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Ayan EM, Karabiberoğlu ŞU, Dursun Z. A Practical Electrochemical Sensor for Atenolol Detection Based on a Graphene Oxide Composite Film Doped with Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202001019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Mavioğlu Ayan
- Ege UniversityFaculty of ScienceChemistryDepartment 35100 Bornova İzmir Turkey
| | | | - Zekerya Dursun
- Ege UniversityFaculty of ScienceChemistryDepartment 35100 Bornova İzmir Turkey
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2
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Harvey DJ, Vouros P. MASS SPECTROMETRIC FRAGMENTATION OF TRIMETHYLSILYL AND RELATED ALKYLSILYL DERIVATIVES. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:105-211. [PMID: 31808199 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the mass spectral fragmentation of trimethylsilyl (TMS) and related alkylsilyl derivatives used for preparing samples for analysis, mainly by combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The review is divided into three sections. The first section is concerned with the TMS derivatives themselves and describes fragmentation of derivatized alcohols, thiols, amines, ketones, carboxylic acids and bifunctional compounds such as hydroxy- and amino-acids, halo acids and hydroxy ethers. More complex compounds such as glycerides, sphingolipids, carbohydrates, organic phosphates, phosphonates, steroids, vitamin D, cannabinoids, and prostaglandins are discussed next. The second section describes intermolecular reactions of siliconium ions such as the TMS cation and the third section discusses other alkylsilyl derivatives. Among these latter compounds are di- and trialkyl-silyl derivatives, various substituted-alkyldimethylsilyl derivatives such as the tert-butyldimethylsilyl ethers, cyclic silyl derivatives, alkoxysilyl derivatives, and 3-pyridylmethyldimethylsilyl esters used for double bond location in fatty acid spectra. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 0000:1-107, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Life Sciences Building 85, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Paul Vouros
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, Massachusetts, 02115
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3
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Mohammed G, Khraibah N, Bashammakh A, El-Shahawi M. Electrochemical sensor for trace determination of timolol maleate drug in real samples and drug residues using Nafion/carboxylated-MWCNTs nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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Zeeb M, Farahani H, Papan MK. Determination of atenolol in human plasma using ionic-liquid-based ultrasound-assisted in situ solvent formation microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:2138-45. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201501365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Zeeb
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch; Tehran Iran
| | - Hadi Farahani
- Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI); Tehran Iran
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5
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Steuer AE, Poetzsch M, Koenig M, Tingelhoff E, Staeheli SN, Roemmelt AT, Kraemer T. Comparison of conventional liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry versus microflow liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry within the framework of full method validation for simultaneous quantification of 40 antidepressants and neuroleptics in whole blood. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1381:87-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.12.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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6
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Steuer AE, Forss AM, Dally AM, Kraemer T. Method development and validation for simultaneous quantification of 15 drugs of abuse and prescription drugs and 7 of their metabolites in whole blood relevant in the context of driving under the influence of drugs––Usefulness of multi-analyte calibration. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 244:92-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Pulsed electromembrane method for simultaneous extraction of drugs with different properties. Anal Biochem 2013; 438:136-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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A novel solid-phase extraction-spectrofluorimetric method for the direct determination of atenolol in human urine. LUMINESCENCE 2013; 29:225-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.2532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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9
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Caban M, Mioduszewska K, Stepnowski P, Kwiatkowski M, Kumirska J. Dimethyl(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)silyldiethylamine—A new silylating agent for the derivatization of β-blockers and β-agonists in environmental samples. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 782:75-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Caban M, Stepnowski P, Kwiatkowski M, Migowska N, Kumirska J. Determination of β-blockers and β-agonists using gas chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry – A comparative study of the derivatization step. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:8110-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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11
