agonistic activity was detected in all the influent samples investigated, suggesting that municipal wastewater consistently contains RAR agonists. Fractionations using high-performance liquid chromatography, directed by the bioassay, found several bioactive peaks from influent samples. The RAR agonists, all-trans RA (atRA), 13-cis RA (13cRA), 4-oxo-atRA, and 4-oxo-13cRA, possibly arising from human urine, were identified by liquid chromatography ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Quantification of the identified compounds in municipal WWTPs confirmed that they were responsible for the majority of RARα agonistic activity in WWTP influents, and also revealed they were readily removed from wastewater by activated sludge treatment. Simultaneous measurement of the RARα agonistic activity revealed that although total activity typically declined concomitant with the reduction of the four identified compounds, it remained high after the decline of RAs and 4-oxo-RAs in one WWTP, suggesting the occurrence of unidentified RAR agonists during the activated sludge treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Sawada
- Division of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Inoue D, Sei K, Ike M. Disruption of Retinoic Acid Receptor Signaling by Environmental Pollutants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.56.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Inoue
- Division of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering, Osaka University
| | - Kazunari Sei
- Division of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering, Osaka University
| | - Michihiko Ike
- Division of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering, Osaka University
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Zhen H, Wu X, Hu J, Xiao Y, Yang M, Hirotsuji J, Nishikawa JI, Nakanishi T, Ike M. Identification of retinoic acid receptor agonists in sewage treatment plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:6611-6616. [PMID: 19764225 DOI: 10.1021/es9000328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid receptor (RAR) agonists are speculated to be one possible cause for the widely observed frog deformities in North America, although little is known about the specific RAR agonists in aquatic environments. We identified the specific RAR egonists in sewage treatment plants (STPs) and receiving rivers using an RAR yeast two-hybrid bioassay. Water samples were extracted by solid-phase extract cartridges, which were successively eluted by hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol for bioassay. Among the three fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest RAR agonistic activities. The bioassay-derived activity, expressed as all-trans-retinoic acid (all-transRA) equivalents (ATRA-EQ) were 10.9 +/- 2.2 and 1.7 +/- 1.0 ng/L in the STP influents and effluents, respectively, while the ATRA-EQs were as high as 7.1 and 8.3 ng/L in the two rivers receiving STP effluents. Following a two-step fractionation using high-performance liquid chromatography and ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) directed by the bioassay, two bioactive fractions were obtained from Gaobeidian STP influent and all-trans-4-oxo-RA (4.7-10.4 ng/L in influents, < 0.2-0.9 ng/L in effluents) and 13-cis-4-oxo-RA (2.3-7.1 ng/L in influents, < 0.4-1.1 ng/L in effluents) were identified in these fractions with UPLC-MS/MS. The EC50 for all-trans-4-oxo-RA or 13-cis-4-oxo-RA relative to that of all-trans-RA in exhibiting RARalpha agonistic activity was calculated to be 3.87 and 0.46, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajun Zhen
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Dembitsky VM. Astonishing diversity of natural surfactants: 3. Carotenoid glycosides and isoprenoid glycolipids. Lipids 2005; 40:535-57. [PMID: 16149733 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-005-1415-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoid glycosides and isoprenoid glycolipids are of great interest, especially for the medicinal, pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic, flavor, and fragrance industries. These biologically active natural surfactants have good prospects for the future chemical preparation of compounds useful as antimicrobial, antibacterial, and antitumor agents, or in industry. More than 300 unusual natural surfactants are described in this review article, including their chemical structures and biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery M Dembitsky
- Department of Organic Chemistry and School of Pharmacy, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Golczak M, Kuksa V, Maeda T, Moise AR, Palczewski K. Positively charged retinoids are potent and selective inhibitors of the trans-cis isomerization in the retinoid (visual) cycle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:8162-7. [PMID: 15917330 PMCID: PMC1149451 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0503318102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrate retinal photoreceptors, photoisomerization of opsin-bound visual chromophore 11-cis-retinal to all-trans-retinal triggers phototransduction events. Regeneration of the chromophore is a critical step in restoring photoreceptors to their dark-adapted state. This regeneration process, called the retinoid cycle, takes place in the photoreceptor outer segments and in the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE). We have suggested that the regeneration of the chromophore might occur through a retinyl carbocation intermediate. Here, we provide evidence that isomerization is inhibited by positively charged retinoids, which could act as transition state analogs of the isomerization process. We demonstrate that retinylamine (Ret-NH2) potently and selectively inhibits the isomerization step of the retinoid cycle in vitro and in vivo. Ret-NH2 binds a protein(s) in the RPE microsomes, but it does not bind RPE65, a protein implicated in the isomerization reaction. Although Ret-NH2 inhibits the regeneration of visual chromophore in rods and, in turn, severely attenuates rod responses, it has a much smaller effect on cone function in mice. Ret-NH2 interacts only at micromolar concentrations with retinoic acid receptor, does not activate retinoid-X receptor, and is not a substrate for CYP26s, the retinoic acid-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes. Ret-NH2 can be a significant investigational tool to study the mechanism of regeneration of visual chromophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Golczak
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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8
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Gundersen TE, Blomhoff R. Qualitative and quantitative liquid chromatographic determination of natural retinoids in biological samples. J Chromatogr A 2001; 935:13-43. [PMID: 11762772 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography continues to be the preferred method for determining retinoids in biological samples. The highly unstable nature of retinoids and the real possibility of artifacts or erroneous results have led to the development of rapid and highly automated protocols for retinoid extraction, separation and detection. Due to strong light absorbance in the ultraviolet region, UV detectors still predominate although mass spectrometric detection is gaining increased popularity. This paper reviews recent advances and provides major guidelines for using liquid chromatography to identify and quantify retinoids in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Gundersen
- Institute for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Blindern, Norway.
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Bedford CT. Glucuronic acid conjugates. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1998; 717:313-26. [PMID: 9832252 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00328-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The methods of assay in body fluids of 1-beta-alkyl, 1-beta-phenyl and 1-beta-acyl glucuronic acids ("glucuronide conjugates") have been reviewed. Most of the 78 references cited (from the literature of the period 1990-1997) concern the glucuronide conjugates of drug metabolites, and these have been considered, for reasons of accessibility, within sections of individual drug classes such as analgesics, anti-cancer agents and opioids. Other glucuronide conjugates are considered under "miscellaneous compounds". A few gas chromatography and capillary electrophoresis methods are described, but the major technique of assay (62 citations) is reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Bedford
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Westminister, London, UK
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Abstract
Retinoyl beta-glucuronide is a naturally occurring, biologically active metabolite of vitamin A. Although retinoyl beta-glucuronide is regarded as a detoxification product of retinoic acid, it plays several roles in the functions of vitamin A. It can serve as a source of retinoic acid, and it may be a vehicle for transport of retinoic acid to target tissues. Topically applied retinoyl beta-glucuronide is comparable in efficacy to retinoic acid in the treatment of acne in humans, without the same side effects. Retinoyl beta-glucuronide may or may not be teratogenic, depending on the mode of administration and the species in which it is used. It may be a valuable therapeutic compound for the treatment of skin disorders and certain types of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Barua
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
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