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Crompton RA, Williams H, Campbell L, Hui Kheng L, Saville C, Ansell DM, Reid A, Wong J, Vardy LA, Hardman MJ, Cruickshank SM. An Epidermal-Specific Role for Arginase1 during Cutaneous Wound Repair. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:1206-1216.e8. [PMID: 34710388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nonhealing wounds are a major area of unmet clinical need remaining problematic to treat. Improved understanding of prohealing mechanisms is invaluable. The enzyme arginase1 (ARG1) is involved in prohealing responses, with its role in macrophages best characterized. ARG1 is also expressed by keratinocytes; however, ARG1 function in these critical wound repair cells is not understood. We characterized ARG1 expression in keratinocytes during normal cutaneous repair and reveal de novo temporal and spatial expression at the epidermal wound edge. Interestingly, epidermal ARG1 expression was decreased in both human and murine delayed healing wounds. We therefore generated a keratinocyte-specific ARG1-null mouse model (K14-cre;Arg1fl/fl) to explore arginase function. Wound repair, linked to changes in keratinocyte proliferation, migration, and differentiation, was significantly delayed in K14-cre;Arg1fl/fl mice. Similarly, using the arginase inhibitor N(omega)-hydroxy-nor-L-arginine, human in vitro and ex vivo models further confirmed this finding, revealing the importance of the downstream polyamine pathway in repair. Indeed, restoring the balance in ARG1 activity through the addition of putrescine proved beneficial in wound closure. In summary, we show that epidermal ARG1 plays, to our knowledge, a previously unreported intrinsic role in cutaneous healing, highlighting epidermal ARG1 and the downstream mediators as potential targets for the therapeutic modulation of wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Crompton
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Williams
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Campbell
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Lim Hui Kheng
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Charis Saville
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David M Ansell
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Bioscience, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Reid
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Wong
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Leah A Vardy
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matthew J Hardman
- Centre for Atherothrombosis and Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Sheena M Cruickshank
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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2
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Sridharan A, Shi M, Leo VI, Subramaniam N, Lim TC, Uemura T, Igarashi K, Tien Guan ST, Tan NS, Vardy LA. The Polyamine Putrescine Promotes Human Epidermal Melanogenesis. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:2032-2040.e1. [PMID: 32119868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hyperpigmentary conditions can arise when melanogenesis in the epidermis is misregulated. Understanding the pathways underlying melanogenesis is essential for the development of effective treatments. Here, we report that a group of metabolites called polyamines are important in the control of melanogenesis in human skin. Polyamines are cationic molecules present in all cells and are essential for cellular function. We report that polyamine regulator ODC1 is upregulated in melanocytes from melasma lesional skin. We report that the polyamine putrescine can promote pigmentation in human skin explants and primary normal human epidermal melanocytes through induction of tyrosinase which is rate-limiting for the synthesis of melanin. Putrescine supplementation on normal human epidermal melanocytes results in the activation of polyamine catabolism, which results in increased intracellular H2O2. Polyamine catabolism is also increased in human skin explants that have been treated with putrescine. We further report that inhibition of polyamine catabolism prevents putrescine-induced promotion of tyrosinase levels and pigmentation in normal human epidermal melanocytes, showing that polyamine catabolism is responsible for the putrescine induction of melanogenesis. Our data showing that putrescine promotes pigmentation has important consequences for hyperpigmented and hypopigmented conditions. Further understanding of how polyamines control epidermal pigmentation could open the door for the development of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Sridharan
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore
| | - Meng Shi
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore
| | - Vonny Ivon Leo
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore
| | - Nagavidya Subramaniam
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore
| | - Thiam Chye Lim
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Department of Surgery, National University Hospital and National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge Wing, Singapore
| | - Takeshi Uemura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuei Igarashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Steven Thng Tien Guan
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore
| | - Nguan Soon Tan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Drive, Singapore
| | - Leah A Vardy
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Drive, Singapore.