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Behpour M, Honarmand E, Ghoreishi S. Nanogold-modified Carbon Paste Electrode for the Determination of Atenolol in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Urine by Voltammetric Methods. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2010.31.04.845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Pujos E, Cren-Olivé C, Paisse O, Flament-Waton M, Grenier-Loustalot M. Comparison of the analysis of β-blockers by different techniques. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:4007-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Murray GJ, Danaceau JP. Simultaneous extraction and screening of diuretics, beta-blockers, selected stimulants and steroids in human urine by HPLC-MS/MS and UPLC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:3857-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Yilmaz B, Arslan S. GC–MS Determination of Atenolol Plasma Concentration after Derivatization with N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1325-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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15
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BARANOWSKA I, WILCZEK A. Simultaneous RP-HPLC Determination of Sotalol, Metoprolol, .ALPHA.-Hydroxymetoprolol, Paracetamol and Its Glucuronide and Sulfate Metabolites in Human Urine. ANAL SCI 2009; 25:769-72. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.25.769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irena BARANOWSKA
- Department of Analytical and General Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Silesian University of Technology
| | - Andrzej WILCZEK
- Department of Analytical and General Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Silesian University of Technology
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16
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A systematic comparison of four different workup procedures for systematic toxicological analysis of urine samples using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 393:735-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2471-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Revised: 09/14/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Umezawa H, Lee X, Arima Y, Hasegawa C, Izawa H, Kumazawa T, Sato K. Simultaneous determination ofβ‐blockers in human plasma using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2008; 22:702-11. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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18
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Paik MJ, Lee J, Kim KR. Simultaneous screening analysis of multiple β-blockers in urine by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry in selected ion monitoring mode. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 601:230-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Revised: 07/25/2007] [Accepted: 08/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Silva LC, Trevisan MG, Poppi RJ, Sena MM. Direct determination of propranolol in urine by spectrofluorimetry with the aid of second order advantage. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 595:282-8. [PMID: 17606011 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2006] [Revised: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 12/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This work presented an application of the second-order advantage provided by parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) aiming at direct determination of propranolol, a beta-blocker also used as doping agent, in human urine by spectrofluorimetry. The adopted strategy combined the use of PARAFAC, for extraction of the pure analyte signal, with the standard addition method, for a determination in the presence of an individual matrix effect caused by the quenching action of the proteins present in the urine. The urine samples were previously 100 times diluted. For each sample, four standard additions were performed, in triplicates. A specific PARAFAC model was built for each triplicate of each sample, from three-way arrays formed by 231 emission wavelengths, 8 excitation wavelengths and 5 measurements (sample plus 4 additions). The models were built with three factors and always explained more than 99.87% of the total variance. The obtained loadings were related to PRO and two background interferences. The scores related to PRO were used for a linear regression in the standard addition method. The obtained determinations in the PRO concentration range from 5.0 to 20.0 microg ml(-1) provided recoveries between 91.1 and 108.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas C Silva
- Unidade Universitária de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, P.O. Box 459, 75000-000 Anápolis, GO, Brazil
