1
|
Amekyeh H, Sabra R, Billa N. A Window for Enhanced Oral Delivery of Therapeutics via Lipid Nanoparticles. Drug Des Devel Ther 2024; 18:613-630. [PMID: 38476206 PMCID: PMC10927375 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s439975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral administration of dosage forms is convenient and beneficial in several respects. Lipid nanoparticulate dosage forms have emerged as a useful carrier system in deploying low solubility drugs systemically, particularly class II, III, and IV drugs of the Biopharmaceutics Classification System. Like other nanoparticulate delivery systems, their low size-to-volume ratio facilitates uptake by phagocytosis. Lipid nanoparticles also provide scope for high drug loading and extended-release capability, ensuring diminished systemic side effects and improved pharmacokinetics. However, rapid gastrointestinal (GI) clearance of particulate delivery systems impedes efficient uptake across the mucosa. Mucoadhesion of dosage forms to the GI mucosa results in longer transit times due to interactions between the former and mucus. Delayed transit times facilitate transfer of the dosage form across the mucosa. In this regard, a balance between mucoadhesion and mucopenetration guarantees optimal systemic transfer. Furthermore, the interplay between GI anatomy and physiology is key to ensuring efficient systemic uptake. This review captures salient anatomical and physiological features of the GI tract and how these can be exploited for maximal systemic delivery of lipid nanoparticles. Materials used to impart mucoadhesion and examples of successful mucoadhesive lipid nanoformulations are highlighted in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Amekyeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Rayan Sabra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Stamatopoulos K, O'Farrell C, Simmons M, Batchelor H. In vivo models to evaluate ingestible devices: Present status and current trends. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 177:113915. [PMID: 34371085 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of orally ingestible devices is critical to optimize their performance early in development. Using animals as a pre-clinical tool can provide useful information on functionality, yet it is important to recognize that animal gastrointestinal physiology, pathophysiology and anatomy can differ to that in humans and that the most suitable species needs to be selected to inform the evaluation. There has been a move towards in vitro and in silico models rather than animal models in line with the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement) as well as the better control and reproducibility associated with these systems. However, there are still instances where animal models provide the greatest understanding. This paper provides an overview of key aspects of human gastrointestinal anatomy and physiology and compares parameters to those reported in animal species. The value of each species can be determined based upon the parameter of interest from the ingested device when considering the use of pre-clinical animal testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Stamatopoulos
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Biopharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Development, PDS, MST, RD Platform Technology & Science, GSK, David Jack Centre, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 0DP, UK
| | - Connor O'Farrell
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Mark Simmons
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Hannah Batchelor
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gretić M, Štanfel M, Barbarić J, Rimac N, Matijašić G. In vitro behavior of dronedarone hydrochloride loaded pellets using vacuum impregnation technique. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 162:70-81. [PMID: 33727144 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical pellets are a versatile and adaptable drug carrier system with pharmacological and technological advantages specific to multiparticulate delivery systems. Depending on their porosity and formulation procedure, a controlled drug release pattern can be achieved using a variety of pellet production and drug loading techniques. In the present paper, we have developed microcrystalline cellulose based porous pellets by extrusion/spheronization process. Two types of dronedarone hydrochloride suspensions were prepared in order to load drug onto carrier pellets using vacuum impregnation method. Despite its extensive use in the biomedical field of research, this technique hasn't been applied yet as means of incorporating drugs into inert and porous pellets. In addition, drug release control was tested by spray coating the pellets with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose in a fluidized bed. Pellet morphology, porosity and dissolution behavior were determined and the results indicate that DNR particle size affects the drug incorporation mechanism and, therefore, drug release patterns obtained through in vitro tests. Additionally, it was proven that polymer-based film-coat significantly slows down the drug release from the pellets. In vitro studies of the coated pellets in biorelevant fluids have shown that DNR release profiles are directly related to the type of dissolution media used. Vacuum impregnation was found to be promising technique for incorporation of DNR onto the surface of the porous pellets and into their pores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Gretić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - M Štanfel
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - J Barbarić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - N Rimac
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - G Matijašić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Zagreb, Croatia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Karthikeyan J, Salvi D, Karwe MV. Modeling of fluid flow, carbohydrate digestion, and glucose absorption in human small intestine. J FOOD ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2020.110339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
5
|
Rana H, Thakkar V, Mudgal K, Gohel M, Baldania L, Dholakia M, Gandhi T. Systematic Scrutinisation of Vital Factors for Fabrication and Evaluation of PGS-MCC Based Drug Loaded Pellets by Extrusion Spheronization Technique. CURRENT DRUG THERAPY 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1574885514666181123152641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective:
The prime objective was to formulate pellet formulation incorporating
a newer extrusion- pelletisation aid, Pregelatinised Starch (PGS) and to scrutinise the
factors that can affect the quality of the pellets and to overcome the slower disintegration
of Microcrystaline Cellulose (MCC).