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3
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Lim HK, Rahim AB, Leo VI, Das S, Lim TC, Uemura T, Igarashi K, Common J, Vardy LA. Polyamine Regulator AMD1 Promotes Cell Migration in Epidermal Wound Healing. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:2653-2665. [PMID: 29906410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing is a dynamic process involving gene-expression changes that drive re-epithelialization. Here, we describe an essential role for polyamine regulator AMD1 in driving cell migration at the wound edge. The polyamines, putrescine, spermidine, and spermine are small cationic molecules that play essential roles in many cellular processes. We demonstrate that AMD1 is rapidly upregulated following wounding in human skin biopsies. Knockdown of AMD1 with small hairpin RNAs causes a delay in cell migration that is rescued by the addition of spermine. We further show that spermine can promote cell migration in keratinocytes and in human ex vivo wounds, where it significantly increases epithelial tongue migration. Knockdown of AMD1 prevents the upregulation of urokinase-type plasminogen activator/urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor on wounding and results in a failure in actin cytoskeletal reorganization at the wound edge. We demonstrate that keratinocytes respond to wounding by modulating polyamine regulator AMD1 in order to regulate downstream gene expression and promote cell migration. This article highlights a previously unreported role for the regulation of polyamine levels and ratios in cellular behavior and fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Kheng Lim
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Immunos, Singapore; Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Immunos, Singapore
| | - Anisa B Rahim
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Immunos, Singapore; Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Immunos, Singapore
| | - Vonny Ivon Leo
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Immunos, Singapore; Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Immunos, Singapore
| | - Shatarupa Das
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Immunos, Singapore; Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Immunos, Singapore
| | - Thiam Chye Lim
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Department of Surgery, National University Hospital and National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge Wing, Singapore
| | - Takeshi Uemura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba, University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuei Igarashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba, University, Chiba, Japan
| | - John Common
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Immunos, Singapore; Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Immunos, Singapore
| | - Leah A Vardy
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Immunos, Singapore; Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Immunos, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
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4
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Thurlow LR, Joshi GS, Richardson AR. Virulence strategies of the dominant USA300 lineage of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 65:5-22. [PMID: 22309135 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2012.00937.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) poses a serious threat to worldwide health. Historically, MRSA clones have strictly been associated with hospital settings, and most hospital-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) disease resulted from a limited number of virulent clones. Recently, MRSA has spread into the community causing disease in otherwise healthy people with no discernible contact with healthcare environments. These community-associated MRSA clones (CA-MRSA) are phylogenetically distinct from traditional HA-MRSA clones, and CA-MRSA strains seem to exhibit hypervirulence and more efficient host : host transmission. Consequently, CA-MRSA clones belonging to the USA300 lineage have become dominant sources of MRSA infections in North America. The rise of this successful USA300 lineage represents an important step in the evolution of emerging pathogens and a great deal of effort has been exerted to understand how these clones evolved. Here, we review much of the recent literature aimed at illuminating the source of USA300 success and broadly categorize these findings into three main categories: newly acquired virulence genes, altered expression of common virulence determinants and alterations in protein sequence that increase fitness. We argue that none of these evolutionary events alone account for the success of USA300, but rather their combination may be responsible for the rise and spread of CA-MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance R Thurlow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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5
