1
|
Li H, Wang J, Xu Q, Tian S, Yang W. Design and Evaluation of Glimepiride Hydrogel for Transdermal Delivery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2022; 48:397-405. [PMID: 36048002 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2022.2120493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The solubility of glimepiride (GM) was improved from 1.6 μg/mL to 22.0 mg/mL when GM and meglumine (MU) complexes were prepared. Therefore, transdermal hydrogels of GM Carbopol (GM-CP) and GM hydroxypropyl methylcellulose pullulan (GM-HPMC-Pu) were prepared successfully utilizing the improved drug solubility by GM-MU. Based on single factor experiment and response surface methodology, two kinds of hydrogel formulations were optimized by drug release studies in vitro. The optimized GM-CP hydrogel was composed of GM, the mixture of azone and oleic acid (1:1, 2.6%, v/v) and carbopol 940 (1%, w/v). The GM-HPMC-Pu hydrogel was developed using GM, HPMC (3.5%, w/v), Pu (1.5%, w/v), glycerol (5%, v/v), azone (2.9%, v/v) and oleic acid (2.6%, v/v). The study of hydrogels in vivo was performed using rabbits. The results indicated that the drug could sustain release from GM-CP or GM-HPMC-Pu hydrogel and maintain the high plasma concentration for 48 h. Compared with commercial GM tablet, the relative bioavailability of GM-CP and GM-HPMC-Pu hydrogel reached up 48% and 133%, respectively. Moreover, the drug release in vitro could well predict its absorption in vivo. There was a good correlation (R2 ≥0.966) in GM hydrogel between the drug release in vitro and transdermal absorption in vivo. Therefore, a novel GM hydrogel dosage form may be considered to design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China
| | - Qianru Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China
| | - Shuya Tian
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China
| | - Wenzhi Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lan Y, Wu Q, Mao YQ, Wang Q, An J, Chen YY, Wang WP, Zhao BC, Liu N, Zhang YW. Cytotoxicity and enhancement activity of essential oil from Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. as a natural transdermal penetration enhancer. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2014; 15:153-64. [PMID: 24510708 PMCID: PMC3924391 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1300230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this present study is to investigate the effect of Zanthoxylum bungeanum oil (essential oil from Z. bungeanum Maxim.) on cytotoxicity and the transdermal permeation of 5-fluorouracil and indomethacin. The cytotoxicity of Z. bungeanum oil on dermal fibroblasts and epidermal keratinocytes was studied using an MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. The rat skin was employed to determine the percutaneous penetration enhancement effect of Z. bungeanum oil on hydrophilic and lipophilic model drugs, i.e., 5-fluorouracil and indomethacin. The secondary structure changes of the rat stratum corneum (SC) were determined using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and saturated solubilities and SC/vehicle partition coefficients of two model drugs with and without Z. bungeanum oil were also measured to understand its related mechanisms of action. It was found that the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of Z. bungeanum oil were significantly lower in HaCaT and CCC-ESF-1 cell lines compared to the well-established and standard penetration enhancer Azone. The Z. bungeanum oil at various concentrations effectively facilitated the percutaneous penetration of two model drugs across the rat skin. In addition, the mechanisms of permeation enhancement by Z. bungeanum oil could be explained with saturated solubility, SC/vehicle partition coefficient, and secondary structure changes of SC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Qing Wu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Ying-qiu Mao
- Center of Science Experiment, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Jing An
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yan-yan Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Wen-ping Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Bo-chen Zhao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Na Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Ye-wen Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yu M, Guo F, Ling Y, Li N, Tan F. Topical skin targeting effect of penetration modifiers on hairless mouse skin, pig abdominal skin and pig ear skin. Drug Deliv 2013; 22:1053-1058. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2013.869276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
4
|
Amino acid derivatives as transdermal permeation enhancers. J Control Release 2013; 165:91-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 10/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
5
|
Liu X, Chen T, Liu X, Chen Y, Wang L. Penetration effect of Ostrich Oil as a Promising Vehicle on Transdermal Delivery of Sinomenine. J Oleo Sci 2013; 62:657-64. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.62.657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
6
|