Methods:
Pellets were prepared initially using PGS, MCC, water, ethanol, HPMC K 4 M
and Febuxostat was employed as model drug. Optimisation of formulation was done by
employing Quality by design (QbD) and Design of experiment (DoE) approach. Ratio of
PGS and MCC, ratio of binder and spheronisation speed were selected as independent
variables and disintegration time and % cumulative drug release as dependent variables.
In vitro in vivo correlation of the optimised batch was carried out using Wagner nelson
method. Incompatibility studies have indicated compatibility of drug and excipients.
Results:
From the experiments, it was proved that the batch comprising 3:1 ratio of PGS
and MCC, 1:1 binder solution and 1500 speed yielded good pellets with decreased disintegration
time and improved dissolution rate as compared to pure Febuxostat. IVIVC
studies indicated one to one correlation between in vitro and in vivo parameters.
Conclusion:
Pellets with good quality, minimum disintegration time and improved dissolution
of model drug were successfully prepared with maximum amount of PGS. Optimisation
using QbD approach was worth fruitful that affected the quality of pellets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hardik Rana
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Anand Pharmacy College, Anand-388 001, Gujarat, India
| | - Vaishali Thakkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Anand Pharmacy College, Anand-388 001, Gujarat, India
| | - Kalpana Mudgal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Anand Pharmacy College, Anand-388 001, Gujarat, India
| | - Mukesh Gohel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Anand Pharmacy College, Anand-388 001, Gujarat, India
| | - Lalji Baldania
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Anand Pharmacy College, Anand-388 001, Gujarat, India
| | - Mansi Dholakia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Anand Pharmacy College, Anand-388 001, Gujarat, India
| | - Tejal Gandhi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Anand Pharmacy College, Anand-388 001, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Talattof A, Amidon GL. Pulse Packet Stochastic Model for Gastric Emptying in the Fasted State: A Physiological Approach. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:2107-2115. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arjang Talattof
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Gordon L. Amidon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chandrasekaran P, Kandasamy R. Development of Extended-Release Oral Flexible Tablet (ER-OFT) Formulation for Pediatric and Geriatric Compliance: an Age-Appropriate Formulation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:2394-2409. [PMID: 28138820 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-017-0715-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of age-appropriate formulation suitable for pediatric and geriatric patients involves various challenges. The objective of this research was to develop extended-release oral flexible tablet (ER-OFT) formulation using carbamazepine (CBZ) as model drug for pediatric and geriatric compliance. ER-microparticles of carbamazepine, a BCS class 2, and narrow therapeutic index (NTI) drug, were prepared using ethyl cellulose as matrixing polymer and hypromellose as hydrophilic pore former. Microparticles were prepared using high-shear granulator fitted with an atomizing spray system. Granulation of carbamazepine and ethyl cellulose (EC-FP) with ethanolic binder solution resulted in ER-microparticles with extended-release >16 h. Release kinetics of ER microparticles showed Higuchi model by drug diffusion and erosion. Korsemeyer-peppas release exponent "n" value 0.42 suggested Fickian diffusion. ER-OFT was prepared by blending of ER-microparticles with water-insoluble compressible aid and disintegrating agent. ER-OFT was characterized for performance characteristics and elemental impurities. As the polymer content in formulation was <10%, the size of ER-OFT was smaller compared to marketed ER-formulations. ER-OFT showed in vitro disintegration time of <30 s as per USP and dispersion time of ∼60 to 180 s in 5 to 10 mL of water. Drug release profiles of ER-microparticles and ER-OFT were comparable as f2 values were >50. In vitro dissolution of ER-OFT was comparable to the marketed ER formulation in the pH range of GIT. ER-OFT can be orally swallowed, orally disintegrating, and used as dispersible tablets. Compared to non-disintegrating type ER-formulations, ER-OFT would provide uniform drug release in GIT with low within-subject variability an essential criterion for NTI drug.
