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Rani S, Dey P, Pruthi K, Singh S, Mahajan S, Alajangi HK, Kapoor S, Pandey A, Gupta D, Barnwal RP, Singh G. Nanotechnology-Based Approaches for Cosmeceutical and Skin Care: A Systematic Review. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 2024; 41:65-110. [PMID: 38608133 DOI: 10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.v41.i5.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Cosmeceuticals have gained great importance and are among the top-selling products used for skin care. Because of changing lifestyles, climate, and increasing pollution, cosmeceuticals are utilized by every individual, thereby making cosmeceuticals a fruitful field for research and the economy. Cosmeceuticals provide incredibly pleasing aesthetic results by fusing the qualities of both cosmetics and medicinal substances. Cosmeceuticals are primarily utilized to improve the appearance of skin by making it smoother, moisturized, and wrinkle-free, in addition to treating dermatological conditions, including photoaging, burns, dandruff, acne, eczema, and erythema. Nanocosmeceuticals are cosmetic products that combine therapeutic effects utilizing nanotechnology, allowing for more precise and effective target-specific delivery of active ingredients, and improving bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shital Rani
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Piyush Dey
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kritika Pruthi
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sahajdeep Singh
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shivansh Mahajan
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Hema K Alajangi
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India; Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Sumeet Kapoor
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Ankur Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh India
| | - Dikshi Gupta
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
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Madelaire CB, Klink AC, Israelsen WJ, Hindle AG. Fibroblasts as an experimental model system for the study of comparative physiology. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 260:110735. [PMID: 35321853 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2022.110735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic evaluations of processes that underlie organism-level physiology often require reductionist approaches. Dermal fibroblasts offer one such approach. These cells are easily obtained from minimally invasive skin biopsy, making them appropriate for the study of protected and/or logistically challenging species. Cell culture approaches permit extensive and fine-scale sampling regimes as well as gene manipulation techniques that are not feasible in vivo. Fibroblast isolation and culture protocols are outlined here for primary cells, and the benefits and drawbacks of immortalization are discussed. We show examples of physiological metrics that can be used to characterize primary cells (oxygen consumption, translation, proliferation) and readouts that can be informative in understanding cell-level responses to environmental stress (lactate production, heat shock protein induction). Importantly, fibroblasts may display fidelity to whole animal physiological phenotypes, facilitating their study. Fibroblasts from Antarctic Weddell seals show greater resilience to low temperatures and hypoxia exposure than fibroblasts from humans or rats. Fibroblast oxygen consumption rates are not affected by temperature stress in the heat-tolerant camel, whereas similar temperature exposures depress mitochondrial metabolism in fibroblasts from rhinoceros. Finally, dermal fibroblasts from a hibernator, the meadow jumping mouse, better resist experimental cooling than a fibroblast line from the laboratory mouse, with the hibernator demonstrating a greater maintenance of homeostatic processes such as protein translation. These results exemplify the parallels that can be drawn between fibroblast physiology and expectations in vivo, and provide evidence for the power of fibroblasts as a model system to understand comparative physiology and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla B Madelaire
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Amy C Klink
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - William J Israelsen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Skroot Laboratory, Inc., Ames, IA, USA
| | - Allyson G Hindle
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
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Bhatia E, Kumari D, Sharma S, Ahamad N, Banerjee R. Nanoparticle platforms for dermal antiaging technologies: Insights in cellular and molecular mechanisms. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 14:e1746. [PMID: 34423571 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a continuous process defined by a progressive functional decline in physiological parameters. Skin, being one of the most vulnerable organs, shows early signs of aging which are predominantly affected by intrinsic factors like hormone, gender, mood, enzymes, and genetic predisposition, and extrinsic factors like exposure to radiation, air pollution, and heat. Visible morphological and anatomical changes associated with skin aging occur due to underlying physiological aberrations governed by numerous complex interactions at cellular and subcellular levels. Nanoparticles are perceived as a powerful tool in the cosmeceutical industry both for augmenting the efficacy of existing agents and as a novel standalone therapy. Both organic and inorganic nanoparticles have been extensively investigated in antiaging applications. The use of nanoparticles helps to enhance the activity of antiaging molecules by selectively targeting cellular and molecular pathways. On the other hand, the nanoparticle platforms also gained increasing popularity as the skin protectant against extrinsic factors such as UV radiation and pollutants. This review comprehensively discusses skin aging and its mechanism by highlighting the impact on cellular, subcellular, and epigenetic elements. Importantly, the review elaborates on the examples of organic and inorganic nanoparticle-based formulations developed for antiaging application and provides mechanistic insights on how they modulate the mechanisms of skin aging. The clinical progress of nanoparticle antiaging technologies and factors that impact clinical translation are also explored. This article is categorized under: Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshant Bhatia