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Hayes CS, Defeo K, Dang H, Trempus CS, Morris RJ, Gilmour SK. A prolonged and exaggerated wound response with elevated ODC activity mimics early tumor development. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:1340-8. [PMID: 21730362 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), a key enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis, in ODC transgenic skin stimulates epidermal proliferation but not hyperplasia, activates underlying stromal cells and promotes skin tumorigenesis following a single subthreshold dose of a carcinogen. Because chronic wounds are a well-recognized risk factor for skin cancer, we investigated the response to a tissue remodeling event in normal skin that is abraded to remove only the epidermal layer in K6/ODC transgenic (follicular ODC expression) and in inducible ODCER transgenic mice (suprabasal ODC expression). When regenerative epidermal hyperplasia was resolved in normal littermates following abrasion, ODC transgenic mice exhibited progressive epidermal hyperplasia with formation of benign tumor growths and maintained an increased epidermal proliferation index and activation of translation-associated proteins at abrasion sites. The epidermal hyperplasia and tumor-like growth was accompanied by activation of underlying stromal cells and prolonged infiltration of inflammatory cells. Treatment with the anti-inflammatory agent dexamethasone did not reduce the high proliferative index in the regenerated epidermis but dramatically reduced the epidermal hyperplasia and prevented the wound-induced tumor growths in abraded ODCER skin. Treatment with α-difluoromethylornithine, a specific inhibitor of ODC activity, normalized the wound response in transgenic mice and decreased wound-induced inflammation if administered from the time of abrasion but not if initiated 4 days following abrasion. These results suggest a role for polyamines in prolonging wound-associated inflammation in addition to stimulating proliferation both of which are sufficient to sustain epidermal hyperplasia and benign tumor growth even in the absence of genetic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace S Hayes
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA
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6
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Cecchi R. Estimating wound age: looking into the future. Int J Legal Med 2010; 124:523-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-010-0505-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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7
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Krajewska E, Lewis C, Staton C, MacGowan A, MacNeil S. New insights into induction of early-stage neovascularization in an improved tissue-engineered model of psoriasis. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2010; 5:363-74. [DOI: 10.1002/term.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Chen GG, Turecki G, Mamer OA. A quantitative GC-MS method for three major polyamines in postmortem brain cortex. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2009; 44:1203-1210. [PMID: 19514045 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative method for putrescine (PUT), spermidine (SPD) and spermine (SPM) in homogenized postmortem human brain tissue is described that employs a novel, simple and rapid extractive derivatization with ethylchloroformate and trifluoroacetylation. These amines are metabolites of ornithine and are metabolically interconvertible in mammals. The method was developed to support an ongoing epidemiological study correlating these amines with the frequency of suicide. The isolation methodology is robust and requires less work and time than many previous methods. Analysis is by conventional electron ionization GC-MS with selected ion monitoring using a stable isotope-labeled analog for PUT and a chemical analog for SPD and SPM as internal standards. The time required for chromatographic analysis, about 20 min, is determined by the wide range of the relative volatilities of the derivatized polyamines. The method allows the quantitation of PUT down to 10 ng/g and SPD and SPM down to 100 and 1000 ng/g, respectively of wet tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary G Chen
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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9
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Debats IBJG, Wolfs TGAM, Gotoh T, Cleutjens JPM, Peutz-Kootstra CJ, van der Hulst RRWJ. Role of arginine in superficial wound healing in man. Nitric Oxide 2009; 21:175-83. [PMID: 19638312 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2009.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Arginine supplementation has been identified as advantageous in experimental wound healing. However, the mechanisms underlying this beneficial effect in tissue repair remain unresolved. Animal studies suggest that the beneficial role of arginine supplementation is mediated, at least in part through NO. The latter component mediates processes involved in tissue repair, including angiogenesis, epithelialization and collagen formation. This prospective study is performed to investigate arginine metabolism in acute surgical wounds in man. Expression of enzymes, known to be involved in arginine metabolism, was studied in donor sites of skin grafts of 10 hospitalized patients undergoing skin transplantation. Plasma and wound fluid levels of arginine metabolites (ornithine, citrulline, nitrate and nitrite = NOx) were measured using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Expression of iNOS, eNOS, arginase-1 and arginase-2 was studied by immunohistochemistry in paraffin sections of skin tissue. Arginase-1 concentration was measured in plasma and wound fluid using ELISA. Arginase-2 was determined using Western blot analysis. We observed increased levels of citrulline, ornithine, NOx and arginase-1 in wound fluid when compared with plasma. Arginase-2 was expressed in both plasma and wound fluid and seemed higher in plasma. iNOS was expressed by neutrophils, macrophages, fibroblasts, keratinocytes and endothelial cells upon wounding, whereas eNOS reactivity was observed in endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Arginase-1 was expressed in neutrophils post-wounding, while arginase-2 staining was observed in endothelial cells, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, macrophages and neutrophils. For the first time, human data support previous animal studies suggesting arginine metabolism for an NO- as well as arginase-mediated reparation of injured skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- I B J G Debats