Collapse
|
8
|
Abuhelwa AY, Foster DJR, Upton RN. A Quantitative Review and Meta-models of the Variability and Factors Affecting Oral Drug Absorption—Part II: Gastrointestinal Transit Time. AAPS JOURNAL 2016; 18:1322-1333. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-9953-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
9
|
Hénin E, Bergstrand M, Weitschies W, Karlsson MO. Meta-analysis of Magnetic Marker Monitoring Data to Characterize the Movement of Single Unit Dosage Forms Though the Gastrointestinal Tract Under Fed and Fasting Conditions. Pharm Res 2015; 33:751-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1824-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
10
|
Surface characterization and drug release from porous microparticles based on methacrylic monomers and xanthan. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 125:323-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
11
|
Bürmen B, Locatelli I, Mrhar A, Bogataj M. Analysis of factors influencing gastric emptying of pellets in a fed state. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2015; 12:1225-38. [PMID: 25882270 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2015.1035707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study is to evaluate the influence of factors such as biopharmaceutical properties and study protocol on the emptying of pellets from the human stomach in a fed state. METHODS A systematic literature search for data on human gastric emptying of pellets from a fed stomach state investigated by γ-scintigraphy was carried out. After selection of comparable data, a joint statistical analysis on the basis of multiple linear regression with 132 individual t50 values (time for 50% of the pellets to be emptied from the stomach) was performed. Parameters such as a second meal administration that can influence t50 values were also examined and included into the interpretation of the results. RESULTS The results showed that an increase in the caloric value of the meal in the interval between 1200 and 3600 kJ increased the mean t50 value. Pellets with a density of 2.8 g/cm(3) remained in the stomach longer than pellets of usual density with the same caloric value of the meal. Pellets incorporated in a tablet are emptied faster from the stomach than encapsulated pellets. A 45-min delay in the application of pellets after the start of the meal significantly diminished the mean t50 value, compared with application immediately after consuming the meal. CONCLUSION Thus, in the development of non-disintegrating pellets intended for fed-state application, all of these cited factors should be considered because of their potential influence on the gastric residence time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Božena Bürmen
- University Medical Centre Ljubljana , Zaloška 2, Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sjögren E, Abrahamsson B, Augustijns P, Becker D, Bolger MB, Brewster M, Brouwers J, Flanagan T, Harwood M, Heinen C, Holm R, Juretschke HP, Kubbinga M, Lindahl A, Lukacova V, Münster U, Neuhoff S, Nguyen MA, Peer AV, Reppas C, Hodjegan AR, Tannergren C, Weitschies W, Wilson C, Zane P, Lennernäs H, Langguth P. In vivo methods for drug absorption – Comparative physiologies, model selection, correlations with in vitro methods (IVIVC), and applications for formulation/API/excipient characterization including food effects. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 57:99-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
13
|
|
14
|
Culen M, Rezacova A, Jampilek J, Dohnal J. Designing a dynamic dissolution method: a review of instrumental options and corresponding physiology of stomach and small intestine. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:2995-3017. [PMID: 23494815 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Revised: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Development of new pharmaceutical compounds and dosage forms often requires in vitro dissolution testing with the closest similarity to the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract. To create such conditions, one needs a suitable dissolution apparatus and the appropriate data on the human GI physiology. This review discusses technological approaches applicable in biorelevant dissolutions as well as the physiology of stomach and small intestine in both fasted and fed state, that is, volumes of contents, transit times for water/food and various solid oral dosage forms, pH, osmolality, surface tension, buffer capacity, and concentrations of bile salts, phospholipids, enzymes, and Ca(2+) ions. The information is aimed to provide clear suggestions on how these conditions should be set in a dynamic biorelevant dissolution test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Culen
- University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno 612 42, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Klein S, Garbacz G, Pišlar M, Locatelli I, Liu C, Weitschies W, Siegmund W, Mrhar A, Bogataj M. The role of individual gastric emptying of pellets in the prediction of diclofenac in vivo dissolution. J Control Release 2013; 166:286-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
16
|