Zhou X, Liu D, Zhao T, Yao K, Wang X, Wang L, Yang X. Mechanical and Baicalin Delivery Properties of Adhesive Matrices for Iontophoretic Flexible Electrodes. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 20:529-42. [PMID: 19228452 DOI: 10.1163/156856209x416520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Zhou
- a School of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Unviersity, Tianjin 300072, China; Research Institute of Polymeric Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Dongzhi Liu
- b School of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Unviersity, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tian Zhao
- c School of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Unviersity, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Kangde Yao
- d Research Institute of Polymeric Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xueyan Wang
- e Tianjin Changzheng Hospital, Tianjin 300021, China
| | - Lei Wang
- f Tianjin Changzheng Hospital, Tianjin 300021, China
| | - Xinjian Yang
- g Tianjin Changzheng Hospital, Tianjin 300021, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhao N, Cun D, Li W, Ma X, Sun L, Xi H, Li L, Fang L. In vitro percutaneous absorption enhancement of granisetron by chemical penetration enhancers. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2012; 39:561-8. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2012.665924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nanxi Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University,
Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Dongmei Cun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University,
Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University,
Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xu Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University,
Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Lin Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University,
Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Honglei Xi
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University,
Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Li Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University,
Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Liang Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University,
Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhao L, Li Y, Fang L, Ren C, Xu Y, He Z. Effect of O-acylmenthol and salt formation on the skin permeation of diclofenac acid. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 35:814-26. [PMID: 19466898 DOI: 10.1080/03639040802623933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To enhance the transdermal delivery of diclofenac acid (DA) by using O-acylmenthol as a penetration enhancer and complexing with amines, or by a combination of the two methods. METHODS The skin permeability of diclofenac was tested in vitro across rat skin with each of the evaluated permeants in a saturated isopropyl myristate (IPM) donor solution. RESULTS A 4.5-fold increase in the flux of diclofenac was observed by ion-pair formation with diethylamine; however, the cations with hydroxyl groups had negative effects on the transdermal delivery of diclofenac. 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl 2-hydroxypanoate and 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl heptanoate produced significant increase in the permeation of diclofenac potassium (D-K); however, both of them were ineffective for the other diclofenac salts, including diclofenac diethylamine (D-DETA), diclofenac ethanolamine (D-EA), diclofenac diethanolamine (D-DEA), diclofenac triethanolamine, and diclofenac N-(hydroxylethyl) piperidine. 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl tetradecanoate was effective on the penetration of D-K, D-DETA, D-EA, and D-DEA. Also, it is exciting to note that the combined use of diethylamine with 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl tetradecanoate produced a 9.74-fold increase in accumulation amount of diclofenac compared with DA in IPM. CONCLUSIONS The use of ion pair in combination with O-acylmenthol is necessary to further increase the diclofenac flux to provide better compliance for the patients undergoing clinical therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ligang Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhao L, Fang L, Li Y, Zheng N, Xu Y, Wang J, He Z. Effect of (E)-2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl octadec-9-enoate on transdermal delivery ofAconitumalkaloids. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2010; 37:290-9. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2010.510141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
10
|
|
11
|