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Kristoffersen L, Øiestad EL, Opdal MS, Krogh M, Lundanes E, Christophersen AS. Simultaneous determination of 6 beta-blockers, 3 calcium-channel antagonists, 4 angiotensin-II antagonists and 1 antiarrhytmic drug in post-mortem whole blood by automated solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 850:147-60. [PMID: 17175206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2006] [Revised: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A method for the simultaneous determination of the beta-blockers atenolol, sotalol, metoprolol, bisoprolol, propranolol and carvedilol, the calcium-channel antagonists diltiazem, amlodipine and verapamil, the angiotensin-II antagonists losartan, irbesartan, valsartan and telmisartan, and the antiarrhythmic drug flecainide, in whole blood samples from forensic autopsies was developed. Sample clean-up was achieved by precipitation and solid phase extraction (SPE) with a mixed-mode column. Quantification was performed by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography with positive electrospray ionization mass spectrometric detection (HPLC-MS). The method has been developed and robustness tested by systematically searching for satisfactory conditions using experimental designs including factorial and response surface designs. With the exception of amlodipine, the concentration limit of quantification (cLOQ) covered low therapeutic concentration levels for all the compounds. Within assay precisions and accuracies (bias) were 3.4-21% RSD and from -24 to 21% for the concentration range 1.00-5.00 microM, respectively. Between assay precisions were 4.4-28% RSD for the concentration range from 0.1 to 5 microM and recoveries varied from 9 to 103%. The method is used for determination of cardiovascular drugs in post-mortem whole blood samples from forensic autopsy cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Kristoffersen
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Toxicology and Drug Abuse, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
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21
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Liu Y. Use of an Improved Version of C8+SCX Mixed Mode Solid Phase Extraction Material for Clean Extraction and Recovery of Basic and Zwitterionic Compounds from Biological Fluids. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070600674794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Liu
- a Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou, P. R. China
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22
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Li M, Lee SH. Determination of trimethylamine in fish by capillary electrophoresis with electrogenerated tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) chemiluminescence detection. LUMINESCENCE 2007; 22:588-93. [PMID: 17768717 DOI: 10.1002/bio.1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A capillary electrophoresis with electrogenerated chemiluminescence (CE-ECL) method for the determination of trimethylamine (TMA) in fish was studied. In the presence of TMA, ECL from the reaction of analyte and in situ generated tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(III) [Ru(bpy)(3) (3+)] at electrode surface could be produced. The ECL detection was performed using a Pt working electrode biased at 1.23 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) potential in a 10 mmol/L sodium borate buffer solution, pH 9.2, containing 3 mmol/L Ru(bpy)(3) (2+). A linear calibration curve (correlation coefficient = 0.9996) was obtained in the range 8 x 10(-5)-4 x 10(-8) mol/L for TMA concentration. Recoveries obtained were in the range 98.78-101.46%. The method was successfully applied for the assay of TMA in fish, in combination with solid phase extraction (SPE) disks for sample clean-up and enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
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Huang J, Sun J, Zhou X, You T. Determination of Atenolol and Metoprolol by Capillary Electrophoresis with Tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) Electrochemiluminescence Detection. ANAL SCI 2007; 23:183-8. [PMID: 17297230 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.23.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupling with a tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)) electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection technique was developed for the analysis of two beta-blockers, atenolol (AT) and metoprolol (ME). The parameters that influence the separation and detection, including the buffer pH and concentration, the separation voltage, the detection potential and Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) concentration, were optimized in detail. The calibration curve was linear over a concentration range of two or three orders of magnitude for the two beta-blockers. The detection limits for AT and ME were 0.075 and 0.005 microM (S/N = 3). The relative standard deviations (n = 8) of the ECL intensity and the migration time were 2.65 and 0.22% for AT, 2.82 and 0.34% for ME, respectively. The proposed method was applied to determine AT and ME in spiked urine samples; satisfactory results were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianshe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
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24
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Paik MJ, Nguyen DT, Kim KR. GC and MS Properties of β-Blockers as tert-Butyldimethylsilyl Derivatives and as Ethoxycarbonyl/Trimethylsilyl Derivatives. Chromatographia 2006. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-006-0095-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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25