Hasa D, Perissutti B, Grassi M, Zacchigna M, Pagotto M, Lenaz D, Kleinebudde P, Voinovich D. Melt extruded helical waxy matrices as a new sustained drug delivery system. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011; 79:592-600. [PMID: 21827851 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to prepare helical and cylindrical extrudates by melt extrusion and to evaluate their potential as sustained release dosage form. The systems contained theophylline as water-soluble model drug and microcrystalline wax as thermoplastic binder. The temperature suitable to ensure a successful extrusion process of formulations containing the wax in three different percentages was found to be below the melting point of the excipient. After the production of the extrudates in three different helical shapes (having 2, 3 and 4 blades) and a classical cylindrical shape, the systems were studied by means of X-ray powder diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry to check possible variations of the solid state of the drug during the thermal process. The morphology and chemical composition of the surface of the extrudates were examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-ray Microanalysis to evaluate the presence of the drug on the surface of the extrudates and to monitor changes on the aspect of the waxy matrix during dissolution. Then, the different systems were analysed from the in vitro dissolution point of view to study the influence of the shape and of the composition on the drug release. An in vivo pilot study on the best performing system (helix with 3 blades) was carried out on five healthy volunteers and monitoring the intestinal transit by X-ray images. The resulting plasma profiles were analysed by means of a suitable pharmacokinetic analysis. Finally, an ad hoc mathematical model was developed to perform an accurate description of the in vitro release and in vivo performance of the 3-blades helical system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dritan Hasa
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Locatelli I, Nagelj Kovačič N, Mrhar A, Bogataj M. Gastric emptying of non-disintegrating solid drug delivery systems in fasted state: relevance to drug dissolution. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2010; 7:967-76. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2010.495982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
18
|
Newton JM. Gastric emptying of multi-particulate dosage forms. Int J Pharm 2010; 395:2-8. [PMID: 20488229 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The evidence in the literature for the concept that multi-particulate dosage forms below a specific size empty from the stomach as if they were liquids and hence have the potential to provide the best solution to the formulation of controlled release oral dosage forms, has been considered. There is some evidence that particles less than 1.0mm provide a more rapid response than larger size particles but there is also evidence that this is not always the case and that rapid and reproducible gastric emptying of small particles does not always occur when they are administered. There is strong evidence that food can delay the gastric emptying of multi-particulate systems. Some of the misconception for gastric emptying performance of multi-particulate system is shown to be related to the limitation of the study design and limitation of the way the data is processed. Nevertheless, there is clear evidence that multi-particulate systems can provide effective oral controlled release dosage forms. There is still some way to go with experimental techniques which would allow a definitive answer to the issue of how the variability of the gastric emptying of multi-particulate systems of less than 2.0mm arises.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Newton
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1 7JE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yuen KH. The transit of dosage forms through the small intestine. Int J Pharm 2010; 395:9-16. [PMID: 20478371 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The human small intestine, with its enormous absorptive surface area, is invariably the principal site of drug absorption. Hence, the residence time of a dosage form in this part of the gut can have a great influence on the absorption of the contained drug. Various methods have been employed to monitor the gastrointestinal transit of pharmaceutical dosage forms, but the use of gamma-scintigraphy has superceded all the other methods. However, careful consideration of the time interval for image acquisition and proper analysis of the scintigraphic data are important for obtaining reliable results. Most studies reported the mean small intestinal transit time of various dosage forms to be about 3-4h, being closely similar to that of food and water. The value does not appear to be influenced by their physical state nor the presence of food, but the timing of food intake following administration of the dosage forms can influence the small intestinal transit time. While the mean small intestinal transit time is quite consistent among dosage forms and studies, individual values can vary widely. There are differing opinions regarding the effect of density and size of dosage forms on their small intestinal transit properties. Some common excipients employed in pharmaceutical formulations can affect the small intestinal transit and drug absorption. There is currently a lack of studies regarding the effects of excipients, as well as the timing of food intake on the small intestinal transit of dosage forms and drug absorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kah-Hay Yuen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Podczeck F, Course N, Newton JM, Short MB. Gastrointestinal transit of model mini-tablet controlled release oral dosage forms in fasted human volunteers. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 59:941-5. [PMID: 17637188 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.59.7.