Effect of some drugs and additives on the cross-linking of bovine serum albumin by glutaraldehyde

Sodium dodecyl sulfate-induced rapid gelation of silk fibroin

The in situ formation of injectable silk fibroin (SF) hydrogels have potential advantages over various other biomaterials due to the minimal invasiveness during application. Biomaterials need to gel rapidly under physiological conditions after injection. In the current paper, a novel way to accelerate SF gelation using an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), as a gelling agent is reported. The mechanism of SDS-induced rapid gelation was determined. At low surfactant concentrations, hydrophobic interactions among the SF chains played a dominant role in the association, leading to decreased gelation time. At higher concentrations of surfactant, electrostatic repulsive forces among micellar aggregates gradually became dominant and gelation was hindered. Gel formation involves the connection of clusters formed by the accumulation of nanoparticles. This process is accompanied by the rapid formation of β-sheet structures due to hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. It is expected that the silk hydrogel with short gelation time will be used as an injectable hydrogel in drug delivery or cartilage tissue engineering.

Chemistry and physical properties of melt-processed and solution-cross-linked corn zein

Corn zein was cross-linked with glutaraldehyde (GDA) using glacial acetic acid (HAc) as catalyst. The objectives are to evaluate the swelling characteristics of GDA cross-linked zein gels in water, ethanol, and their combinations. Similar formulations, upon solvent evaporation, form films. The mechanical properties of the films are compared to compression molded tensile bars from GDA melt-processed zein as a second objective. Chemistry of the cross-linking reaction was based on the aldehyde binding characteristics defined by use of fluorescence spectroscopy; sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) to demonstrate the cross-linking reaction; FTIR to observe absorption differences of the cross-linked product; differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis and thermogravimetric analysis to assess thermal properties; and the use of Instron Universal Testing Machine to evaluate mechanical properties. A reaction mechanism for acid catalyzed GDA cross-linking of zein is proposed. Thermal and mechanical properties of tensile bars cut from either film or formed by compression molding were similar, where both showed increased tensile strengths, ductility and stiffness when compared with unmodified controls. Samples that were reacted with 8% GDA by weight based on weight of zein from either process retained their integrity when tensile bars from each were subjected to boiling water for 10 min or soaking in either water or HAc for 24 h. The melt-processed, cross-linked zein is a more environmentally friendly method that would eliminate the need for HAc recovery.

Microencapsulation of theophylline in composite wall system consisting of whey proteins and lipids

Theophylline was microencapsulated in composite whey protein-based wall systems containing different proportions of dispersed apolar filler, anhydrous milkfat. Wall emulsions exhibited uni-modal particle size distribution and had a mean particle size of 0.36-0.38 microm. Microcapsules were cross-linked by glutaraldehyde-saturated toluene via an organic phase. Spherical microcapsules ranging in diameter from 150 to larger than 700 microm were obtained and exhibited some surface cracks that could be attributed to the fragile nature of a peripheral, highly cross-linked 'shell' layer around the capsules. Core content ranged from 46.9-56.6% (w/w) and filler content ranged from 12.0-33.4% (w/w). Core and filler retention during microencapsulation ranged from 84.9-96.9%) and from 85.1-89.6%, respectively. Core retention was proportionally related to the proportion of filler embedded in the wall matrix. Core release into SGF and SIF was affected by microcapsule size, type of dissolution medium and wall composition. Rate of core release was inversely proportional to filler content of the wall matrix. This could be attributed to effects of filler content on diffusion through the wall matrix and probably on swelling properties of microcapsules. Results indicated that incorporation of apolar filler in wall matrix of whey protein-based capsules provided the means to enhance retention of a water-soluble core during the microencapsulation process and to decrease the rate of core release into aqueous dissolution media.

Preparation and properties of glutaraldehyde cross-linked whey protein-based microcapsules containing theophylline

Whey protein-based microcapsules containing a model drug, theophylline, were prepared in organic phase, using glutaraldehyde-saturated toluene. In all cases, spherical microcapsules, ranging from <400 to 1000 microm in diameter, were obtained. Results indicated that core crystals were embedded throughout the wall matrix. In all cases, retention efficiency of theophylline was higher than 74% and was not affected by cross-linking conditions. Results of theophylline release in simulated intestinal and gastric fluids at 37 degrees C indicated that the diffusion-governed core release was significantly affected by size of microcapsules, cross-linking conditions, and by type of dissolution medium. In all cases, core release in simulated intestinal fluid was faster than in simulated gastric fluid.