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Durga Kumari
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Shivam Sharma
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Nadim Ahamad
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Rinti Banerjee
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
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Campion CG, Verissimo T, Cossette S, Tremblay J. Does Subtelomeric Position of COMMD5 Influence Cancer Progression? Front Oncol 2021; 11:642130. [PMID: 33768002 PMCID: PMC7985453 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.642130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The COMMD proteins are a family of ten pleiotropic factors which are widely conserved throughout evolution and are involved in the regulation of many cellular and physiological processes. COMMD proteins are mainly expressed in adult tissue and their downregulation has been correlated with tumor progression and poor prognosis in cancer. Among this family, COMMD5 emerged as a versatile modulator of tumor progression. Its expression can range from being downregulated to highly up regulated in a variety of cancer types. Accordingly, two opposing functions could be proposed for COMMD5 in cancer. Our studies supported a role for COMMD5 in the establishment and maintenance of the epithelial cell phenotype, suggesting a tumor suppressor function. However, genetic alterations leading to amplification of COMMD5 proteins have also been observed in various types of cancer, suggesting an oncogenic function. Interestingly, COMMD5 is the only member of this family that is located at the extreme end of chromosome 8, near its telomere. Here, we review some data concerning expression and role of COMMD5 and propose a novel rationale for the potential link between the subtelomeric position of COMMD5 on chromosome 8 and its contrasting functions in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole G Campion
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Thomas Verissimo
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Suzanne Cossette
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Johanne Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Pignolo RJ, Nath KA. Introduction to Thematic Reviews on Aging and Geriatric Medicine. Mayo Clin Proc 2020; 95:1102-1104. [PMID: 32498769 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Pignolo
- Department of medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
| | - Karl A Nath
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Dai W, Jiang Y, Chen K, Qiu J, Sun J, Zhang W, Zhou X, Huang N, Li Y, Li W. Effect of etoposide-induced alteration of the Mdm2-Rb signaling pathway on cellular senescence in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:3935-3940. [PMID: 28959361 PMCID: PMC5607649 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of various concentrations of etoposide (VP-16) on the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Mdm2 (Mdm2)-retinoblastoma (Rb) signaling pathway in the cellular senescence of A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells. A549 cells were randomly divided into the following four groups: Control group (no treatment), group 1 (1 µmol/l VP-16), group 2 (5 µmol/l VP-16) and group 3 (25 µmol/l VP-16). Each group was cultured for 48 h after treatment prior to observation of the alterations to cellular morphology. The cell cycle distribution of each group was also detected by flow cytometry. In addition, the activity of cellular senescence-associated β-galactosidase, and the expression of Mdm2 and phosphorylated (p-) Rb protein, was measured. The percentage of senescent cells was significantly higher following VP-16 treatment compared with the control group. The percentage of G1 phase cells, and p-Rb protein and Mdm2 protein expression were also significantly different following VP-16 treatment compared with the control group. VP-16 increased the activity of β-galactosidase in the A459 cells. VP-16 also decreased the expression level of Mdm2 and p-Rb protein and inhibited cell cycle progression in G1. These results indicate that VP-16 induces the cellular senescence of A549 cells via the Mdm2-Rb signaling pathway. However, further investigations are required to validate the mechanisms underlying these effects of VP-16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Dai
- Department of Respiration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, P.R. China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Respiration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, P.R. China
| | - Kairong Chen
- Department of Respiration, People's Hospital of Meishan, Meishan, Sichuan 620000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Qiu
- Department of Respiration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, P.R. China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Respiration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Respiration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, P.R. China
| | - Xiafei Zhou
- Department of Respiration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, P.R. China
| | - Na Huang
- Department of Respiration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, P.R. China
| | - Yunhui Li
- Department of Respiration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, P.R. China
| | - Wancheng Li
- Department of Respiration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, P.R. China