Tan Z, Zhang J, Wu J, Fang L, He Z. The enhancing effect of ion-pairing on the skin permeation of glipizide. AAPS PharmSciTech 2009; 10:967-76. [PMID: 19636711 PMCID: PMC2802175 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-009-9283-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the permeation of glipizide (GP) and observe the effect of an interaction with amines as counter ions, including diethylamine, triethylamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, N-(2-hydroxylethyl) piperidine. Permeation experiments were performed in vitro, using rat abdominal skin as a barrier. The lipophilic donor system consisting of isopropyl myristate (IPM) and ethanol (EtOH; EI system, 8:2) produced a marked enhancement of GP flux through rat skin. All the amines investigated in this study had performed an enhancing effect on GP flux, and triethylamine had the most potent enhancing effect on GP in the vehicle IPM:EtOH = 8:2(w/w). In the presence of counter ions, the solubility of GP in the donor solution (IPM:EtOH = 8:2) was increased and the log K (o/w) of GP was decreased, which may due to higher solubility of the GP in the IPM:EtOH = 8:2(w/w). (13)C NMR spectroscopy was used to identify the ion-pairing formation between GP and the respective counter ion. It was surprising that all the four enhancers examined, such as isopropyl myristate, propylene glycol, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, azone, and oleic acid, had no enhancing effect on the percutaneous permeation of GP. This study showed that the formation of ion-pairs between GP and counter ions is a useful method to promote the skin permeation of GP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016 China
| | - Jingying Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016 China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016 China
| | - Liang Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016 China
| | - Zhonggui He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016 China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wen Z, Fang L, He Z. Effect of chemical enhancers on percutaneous absorption of daphnetin in isopropyl myristate vehicle across rat skin in vitro. Drug Deliv 2009; 16:214-23. [DOI: 10.1080/10717540902836715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
|
13
|
Ibrahim SA, Li SK. Effects of chemical enhancers on human epidermal membrane: Structure-enhancement relationship based on maximum enhancement (E(max)). J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:926-44. [PMID: 18623209 PMCID: PMC2635431 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chemical penetration enhancers are widely used in transdermal pharmaceuticals as well as cosmetic products. Selection of suitable enhancers in topical formulations requires an understanding of the mechanism of action of these enhancers. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the enhancement effects of a number of commonly known enhancers and cosmetic ingredients on permeation across human epidermal membrane (HEM). The potencies of these chemical enhancers-maximum enhancement, E(max)-were compared at their highest thermodynamic activity in equilibrium with HEM (i.e., solubility equilibrium). This was achieved by the treatment of HEM with the enhancer or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) saturated with the enhancer. Passive transport experiments were then conducted with a model permeant corticosterone to determine the effects of these enhancers on the lipoidal pathway of HEM. The results suggest that E(max) of an enhancer is related to its octanol/water partition coefficient and its solubility in the HEM lipid domain. A relationship between enhancer E(max) and its solubility in silicone elastomer was also observed, suggesting the use of silicone solubility to predict enhancer potency. Based on the E(max) results, some common topical ingredients were found to be more potent enhancers than a number of well-known chemical enhancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Ibrahim
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Barbero AM, Frasch HF. Pig and guinea pig skin as surrogates for human in vitro penetration studies: A quantitative review. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
15
|
López-Cervantes M, Márquez-Mejía E, Cázares-Delgadillo J, Quintanar-Guerrero D, Ganem-Quintanar A, Angeles-Anguiano E. Chemical Enhancers for the Absorption of Substances Through the Skin: Laurocapram and Its Derivatives. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 32:267-86. [PMID: 16556532 DOI: 10.1080/03639040500518708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Absorption enhancers are substances used for temporarily increasing a membrane's permeability (e.g., the skin and mucosa), either by interacting with its components (lipids or proteins) or by increasing the membrane/vehicle partition coefficient. This article presents the results of biophysical and permeability studies performed with Laurocapram and its analogues. As shown, Laurocapram and its analogues present different enhancing efficacies, for most of both hydrophilic and lipophilic substances. The enhancing effect of Laurocapram (Azone) is attributed to different mechanisms, such as insertion of its dodecyl group into the intercellular lipidic bilayer, increase of the motion of the alkylic chains of lipids, and fluidization of the hydrophobic regions of the lamellate structure. Toxicological studies reveal a low toxicity for Laurocapram, and for some derivatives, a relationship exists between toxicity and the number of carbons in the alkylic chain. Very important, when applied to human skin, Laurocapram shows a minimal absorption, being quickly eliminated from circulation. However, although Laurocapram and its derivatives have been shown to provide enhancement, they have not been widely accepted because of their suspected pharmacological activity or questions about their safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam López-Cervantes