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Josefsson M, Sabanovic A. Sample preparation on polymeric solid phase extraction sorbents for liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric analysis of human whole blood—A study on a number of beta-agonists and beta-antagonists. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1120:1-12. [PMID: 16600255 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Revised: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 03/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alternative strategies for sample preparation of human blood samples were evaluated including protein precipitation (PP) and solid phase extraction (SPE) on Waters Oasis polymeric columns. Gradient chromatography within 15 min was performed on a Hypersil Polar-RP column combined with a Sciex API 2000 triple quadrupol instrument equipped with an electro-spray interface. Beta-agonists and beta-antagonists available on the Swedish market were included in the study. A combination of zinc sulphate and ethanol was found effective for PP. A clear supernatant was achieved that either could be injected directly on the LC-MS-MS system for analysis or transferred to a SPE column for further extraction and analyte concentration. Retention on the hydrophilic-lipophilic balanced sorbent HLB as well as the mixed mode cationic MCX and anionic MAX sorbents were investigated. On HBL the relative lipophilicity of the target analytes was investigated. At a high pH when the amino alcohols are deprotonised the more non-polar analytes (e.g., carvediol, betaxolol, bisoprolol and propranolol) were well retained on the sorbent and for the majority methanol content higher than 50% in water (v/v) was needed for elution. Some analytes though, with additional weak acidic functionalities (fenoterol, salbutamol, sotalol, and terbutaline) were poorly retained. On MAX the retention of these weak acids was improved when loaded under basic conditions but under neutral conditions analyte recoveries was comparable with HLB. On MCX all the analytes were well retained allowing a wash step of 100% methanol at neutral and low pH. By applying the supernatant from PP in combination with an additional portion of aqueous formic acid (2%) the analytes could be loaded and retained. High extraction recoveries were found for most analytes but for a few, significant losses were seen during PP (e.g., formoterol) and/or evaporation (e.g., fenoterol, formoterol, labetalol and terbutaline). The effectiveness of the sample preparation was evaluated by ESI ion-suppression studies by post column infusion of the target analyte. An ethanol zinc sulphate aq mixture was found to be more effective than acetonitrile, methanol or ethanol for PP of human whole blood samples. Beside suppression by salts in the front peak, only limited suppression from other artefacts such as more lipophilic compounds was found late in the chromatograms. Some tendency though to concentrate more lipophilic artefacts on the Oasis sorbents was seen. These findings show that the Oasis MCX sorbent is well suited for sample preparation of beta-agonists and beta-antagonists from human whole blood if the objective is to cover a great number of the analytes in the same assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Josefsson
- Department of Forensic Chemistry, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Artillerigatan 12, S-581 33 Linköping, Sweden.
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26
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Dumasia MC. In vivo biotransformation of metoprolol in the horse and on-column esterification of the aminocarboxylic acid metabolite by alcohols during solid phase extraction using mixed mode columns. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 40:75-81. [PMID: 16168607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2004] [Revised: 12/23/2004] [Accepted: 12/28/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo biotransformation of metoprolol tartrate in the thoroughbred racehorse was studied after administration of a single oral dose. Metoprolol and its basic and bifunctional phase I metabolites were isolated from urine and plasma using mixed mode solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridges. The isolates were derivatised as trimethylsilyl ethers and analysed by capillary column gas chromatography--positive ion electron ionisation and ammonia chemical ionisation mass spectrometry. Metabolism was primarily confined to the oxidative transformations of the p-(2-methoxy)ethyl substituent. Metoprolol and five phase I metabolites were detected in horse urine. In common with man, rat and dog, the zwitterionic compound (+/-)-4-(2-hydroxy-3-isopropylaminopropoxy)-phenylacetic acid (H117/04), was the principle metabolite in the horse. This compound was readily isolated from both plasma and urine samples by SPE and, in addition, an unusual on-column esterification of the carboxylic acid moiety by alcohols was observed. Metoprolol and the major aliphatic acid metabolite were detected for about 10 and 40 h, respectively in unhydrolysed urine. After enzymatic hydrolysis, the detection period increased to 15 and 60 h, respectively indicating some phase II metabolism of metoprolol and its metabolites in the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Dumasia
- Department of Drug Metabolism, HFL, P.O. Box 150, Newmarket Road, Fordham, Cambridgeshire CB7 5WW, UK.