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Raffetto JD, Vasquez R, Goodwin DG, Menzoian JO. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway Regulates Cell Proliferation in Venous Ulcer Fibroblasts. Vasc Endovascular Surg 2016; 40:59-66. [PMID: 16456607 DOI: 10.1177/153857440604000108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Venous ulcer fibroblasts have been demonstrated to have low growth rates in response to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is an important signal transduction mechanism that regulates growth, differentiation, and apoptosis in eukaryotic cells. PDGF binds PDGF receptors that activate a multitiered signaling cascade involving MAPK. We hypothesize that the growth regulation in venous ulcer fibroblasts is dependent on the MAPK extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway in the presence of PDGF. Fibroblasts (fb) were isolated from 8 patients with venous ulcers (w-fb) and the normal skin (n-fb) of the ipsilateral thigh via punch biopsies. Fb were plated at 1,500 cells/dish and treated with PDGF-AB (10 ng/mL) for 15 days. Growth rates were determined. Immunoblot analysis of MAPK ERK for n-fb and w-fb were analyzed. To determine if PDGF-stimulated w-fb and n-fb utilized the MAPK ERK pathway in a dependent manner, the upstream kinase MAPK kinase 1 (MEK 1) was inhibited by PD 98059. In addition, fb were treated with chronic venous ulcer wound fluid (WF) to study its effect on MAPK ERK. In the presence of PDGF, growth rates were substantially lower in w-fb than in n-fb, and MAPK was activated in 6/8 w-fb and in only 2/8 n-fb. Fibroblasts expressing MAPK had significantly reduced cell proliferation compared to fibroblasts not expressing MAPK (p = 0.023). PD 98059 significantly inhibited wfb and n-fb cell proliferation from basal level, which was reversible with addition of PDGF. In neonatal fibroblasts WF demonstrated inhibition of MAPK ERK over time and addition of PD98059 was not additive. This study suggests that the MAPK ERK pathway is important for cell proliferation in venous ulcer fibroblasts. In the presence of PDGF, fibroblasts with decreased growth rate express MAPK, and proliferation is further abrogated with addition of MEK 1 inhibitor, suggesting the importance of the MAPK ERK pathway regulating w-fb and nfb proliferation. Although the majority of w-fb activated the MAPK ERK pathway in the presence of PDGF, proliferation was significantly attenuated, indicating that other MAPK inhibitory pathways are competing. Venous ulcer wound fluid directly inhibits the MAPK ERK pathway, suggesting that the venous ulcer wound environment has negative trophic factors that effect fibroblasts proliferation and ulcer healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Raffetto
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston VA Healthcare System, MA 02132, USA.
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8
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Gualdi G, Crotti S, Monari P, Calzavara-Pinton P, Vitali M, Baronio M, Lougaris V. The nested graft acts by inducing the process of de-senescence of the fibroblasts in chronic venous ulcers. Int Wound J 2015; 13:1104-1110. [PMID: 25800810 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescent fibroblasts, which are present in chronic ulcers, are the reason for the wound becoming chronic. In this study, we introduce full-thickness micro skin grafts in the ulcer, a surgical technique known as a 'nested graft', which gave encouraging results leading to complete wound healing in all patients. The assessment of fibroblast cultures taken from the wound before and after treatment and comparison with fibroblasts from healthy skin showed that the fibroblasts taken from the ulcer after the nested graft treatment acquire morpho-functional characteristics overlapping those of fibroblasts from healthy skin. This surgical approach is, therefore, able to lead to the healing of chronic ulcers through the de-senescence of the fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Gualdi
- Department of Dermatology, Spedali civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Silvia Crotti
- Department of Dermatology, Spedali civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paola Monari
- Department of Dermatology, Spedali civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Massimiliano Vitali
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Pediatrics Clinic and Institute for Molecular Medicine A. Nocivelli, University of Brescia, Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Manuela Baronio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Pediatrics Clinic and Institute for Molecular Medicine A. Nocivelli, University of Brescia, Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Vassilios Lougaris
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Pediatrics Clinic and Institute for Molecular Medicine A. Nocivelli, University of Brescia, Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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9
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Pospelova TV, Bykova TV, Zubova SG, Katolikova NV, Yartzeva NM, Pospelov VA. Rapamycin induces pluripotent genes associated with avoidance of replicative senescence. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:3841-51. [PMID: 24296616 DOI: 10.4161/cc.27396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary rodent cells undergo replicative senescence, independent from telomere shortening. We have recently shown that treatment with rapamycin during passages 3-7 suppressed replicative senescence in rat embryonic fibroblasts (REFs), which otherwise occurred by 10-14 passages. Here, we further investigated rapamycin-primed cells for an extended number of passages. Rapamycin-primed cells continued to proliferate without accumulation of senescent markers. Importantly, these cells retained the ability to undergo serum starvation- and etoposide-induced cell cycle arrest. The p53/p21 pathway was functional. This indicates that rapamycin did not cause either transformation or loss of cell cycle checkpoints. We found that rapamycin activated transcription of pluripotent genes, oct-4, sox-2, nanog, as well as further upregulated telomerase (tert) gene. The rapamycin-derived cells have mostly non-rearranged, near-normal karyotype. Still, when cultivated for a higher number of passages, these cells acquired a chromosomal marker within the chromosome 3. We conclude that suppression mTORC1 activity may prevent replicative senescence without transformation of rodent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana V Pospelova
- Institute of Cytology; Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg, Russia; St.Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Bykova
- Institute of Cytology; Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg, Russia; St.Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Svetlana G Zubova