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the gastrointestinal transit of multiple unit, small diameter (3.2 mm), non-disintegrating tablets of differing densities with results previously reported in the same volunteers in the fasted state for larger diameter (6.6 and 12.2 mm) tablets. The gastrointestinal transit was observed with gamma-scintigraphy at various intervals over a 9-h period to give an accurate assessment of the transit characteristics. The value for the median emptying time of the first light tablet was significantly shorter than that for the dense tablet, but the total emptying time and the time for the last tablet to empty for both sets of tablets were not statistically different. The value of the median time for initial and final emptying of the small tablets from the stomach was significantly longer than that for the larger diameter tablets. The 9-h time limit of the observations limited the estimation of the time taken to enter the caecum and consequently the small intestine transit times. There was clear evidence that for the dense tablets of all sizes, the value for the small intestine transit time was longer than the 3–4 h reported in the literature. The only tablet system to enter the caecum within the time limit of the study was the normal density 12.2-mm tablets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Podczeck
- School of Health, Natural and Social Sciences, Pasteur Building, Sunderland University, City Centre Campus, Warncliffe Street, Sunderland SR1 3SD, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Locatelli I, Mrhar A, Bogataj M. Gastric emptying of pellets under fasting conditions: a mathematical model. Pharm Res 2009; 26:1607-17. [PMID: 19337822 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-9869-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a mathematical model that would adequately describe human gastric emptying of pellets under fasting conditions of healthy subjects. METHODS Scintigraphic profiles representing the gastric emptying of pellets were obtained from the literature. Altogether 19 individual and three mean scintigraphic profiles were collected. Three mathematical models namely; the lag-time exponential (two parameters), the Weibull (two parameters), and the double Weibull (five parameters) model were proposed and fitted to the gastric emptying profiles. RESULTS Different patterns of gastric emptying (immediate and rapid, delayed but rapid, delayed and slow, and interruptive emptying) were observed, with the emptying time varied from approximately 15 min to more than 3 h. The best model for fitting to the individual profiles was the double Weibull model. This model also provided an insight into the mechanism of interruptive emptying of pellets, observed for some patients. In addition, mean gastric emptying of pellets was calculated using the Weibull model. CONCLUSIONS Mean gastric emptying of pellets was adequately described by the Weibull model (eta = 61.9 min, beta = 0.895), which could be applied in the design of in vitro dissolution experiments for pellet formulations with pH dependent dissolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Locatelli
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Basit AW, Short MD, McConnell EL. Microbiota-triggered colonic delivery: Robustness of the polysaccharide approach in the fed state in man. J Drug Target 2009; 17:64-71. [DOI: 10.1080/10611860802455805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
23
|
Amighi K, Moës AJ. Evaluation of Thermal and Film Forming Properties of Acrylic Aqueous Polymer Dispersion Blends: Application to the Formulation of Sustained-Release Film Coated Theophylline Pellets. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/03639049509070874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
24
|
Peh KK, Yuen KH. In Vivo Bioavailability of a Multiparticulate Matrix Sustained-Release Theophylline Preparation Under Fed and Fasted Conditions. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/03639049709148477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
25
|
Podczeck F, Knight P. The Evaluation of Formulations for the Preparation of Pellets with High Drug Loading by Extrusion/Spheronization. Pharm Dev Technol 2008; 11:263-74. [PMID: 16895837 DOI: 10.1080/10837450600767284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A capillary rheometer was used to evaluate rheological properties and the fluid mobility of mixtures with a high drug loading (80%) of three model drugs (ibuprofen, lactose, and ascorbic acid) when extruded. These drugs have a range of solubility in water, with 20% microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) as the spheronization aid, and water, pH 2.0, and pH 10.0 buffer as the binder liquid. The results were compared with the ability of the systems to form spherical pellets by the process of extrusion/spheronization. It was found possible to produce round pellets with a narrow size distribution by the process of extrusion/spheronization for formulations containing 80% of either lactose or ascorbic acid with MCC as the spheronization aid. It was not, however, possible to form pellets containing the same level of ibuprofen. This appears to be associated with the high level of fluid mobility observed when the wet masses were extruded in a ram extruder. A range of rheological characteristics in terms of shear stress, die entry pressure, angles of convergence, extensional flow, and elasticity were determined, but the variations in the values of these, which were observed, did not give an indication of the ability of the wet mass to form spherical pellets when subjected to the spheronization process. This could be associated with the fact that the selection of the conditions necessary to provide a valid quantification of the extrusion process did not truly represent the stability of the systems in terms of the mobility of the fluid when the wet mass was processed. The formulation of a wet mass with limited fluid mobility appears to be the first priority of formulations used in extrusion/spheronization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fridrun Podczeck