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27
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Al-Ghannam SM. A simple spectrophotometric method for the determination of β-blockers in dosage forms. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 40:151-6. [PMID: 16111848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2001.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2001] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A simple, extraction-free spectrophotometric method is proposed for the analysis of some beta-blockers, namely atenolol, timolol and nadolol. The method is based on the interaction of the drugs in chloroform with 0.1% chloroformic solutions of acidic sulphophthalein dyes to form stable, yellow-coloured, ion-pair complexes peaking at 415 nm. The dyes used were bromophenol blue (BPB), bromothymol blue (BTB) and bromocresol purple (BCP). Under the optimum conditions, the three drugs could be assayed in the concentration range 1-10 microg ml(-1) with correlation coefficient (n = 5) more than 0.999 in all cases. The stoichiometry of the reaction was found to be 1:1 in all cases and the conditional stability constant (K(F)) of the complexes have been calculated. The free energy changes (DeltaG) were determined for all complexes formed. The interference likely to be introduced from co-formulated drugs was studied and their tolerance limits were determined. The proposed method was then applied to dosage-forms the percentage recoveries ranges from 99.12-100.95, and the results obtained were compared favorably with those given with the official methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Al-Ghannam
- Girls College of Science, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 838, Dammam-31113, Saudi Arabia.
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28
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Johnson RD, Lewis RJ. Quantitation of atenolol, metoprolol, and propranolol in postmortem human fluid and tissue specimens via LC/APCI-MS. Forensic Sci Int 2006; 156:106-17. [PMID: 16410160 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2004] [Revised: 01/04/2005] [Accepted: 01/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is a growing medical concern in the United States. With the number of Americans suffering from hypertension increasing, the use of antihypertensives such as beta-blockers is increasing as well. In fact, three beta-blockers - atenolol, metoprolol and propranolol - were among the 200 most prescribed medications in the United States in 2003. Pilots that successfully manage their hypertension can remain certified to fly. The Federal Aviation Administration currently designates approximately 8% of active pilots as "hypertensive with medication". The Civil Aerospace Medical Institute (CAMI) performs toxicological evaluation on victims of fatal aviation accidents. At CAMI beta-blockers are analyzed using gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. We have, however, recently developed a liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (LC/MS) method for the simultaneous quantitation of three commonly prescribed beta-blockers, atenolol, metoprolol and propranolol. One advantage of our LC/MS method is the specificity provided by an ion trap MS. Utilizing an ion trap MS, we were able to conduct MS/MS and MS/MS/MS on each analyte. This method also eliminates the time-consuming and costly derivitization step necessary during GC/MS analysis. Additionally, by utilizing this novel method, any concerns about beta-blocker metabolite and/or sample matrix interference are eliminated. The limits of detection for this method ranged from 0.39 to 0.78 ng/mL and the linear dynamic range was generally 1.6-3200 ng/mL. The extraction efficiencies for each analyte ranged from 58% to 82%. This method was successfully applied to postmortem fluid and tissue specimens obtained from victims of three separate aviation accidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Johnson
- Civil Aerospace Medical Institute, Federal Aviation Administration, Analytical Toxicology and Accident Research Laboratory, AAM-610, CAMI Building, RM 205, 6500 S. Macarthur Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK 73169-6901, USA.
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el-Saharty YS. Simultaneous high-performance liquid chromatographic assay of furosemide and propranolol HCL and its application in a pharmacokinetic study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 33:699-709. [PMID: 14623596 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00229-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A practical, sensitive, selective and efficient reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method is reported for the determination of two commonly used antihypertensive drugs, furosemide and propranolol hydrochloride. The drugs were eluted through a Nucleosil C(18) column with a mobile phase composed of 0.02 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate and acetonitrile (80:20, v/v) adjusted to pH 4.5 and the effluent from the column was monitored at 235 nm. The present method enabled simple and isocratic HPLC with UV detection of these drugs in raw materials and in pharmaceutical formulations. These procedures were also applied for the assay of furosemide in rabbits' plasma, using propranolol hydrochloride as an internal standard. The linear concentration range of the assay was 0.1-200 and 5-200 microg ml(-1) for furosemide and propranolol hydrochloride, respectively. The inter and intra-day assay precision and accuracy showed reproducibility and good linearity (r(2)>0.99). The method retained its accuracy and precision when applying the standard addition technique. The results obtained by applying the proposed method was statistically analysed and compared with those obtained by the reported methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S el-Saharty
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, El-Kasr El-Aini St., ET-11562 Cairo, Egypt.