- Institute of Cytology; Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg, Russia; St.Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Natalia M Yartzeva
- Institute of Cytology; Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Valery A Pospelov
- Institute of Cytology; Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg, Russia; St.Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg, Russia
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Klement K, Melle C, Murzik U, Diekmann S, Norgauer J, Hemmerich P. Accumulation of annexin A5 at the nuclear envelope is a biomarker of cellular aging. Mech Ageing Dev 2012; 133:508-22. [PMID: 22728018 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a permanent cell cycle arrest induced by short telomeres or oncogenic stress in vitro and in vivo. Because no single of the established biomarkers can reliably identify senescent cells, the application of new ones may aid the diagnosis of aged cells. Here we show that annexin A5 accumulates at the nuclear envelope during replicative and drug-induced cellular senescence in primary human fibroblasts. This new cellular aging phenotype that we have termed SA-ANX5 (senescence-associated accumulation at the nuclear envelope of annexin A5) is as efficient and quantitative as the well-established senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity assay and p21 immunoreactivity. SA-ANX5 is also observed in aged human skin where is exclusively detected in DNA damage foci-positive/Ki-67-negative cells. We also observed that depletion of annexin A5 by siRNA in human fibroblasts accelerates premature senescence through the p38MAP kinase pathway. These observations establish SA-ANX5 as a new biomarker for cellular aging and implicate a functional role for annexin A5 in cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolin Klement
- Leibniz-Institute for Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.
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Zhao H, Halicka HD, Traganos F, Jorgensen E, Darzynkiewicz Z. New biomarkers probing depth of cell senescence assessed by laser scanning cytometry. Cytometry A 2011; 77:999-1007. [PMID: 20939035 PMCID: PMC2977923 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The imaging analytical capabilities of laser scanning cytometer (LSC) have been used to assess morphological features considered to be typical of the senescent phenotype. The characteristic “flattening” of senescent cells was reflected by the decline in the density of staining (intensity of maximal pixel) of DNA-associated fluorescence [4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)] paralleled by an increase in nuclear size (area). The decrease in ratio of maximal pixel to nuclear area was even more sensitive senescence biomarker than the change in maximal pixel or nuclear area, each alone. The saturation cell density at plateau phase of growth recorded by LSC was found to be dramatically decreased in cultures of senescent cells, thereby also serving as an additional marker. The induction of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors p21WAF1 and p27KIP1 and γH2AX and activation of ATM markers of DNA damage response were measured in parallel with DNA/DAPI maximal pixel and nuclear area. These biomarker indices were expressed in quantitative terms by reporting them as a fraction of the respective controls. The effect of treatment of A549 and WI-38 cells with different concentrations of mitoxantrone (Mxt) and trichostatin A for various time periods was studied to assess the degree (depth) of cell senescence. Also assessed was the effect of 2-deoxy-d-glucose, the agent attenuating metabolic cell activity, on the depth of senescence induced by Mxt. A relationship between the ability of cells to synthesize RNA (incorporate 5-ethynyluridine) that leads to growth imbalance and induction of cell senescence was also studied. The data show that morphometric analysis of cellular attributes by LSC offers an attractive tool to detect cell senescence and measure its degree particularly in assessing effects of the factors that enhance or attenuate this process. This methodology is of importance in light of the evidence that cellular senescence is not only a biological process that is fundamental for organismal aging but also impedes formation of induced-pluripotent stem cells providing the barrier for neoplastic transformation and is the major mechanism of induction of reproductive cell death during treatment of solid tumors. © 2010 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Brander Cancer Research Institute, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
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12
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Ameliorative effects of Eriobotrya japonica seed extract on cellular aging in cultured rat fibroblasts. J Nat Med 2010; 65:254-61. [PMID: 21188645 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-010-0481-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of Eriobotrya japonica seed extract (ESE) on cellular aging, intracellular calcium homeostasis in young and senescent cells was analyzed using a rat fibroblast culture as an in vitro model system and a calcium imaging technique. The application of bradykinin (BK) transiently elicited intracellular calcium ion (Ca(2+)) increased in most of the young fibroblasts, whereas these responses were scarcely observed or were significantly attenuated in senescent cells. However, the long-term treatment of senescent cells with ESE (for 7 days) dose-dependently increased the amplitude of BK-induced responses and the percentage of BK-responding cells. In particular, most senescent cells could respond to BK with long-term treatment with ESE (1.0% or 2.0%), an effect that reinstated the percentage of BK-responding cells to the same level as that in young cells. The effects of ESE on amplitude or percentage of responding cells were not observed in young cells. Moreover, the time to half decay, which was significantly longer in senescent cells than that in young cells, was shortened in senescent cells with long-term treatment with ESE. These results suggest that treatment with an adequate concentration of ESE renders BK-induced Ca(2+) dynamics in senescent cells similar to those in young cells. Therefore, ESE can retard and/or protect against cellular aging and may be useful for elucidating the antiaging processes.