- School of Health, Natural & Social Sciences, Pharmacy, Chemical and Biomedical Division, Pasteur Building, City Centre Campus, Sunderland University, Sunderland, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
McConnell EL, Short MD, Basit AW. An in vivo comparison of intestinal pH and bacteria as physiological trigger mechanisms for colonic targeting in man. J Control Release 2008; 130:154-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
27
|
Joan Taylor M, Taylor P. Overview: Biologicals & Immunologicals: Novel drug delivery systems. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.4.9.1083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
28
|
The swelling behavior and network parameters of guar gum/poly(acrylic acid) semi-interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels. Carbohydr Polym 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
29
|
Shukla S, Bajpai AK. Preparation and characterization of highly swelling smart grafted polymer networks of poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(acrylic acid–co–acrylamide). J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.23088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
30
|
Song H, Guo T, Zhang R, Zheng C, Ma Y, Li X, Bi K, Tang X. Preparation of the traditional Chinese medicine compound recipe heart-protecting musk pH-dependent gradient-release pellets. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2002; 28:1261-73. [PMID: 12476872 DOI: 10.1081/ddc-120015360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In this study a sustained-release formulation of traditional Chinese medicine compound recipe (TCMCR) was developed by selecting heart-protecting musk pills (HPMP) as the model drug. Heart-protecting musk pellets were prepared with the refined medicinal materials contained in the recipe of HPMP. Two kinds of coated pellets were prepared by using pH-dependent methacrylic acid as film-forming material, which could dissolve under different pH values in accordance with the physiological range of human gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The pellets coated with Eudragit L30D-55, which dissolves at pH value over 5.5, were designed to disintegrate and release drug in the duodenum. The pellets coated with Eudragit L100-Eudragit S100 combinations in the ratio of 1:5, which dissolve at pH value 6.8 or above, were designed to disintegrate and release drug in the jejunum to ileum. The pellets coated with HPMC, which dissolves in water at any pH value, were designed to disintegrate and release drug in the stomach. Finally, the heart-protecting musk sustained-release capsules (HPMSRC) with a pH-dependent gradient-release pattern were prepared by encapsulating the above three kinds of coated pellets at a certain ratio in hard gelatin capsule. The results of dissolution of borneol (one of the active compounds of the TCMCR) in vitro demonstrated that the coating load and the pH value of the dissolution medium had little effect on the release rate of borneol from pellets coated with hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), but had a significant effect on the release rate of borneol from pellets coated with Eudragit L30D-55 or Eudragit L100-Eudragit S100 combinations in the ratio of 1:5. The pellets coated with Eudragit L30D-55 at 30% (w/w) coating load or above had little drug release in 0.1 mol/L HCl for 3 hr and started to release drug at pH value over 5.5. The pellets coated with Eudragit L100-Eudragit S100 combinations in the ratio of 1:5 at 36% (w/w) coating load or higher had little drug release in 0.1 mol/L HCl for 3 hr and in phosphate buffer of pH value 6.6 for 2 hr, and started to release drug at pH value 6.8 or above. The release profiles of lipophilic bornoel and hydrophilic total ginsenoside from HPMSRC, consisting of three kinds of pellets respectively coated at a certain ratio with HPMC, Eudragit L30D-55, and Eudragit L100-Eudragit S100 in the ratio of 1:5, showed a characteristic of pH-dependent gradient release under the simulated gastrointestinal pH conditions and no significant difference between them. The results indicated that various components with extremely different physicochemical properties in the pH-dependent gradient-release delivery system of TCMCR could release synchronously while sustained-releasing. This complies with the organic whole concept of compound compatibility of TCMCR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Song