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Handsurgery, University Hospital Maastricht, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
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10
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Hockl PF, Thyssen SM, Libertun C. AN IMPROVED HPLC METHOD FOR IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTITATION OF POLYAMINES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS AS BENZOYLATED DERIVATIVES. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100101482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. F. Hockl
- a Lab. Neuroendocrinología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental-CONICET , Dep.Fisiologia, Facultad de Medicina, UBA, V. Obligado, Buenos Aires, 2490 (1428), Argentina
| | - S. M. Thyssen
- a Lab. Neuroendocrinología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental-CONICET , Dep.Fisiologia, Facultad de Medicina, UBA, V. Obligado, Buenos Aires, 2490 (1428), Argentina
| | - C. Libertun
- b Lab. Neuroendocrinología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental-CONICET , Dep.Fisiologia, Facultad de Medicina, UBA, V. Obligado, Buenos Aires, 2490 (1428), Argentina
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11
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Debats IBJG, Booi D, Deutz NEP, Buurman WA, Boeckx WD, van der Hulst RRWJ. Infected Chronic Wounds Show Different Local and Systemic Arginine Conversion Compared With Acute Wounds. J Surg Res 2006; 134:205-14. [PMID: 16631201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2006.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2005] [Revised: 01/30/2006] [Accepted: 03/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several experimental studies have shown the importance of arginine in wound healing. However, little is known about its role in human wound healing. In this study, we investigated arginine metabolism in impaired wound healing. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty patients with chronic wounds and 10 patients with acute wounds were included in a prospective study. Amino acids, nitrate/nitrite, and arginase concentrations were determined in plasma and wound fluid using high-performance liquid chromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Chronic wounds were divided into two groups: noninfected chronic wounds (n = 11) and infected chronic wounds (n = 9), based on quantitative bacterial analysis of wound fluid samples. RESULTS Plasma arginine levels, next to total plasma amino acid levels, were significantly decreased in patients with infected chronic wounds compared with patients having acute or noninfected wounds. Citrulline and ornithine levels were significantly increased in infected chronic wounds and related to decreased nitrate/nitrite levels, whereas wound fluid arginine levels were similar in all groups. In addition, wound fluid arginase levels of infected chronic wounds were significantly enhanced. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that patients with infected chronic wounds have decreased plasma arginine levels and suggests enhanced arginine conversion in the wound. In contrast to noninfected chronic wounds, arginine seems to be mainly metabolized by arginase in infected chronic wounds. In conclusion, our hypothesis is that impaired wound healing is related to an altered arginine usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris B J G Debats
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Maastricht Academic Hospital, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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12
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Teti D, Visalli M, McNair H. Analysis of polyamines as markers of (patho)physiological conditions. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 781:107-49. [PMID: 12450656 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00669-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aliphatic polyamines, putrescine, spermidine and spermine, are normal cell constituents that play important roles in cell proliferation and differentiation. The equilibrium between cellular uptake and release and the balanced activities of biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes of polyamines are essential for normal homeostasis in the proliferation and functions of cells and tissues. However, the intracellular polyamine content increases in hyperplastic or neoplastic growth. Although the involvement of polyamines in physiological and pathological cell proliferation and differentiation has been well established, the role they play is quite different in relation to cell systems and animal models and is dependent on inducer agents and stimuli. Also, the experimental procedures used to deplete polyamines have been shown to influence the cell responses. In this paper, the assay methods currently in use for polyamines are reviewed and compared with respect to sensitivity, reproducibility and applicability to routine analysis. The relevance of polyamine metabolism and the uptake/release process in many physiological and pathological processes is highlighted, and the cellular polyamine pathways are discussed in relation to the possible diagnostic and therapeutic significance of these mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Teti
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Microbiology, Section of Experimental Pathology, Azienda Policlinico Universitario, Torre Biologica, IV piano, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy.