- División de Estudios de Posgrado (Tecnología Farmacéutica), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Edo. de México
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Elgorashi AS, Heard CM, Niazy EM, Noureldin OH, Pugh WJ. Transdermal delivery enhancement of haloperidol from gel formulations by 1,8-cineole. J Pharm Pharmacol 2008; 60:689-92. [PMID: 18498703 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.6.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The feasibility of using 10% 1,8-cineole as an enhancer for transdermal delivery of haloperidol has been examined. In-vitro transdermal delivery across full-thickness human, rabbit and hairless mouse skins was measured from three polymer gel systems, hypromellose (hydroxypropylmethylcellulose), Carbomer (Carbopol) 940 and macrogol (polyethylene glycol) using Franz cells. Values for the permeability coefficient kp, calculated as the product (Kh)x(D/h2) where these two factors were obtained from curve fitting of the non-steady-state equation over 24 h, were similar from the three formulations. The value of kp from hypromellose was significantly enhanced by cineole by factors of 6.2 (4.6-8.1), 5.6 (5.0-6.2) and 3.0 (2.6-3.4) for human, rabbit and mouse, respectively (mean and 95% confidence intervals). Enhancement ratios for K: 13.3 (8.3-20), 3.1 (2.5-3.9) and 2.0 (1.5-2.6), were higher than those for D: 0.47 (0.41-0.55), 1.8 (1.6-2.1) and 1.5 (1.3-1.8). This suggested that the barrier function of the skin lipids was marginally affected and the main effect was to increase the thermodynamic activity of the drug in the barrier. The enhancement achieved in human skin suggested that delivery could be safely enhanced by terpenoids.
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhao L, Fang L, Xu Y, Liu S, He Z, Zhao Y. Transdermal delivery of penetrants with differing lipophilicities using O-acylmenthol derivatives as penetration enhancers. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008; 69:199-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Revised: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
18
|
Effect of O-acylmenthol on transdermal delivery of drugs with different lipophilicity. Int J Pharm 2008; 352:92-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2007] [Revised: 10/09/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
19
|
Lian H, Cai X. Determination of Laurocapram in Hypertonic Triazophos Emulsifiable Concentrate by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070500274380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhen Lian
- a Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, The Ministry of Education, Center of Materials Analysis & Department of Chemistry , Nanjing University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Xiulan Cai
- a Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, The Ministry of Education, Center of Materials Analysis & Department of Chemistry , Nanjing University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Magnusson BM, Walters KA, Roberts MS. Veterinary drug delivery: potential for skin penetration enhancement. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2001; 50:205-27. [PMID: 11500228 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(01)00158-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A range of topical products are used in veterinary medicine. The efficacy of many of these products has been enhanced by the addition of penetration enhancers. Evolution has led to not only a highly specialized skin in animals and humans, but also one whose anatomical structure and skin permeability differ between the various species. The skin provides an excellent barrier against the ingress of environmental contaminants, toxins, and microorganisms while performing a homeostatic role to permit terrestrial life. Over the past few years, major advances have been made in the field of transdermal drug delivery. An increasing number of drugs are being added to the list of therapeutic agents that can be delivered via the skin to the systemic circulation where clinically effective concentrations are reached. The therapeutic benefits of topically applied veterinary products is achieved in spite of the inherent protective functions of the stratum corneum (SC), one of which is to exclude foreign substances from entering the body. Much of the recent success in this field is attributable to the rapidly expanding knowledge of the SC barrier structure and function. The bilayer domains of the intercellular lipid matrices within the SC form an excellent penetration barrier, which must be breached if poorly penetrating drugs are to be administered at an appropriate rate. One generalized approach to overcoming the barrier properties of the skin for drugs and biomolecules is the incorporation of suitable vehicles or other chemical compounds into a transdermal delivery system. Indeed, the incorporation of such