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Hassan SSM, Abou-Sekkina MM, El-Ries MA, Wassel A. Polymeric matrix membrane sensors for sensitive potentiometric determination of some beta-blockers in pharmaceutical preparations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 32:175-80. [PMID: 12852460 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Five poly(vinyl chloride) matrix membrane sensors responsive to some beta-blockers (atenolol, bisoprolol, metoprolol, propranolol and timolol) are described and characterized. The sensors are based on the use of the ion-association complexes of the beta-blocker cations with tungstophosphate anion as electroactive materials. The performance characteristics of these sensors, evaluated according to IUPAC recommendations, reveal fast, stable and near-Nernstian response for 10(-2)-2 x 10(-7) mol l(-1) of different beta-blockers over the pH range 2-9. Many inorganic and organic cations as well as drug excipients and diluents normally used in drug formulations do not interfere. The sensors are used for direct potentiometry of beta-blockers in some pharmaceutical preparations. Validation of the method according to the quality assurance standards shows suitability of the proposed sensors for use in the quality control assessment of these drugs. Results with an average recovery of 99.1% and a mean standard deviation of +/- 1.3% of the nominal are obtained which compare fairly well with data obtained using the British Pharmacopoeia method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad S M Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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31
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Identification of isopropyl substituted β-blocking agents in human urine by gas chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Chromatographia 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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32
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Maguregui MI, Jiménez RM, Alonso RM, Akesolo U. Quantitative determination of oxprenolol and timolol in urine by capillary zone electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2002; 949:91-7. [PMID: 11999762 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01320-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple capillary zone electrophoretic method with UV detection has been developed for the quantitative determination of the beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists (beta-blockers) oxprenolol and timolol in human urine, preceded by a solid-phase extraction step. The electrophoretic separation was performed on a 78 cm x 75 microm I.D. fused-silica capillary (effective capillary length: 70 cm). The electrolyte consisted of a Na2B4O7-H3BO3 (50 mM), pH 9. The introduction of the sample was made hydrostatically for 20 s and the running voltage 25 kV at the injector end of the capillary. Photometric detection was used at a wavelength of 229 nm for oxprenolol and 280 nm for timolol. Under these conditions oxprenolol migrated at 4.76+/-0.05 min and timolol at 4.97+/-0.05 min. The solid-phase extraction methods were optimised for each beta-blocker and provided recoveries of 72.8% for timolol and 94.52% for oxprenolol. Good resolution from the endogenous compounds present in the urine matrix were achieved for both compounds. The method was applied to the determination of both beta-blockers in pharmaceutical formulations and urine samples obtained from hypertensive patients after the ingestion of a therapeutic dose (in a 24-h time interval after the ingestion). The quantitative results were compared with results previously obtained at our laboratories by HPLC and were found to be in good agreement. Good reproducibility, linearity, accuracy and quantitation limits (in urine) of 0.19 microg/ml for timolol and 0.20 microg/ml for oxprenolol were obtained, allowing the method to be applied to pharmacokinetic studies of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Maguregui
- Departamento de Pintura, Facultad de Bellas Artes, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain
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Funato K, Imai T, Nakashima K, Otagiri M. High-performance liquid chromatography with chemiluminescence detection of penbutolol and its hydroxylated metabolite in rat plasma. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 757:229-35. [PMID: 11417867 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00153-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a new method of high-performance liquid chromatography with chemiluminescence detection for the analysis of penbutolol (PB) and its main metabolite, 4-hydroxy penbutolol (4-OH PB) in rat plasma. 4-Dimethylaminosulfonyl-7-(N-chloroformylmethyl-N-methyl) amino-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (DBD-COCl) was used as a fluorogenic labeling reagent. A mixture of hydrogen peroxide and bis[4-nitro-2-(3,6,9-trioxadecyloxycarbonyl)phenyl]oxalate (TDPO) in acetonitrile was used as a post-column chemiluminogenic reagent. The derivatives of PB and 4-OH PB with DBD-COCI were separated by isocratic effluent with 0.01 M imidazole buffer (pH 7.0)-acetonitrile within 10 min. The detection limits of the proposed method for PB and 4-OH PB were 9.9 and 15 fmol on column, respectively. After intravenous administration of PB in rats, its plasma concentration profiles of PB and 4-OH PB were determined by the proposed method. PB was demonstrated to be rapidly metabolized to 4-OH PB at the same rate as cardiac output.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Funato