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13
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Shi HP, Fishel RS, Efron DT, Williams JZ, Fishel MH, Barbul A. Effect of supplemental ornithine on wound healing. J Surg Res 2002; 106:299-302. [PMID: 12175982 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.2002.6471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Supplemental arginine has been shown to enhance wound healing, in particular collagen synthesis. Ornithine is the main metabolite of arginine in the urea cycle and shares many of the biopharmacologic effects of arginine. The present study examines the effect of ornithine supplementation on wound healing and attempts to describe its possible mechanism. METHODS Wild type (WT) and iNOS knockout (KO) mice were randomized to receive either normal chow and tap water or chow and water each supplemented with 0.5% ornithine (w/w). All animals underwent a midline dorsal skin incision with implantation of polyvinyl alcohol sponges into subcutaneous pockets. On postoperative day 14 the animals were sacrificed. The dorsal wound was harvested for breaking strength determination while the wound sponges were assayed for hydroxyproline content, total wound fluid amino acid, and nitrite/nitrate (NOx) concentration. RESULTS Dietary ornithine supplementation enhanced wound breaking strength and collagen deposition in both WT and KO mice. This was accompanied by increased wound fluid proline and ornithine levels but not arginine, citrulline, or NOx levels. CONCLUSIONS The results from this study demonstrate that ornithine supplementation enhances wound healing in both WT and KO mice. This suggests that ornithine's effect on wound healing is independent of the iNOS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Ping Shi
- Department of Surgery, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21215, USA
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14
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Abstract
Wound examination is of prime importance in forensic pathology, and it is desirable to establish a wound examination system in order to evaluate and record the nature of wound more accurately and objectively. Modern diagnostic techniques and devices as well as advanced cell-biological methods should be introduced as the means for this aim. For example, radiological, endoscopic or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination have been used in addition to examination with the naked eye. In our department, a binocular surgical operating microscope is routinely employed at forensic autopsy, which is useful for elucidating the nature of wound in more detail. It is also necessary to determine whether a wound has vitality, and, if antemortem, how long before death the wound has been sustained. For the determination of wound age including vitality, various biological factors such as cytokines and extracellular matrix components involved in wound healing have been examined by histopathological methods. Our studies have shown that interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1 b, IL-6, IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha are possibly useful markers for wound age determination as well as cell-biological indicators of vitality. Furthermore, molecular biological techniques have been intended to be applied to wound examination; our experimental study has shown that even mRNA of cytokines mentioned above can be histologically detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction or in situ hybridization. A trial of forensic wound examination from macroscopic to molecular level is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ohshima
- Department of Legal Medicine, Kanazawa University, Faculty of Medicine, Takara-machi 13-1, 920-8640, Kanazawa, Japan.
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15
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Abstract
The diagnosis of the vital origin of wounds in many cases remains an unsolved problem for the forensic pathologist. Practical experience enables the expert to diagnose the vital or postmortem origin of wounds on the basis of macroscopic examination. In some cases, optic microscopy is used to confirm the diagnosis. In many other cases, additional more sensitive and specific markers of vitality are required. In the past 50 years, comprehensive research on this topic has resulted in a better understanding of the acute inflammatory reaction. The development and application of sensitive and specific markers through research in the areas of histochemistry, enzymology, and biochemistry has provided a partial solution to the problems involved in wound vitality diagnosis. A review of this challenging area of forensic pathology, including an explanation of these methods and markers, is presented in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hernández-Cueto
- Department of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain.
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16
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Maeno Y, Takabe F, Mori Y, Iwasa M, Inoue H. Simultaneous observation of catecholamine, serotonin and their metabolites in incised skin wounds of guinea pig. Forensic Sci Int 1991; 51:51-63. [PMID: 1752594 DOI: 10.1016/0379-0738(91)90205-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In order to examine the vital reaction in wounds, catecholamines, serotonin (5-HT) and their metabolites in the incised skin wounds of guinea pigs were analyzed simultaneously by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using electrochemical detection (ECD). The principal changes in the levels of these compounds in vital wounds were as follows: a considerable decrease in norepinephrine (NE) content was observed 12-24 h after injury which persisted to at least 7 days. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) decreased slightly for up to 30 min and then showed no significant difference compared with postmortem levels. Epinephrine and dopamine were barely detected by the HPLC-ECD method employed. 5-HT concentrations which showed an increase up to 24 h showed maximum levels 800 microns from the wound edge at 10 and 30 min after injury. 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) was significantly higher than the postmortem level over almost the entire period of these experiments. A 5-HIAA content of at least twice the postmortem level was observed 800 microns from the wound edge of a 10-min-old vital wound. Therefore, 5-HIAA is a likely candidate as a new marker for evaluating the vital reaction in wounds. The vital characteristics of NE, DOPAC, 5-HIAA and 5-HT in 10-min-old wounds persisted for up to 12 h at room temperature after death. These results suggest that the HPLC-ECD method used here is very useful for simultaneous examination of the vital reaction in wounds from the earliest to the later stages of the wound-healing period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Maeno
- Department of Legal Medicine, Nagoya City University Medical School, Japan
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