- Department of Pharmacy, The General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Voinovich D, Moneghini M, Perissutti B, Filipovic-Grcic J, Grabnar I. Preparation in high-shear mixer of sustained-release pellets by melt pelletisation. Int J Pharm 2000; 203:235-44. [PMID: 10967445 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(00)00455-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of sustained-release pellets by melt pelletisation was investigated in a 10-l high shear mixer and ternary mixtures containing stearic acid as a melting binder, anhydrous lactose as a filler and theophylline as a model drug. A translated Doehlert matrix was applied for the optimisation of process variables and quality control of pellets characteristics. After determination of size distribution, the pellets were characterised with scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and porosimetric analysis. Finally, the in vitro release from every single size fraction was evaluated and the release mechanism was analysed. Since the drug release rate decreased when enhancing the pellet size fraction, the 2000-microm fraction, exhibiting a substantially zero-order release, was selected for further in vivo biovailability studies. These data demonstrated that pellets based on the combination of stearic acid and lactose can be used to formulate sustained release pellets for theophylline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Voinovich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Amighi K, Timmermans J, Puigdevall J, Baltes E, Moës AJ. Peroral sustained-release film-coated pellets as a means to overcome physicochemical and biological drug-related problems. I. In vitro development and evaluation. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 1998; 24:509-15. [PMID: 9876616 DOI: 10.3109/03639049809085651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In vitro preformulation testing has shown that the solubility and dissolution rate of the model drug compound ucb 11056 are highly pH dependent. Considering this, different sustained-release (SR) oral dosage forms of ucb 11056 were developed aiming to obtain the most constant and complete release of the drug during transit in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Classical approaches based on the use of SR formulations such as hydrophilic matrix tablets or pellets coated with one film-forming polymer (Eudragit NE30D or L30D-55) did not fulfill all expectations on the basis of their in vitro evaluation, i.e., the drug release and pattern remained highly dependent on the pH of the dissolution medium. Therefore, taking advantage of the flexibility of release adjustment obtainable from coating of pellets with different kinds of pH-sensitive film layers, a quite satisfactory pH independence of the release characteristics was obtained using formulation blends of neutral and anionic acrylic polymers. For the selected SR pellets batch 15 coated with NE30D/L30D-55 (7:3), the tridimensional topographic representation of the drug release versus time and pH showed that, notwithstanding the pH-dependent aqueous solubility of the drug, the release profiles were relatively homogeneous for any pH value ranging between 1 and 7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Amighi
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique et de Biopharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kakoulides EP, Smart JD, Tsibouklis J. Azocrosslinked poly(acrylic acid) for colonic delivery and adhesion specificity: in vitro degradation and preliminary ex vivo bioadhesion studies. J Control Release 1998; 54:95-109. [PMID: 9741907 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(98)00004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This study reports on the performance of a novel polymeric material that is capable of providing site specificity in active agent delivery and the development of mucoadhesive interactions. Azo-networks, based on an acrylic backbone crosslinked with 4,4'-divinylazobenzene, were subjected to in vitro degradation and mucoadhesion (before and after degradation) testing in order to model their performance in the gastrointestinal tract. Advanced surface characterisation techniques (SEM, AFM, FTIR microscopy) were used to examine the network morphology prior to, and after degradation. The data obtained from these studies indicate that there is an optimum crosslinking density to allow non-adhesive particles to reach the colon. Within the colonic environment, the azo network degrades to produce a structure capable of developing mucoadhesive interactions with the colonic mucosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E P Kakoulides
- Drug Delivery Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kakoulides EP, Smart JD, Tsibouklis J. Azocross-linked poly(acrylic acid) for colonic delivery and adhesion specificity: synthesis and characterisation. J Control Release 1998; 52:291-300. [PMID: 9743449 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(98)00005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new synthetic pathway to 4,4'-divinylazobenzene is presented together with a procedure for the copolymerisation of this compound with acrylic acid. The chemical structure of the synthesised series of copolymers is examined in the light of infrared spectroscopy results and nuclear magnetic resonance data. The thermal properties of the materials are assessed using a combination of thermal analysis techniques and their swelling behaviour is evaluated at physiologically relevant buffers designed to mimic the gastrointestinal environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E P Kakoulides
- Laboratory of Drug Delivery Research, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
|
36
|
Rouge N, Buri P, Doelker E. Drug absorption sites in the gastrointestinal tract and dosage forms for site-specific delivery. Int J Pharm 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(96)85200-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
37
|
Beten D, Van Gansbeke B, Schoutens A, Moës A. Evaluation of the gastric behaviour of coevaporate particles under fasting and non-fasting conditions. Int J Pharm 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(95)00087-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|