compounds has become more prevalent and is a growing trend in transdermal drug delivery. Substances that help promote drug diffusion through the SC and epidermis are referred to as penetration enhancers, accelerants, adjuvants, or sorption promoters. It is interesting to note that many pour-on and spot-on formulations used in veterinary medicine contain inert ingredients (e.g., alcohols, amides, ethers, glycols, and hydrocarbon oils) that will act as penetration enhancers. These substances have the potential to reduce the capacity for drug binding and interact with some components of the skin, thereby improving drug transport. However, their inclusion in veterinary products with a high-absorbed dose may result in adverse dermatological reactions (e.g., toxicological irritations) and concerns about tissue residues. These are important considerations when formulating a veterinary transdermal product when such compounds are added, either intentionally or otherwise, for their penetration enhancement ability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B M Magnusson
- Department of Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fang JY, Fang CL, Hong CT, Chen HY, Lin TY, Wei HM. Capsaicin and nonivamide as novel skin permeation enhancers for indomethacin. Eur J Pharm Sci 2001; 12:195-203. [PMID: 11113638 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0987(00)00118-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The study was conducted in vitro to investigate the changes of indomethacin transdermal permeation pretreated by capsaicin and nonivamide, two compounds chemically similar to Azone. The combined effect of low frequency ultrasound (20 kHz) and enhancers on the indomethacin permeation was also evaluated. The experimental data demonstrated that capsaicin and nonivamide significantly enhanced the flux of indomethacin across nude mouse skin. Enhancement effects of both analogues were very similar and depended predominantly on the concentration tested. Histological examination coupled with visual scores indicated the safety of capsaicin and nonivamide on skin structure. Simultaneous application of ultrasound and enhancers significantly increased skin permeation of indomethacin compared with either ultrasound or enhancers alone. Better effect was obtained by the combination with capsaicin than nonivamide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Y Fang
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taipei Medical College, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Rao PR, Diwan PV. Formulation and in vitro evaluation of polymeric films of diltiazem hydrochloride and indomethacin for transdermal administration. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 1998; 24:327-36. [PMID: 9876592 DOI: 10.3109/03639049809085627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Ethylcellulose-polyvinyl pyrrolidone films containing diltiazem hydrochloride and indomethacin were evaluated for their potential drug delivery at a controlled rate, using rat skin, to select a suitable formulation for the development of transdermal drug delivery systems. The influence of film composition, initial drug concentration, and film thickness on the in vitro drug release rate as well as drug permeation through rat abdominal skin were studied. Drug release studies were carried out employing the paddle over disk method and drug permeation through full thickness of the rat abdominal skin was tested using a modified Franz diffusion cell fastened with O-ring. The drug content of the film decreased at an apparent first-order rate, whereas the quantity of drug released was proportional to the square root of time. The release rates of both drugs increased linearly with increasing drug concentration and polyvinyl pyrrolidone fraction in the film, but was found to be independent of film thickness. The increase in release rate may be due to leaching of hydrophilic fraction of the film former which resulted in the formation of pores. It was also observed that the release of drugs from the films followed a diffusion-controlled model at low drug concentrations. A burst effect was observed initially, however, at high drug loading levels. This may be due to rapid dissolution of the surface drug followed by the diffusion of drug through the polymer network in the film. The in vitro skin permeation profiles showed increased flux values with increase of initial drug concentration in the film and also with the concentration of polyvinyl pyrrolidone. From this study, it is concluded that the films composed of ethylcellulose:polyvinyl pyrrolidone:diltiazem hydrochloride (8:2:2) and ethylcellulose:polyvinyl pyrrolidone:indomethacin (8:2:3) should be selected for the development of transdermal drug delivery systems, using a suitable adhesive layer and backing membrane, for potential therapeutic use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P R Rao
- Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Percutaneous absorption of bendroflumethiazide from gel and membrane-controlled gel systems: an in vitro and in vivo study. Int J Pharm 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(97)00088-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|