- Aventis Pharma Ltd., Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
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Toussaint B, Pitti C, Streel B, Ceccato A, Hubert P, Crommen J. Quantitative analysis of N-acetylcysteine and its pharmacopeial impurities in a pharmaceutical formulation by liquid chromatography-UV detection-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2000; 896:191-9. [PMID: 11093654 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00741-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A new method for the simultaneous determination of N-acetylcysteine and its pharmacopeial impurities, cysteine, cystine, N,N'-diacetylcystine and N,S-diacetylcysteine in an effervescent tablet has been developed. The method is based on on-line LC-UV-MS using a pneumatically-assisted electrospray interface (ionspray). The stability of the thiol moieties of the analytes was ensured by the acidic pH of the LC mobile phase. Quantitation of N-acetylcysteine was performed with UV detection to avoid ion-source overloading effect due to its higher concentration, whereas the impurities could be easily separated and quantified in MS. The method was validated in terms of stability, linearity, precision and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Toussaint
- Department of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Liège, CHU, Belgium.
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Toussaint B, Streel B, Ceccato A, Hubert P, Crommen J. Determination of the enantiomers of 3-tert.-butylamino-1,2-propanediol by high-performance liquid chromatography using mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr A 2000; 896:201-7. [PMID: 11093655 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00558-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The chiral synthesis of beta-blockers such as (S)-timolol requires a sensitive analytical method for the enantioseparation of its intermediate, 3-tert.-butylamino-1,2-propanediol, in the ng/ml range. The method developed is based on on-line normal-phase LC-MS-MS using a chiral stationary phase and an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) interface. The MS detection of 3-tert.-butylamino-1,2-propanediol was first optimized with a pneumatically-assisted electrospray interface (ionspray). The APCI interface was then selected for LC-MS-MS because of the incompatibility of electrospray with n-hexane. The method was validated for both enantiomers in the 25-500 ng/ml concentration range.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Toussaint
- Department of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Liège, CHU, Belgium.
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Lamprecht G, Kraushofer T, Stoschitzky K, Lindner W. Enantioselective analysis of (R)- and (S)-atenolol in urine samples by a high-performance liquid chromatography column-switching setup. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 740:219-26. [PMID: 10821408 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00080-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An HPLC column-switching method for the enantioselective determination of (R,S)-atenolol in human urine was developed and validated. Diluted urine samples were injected onto a LiChrospher ADS restricted access column and atenolol was separated from most of the matrix components using 0.01 M Tris buffer. The atenolol peak was sharpened by a step gradient of 30% acetonitrile and the atenolol-containing fraction was switched onto an enantioselective column. Separation of the atenolol enantiomers was carried out on a Chirobiotic T (Teicoplanin) column using acetonitrile-methanol-acetic acid-triethylamine (55:45:0.3:0.2, v/v/v/v) as eluent. Detection of the effluent was performed by fluorescence measurement. Several experiments were carried out to suppress the high blank reading, which was efficiently achieved using Tris buffer in the first dimension. For the enantioselective analysis of (R)- and (S)-atenolol in plasma under the same conditions the sample capacity of the ADS column is considerably lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lamprecht
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria
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Arranz A, Dolara I, Fernández de Betoño S, Marı́a Moreda J, Cid A, Francisco Arranz J. Electroanalytical study and square wave voltammetric techniques for the determination of β-blocker timolol at the mercury electrode. Anal Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00214-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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