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Abstract
Oncogene-induced cellular senescence constitutes a strong anti-proliferative response, which can be set in motion following either oncogene activation or loss of tumour suppressor signalling. It serves to limit the expansion of early neoplastic cells and as such is a potent cancer-protective response to oncogenic events. Recently emerging evidence points to a crucial role in oncogene-induced cellular senescence for the 'senescence-messaging secretome' or SMS, setting the stage for cross-talk between senescent cells and their environment. How are such signals integrated into a coordinated response and what are the implications of this unexpected finding?
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kuilman
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Blagosklonny MV. Aging, stem cells, and mammalian target of rapamycin: a prospect of pharmacologic rejuvenation of aging stem cells. Rejuvenation Res 2008; 11:801-8. [PMID: 18729812 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2008.0722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
What is the relationship between stem cell aging and organismal aging? Does stem cell aging cause organismal aging or vice versa? Will stem cell aging aggravate age-related diseases? And what is stem cell aging? As suggested herein, hyperstimulation of signal transduction pathways can render cells compensatorily irresponsive. And the hallmark of stem cell aging is poor responsiveness to activating stimuli. On the basis of the hypothesis that insensitivity to stimuli is in part due to hyperactivation of the target of rapamycin (TOR), this article suggests a means of pharmacologic rejuvenation of stem cells and wound-healing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Blagosklonny
- Cancer Center, Ordway Research Institute, 150 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
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15
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Eller MS, Asarch A, Gilchrest BA. Photoprotection in human skin--a multifaceted SOS response. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 84:339-49. [PMID: 18179622 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Human skin has developed elaborate defense mechanisms for combating a wide variety of potentially damaging environmental factors; principal among these is UV light. Despite these defenses, short-term damage may include painful sunburn and long-term UV damage results in both accelerated skin aging and skin cancers such as basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and even malignant melanoma. While UV radiation damages many cellular constituents, its most lasting effects involve DNA alteration. The following sections briefly review UV-inducible protective responses in bacteria and in skin, thymidine dinucleotides (pTT) as a powerful probe of DNA damage responses, and potential means of harnessing these inducible responses therapeutically to reduce the now enormous burden of cutaneous photodamage in our society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Eller
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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Benatti BB, Silvério KG, Casati MZ, Sallum EA, Nociti FH. Influence of aging on biological properties of periodontal ligament cells. Connect Tissue Res 2008; 49:401-8. [PMID: 19085240 DOI: 10.1080/03008200802171159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The majority of patients eligible for periodontal regenerative therapies are aged subjects. Since periodontal ligament cells (PDLC) are essential for periodontal regeneration, the aim of the present study was to determine the effect of cellular aging on PDLC, including genes associated with extracellular matrix metabolism and growth-associated factors. PDLC cultures were obtained from subjects aged 15 to 20 years and subjects aged more than 60 years. Proliferation, cell viability, mineralization assays, and mRNA levels were assessed for type I and III collagen, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-1, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and-8, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1 and-2. Data analysis demonstrated that aging negatively influenced cell proliferation and mineral nodule formation (p < 0.05). Gene expression analysis further showed that mRNA levels for bFGF, PDGF-1, and TIMP-2 were not affected by aging (p > 0.05). In addition, mRNA levels for type I and III collagen were significantly lower in aged cells (p < 0.05), whereas MMP-2 and-8 and TIMP-1 mRNA levels were higher (p < 0.05). Within the limits of the present study, data analysis suggests that aging modulates important biological properties of periodontal ligament cells, diminishes the potential for mineral nodule formation, and favors extracellular matrix degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Braga Benatti
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Campinas State University, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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17
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Seidman C, Raffetto JD, Overman KC, Menzoian JO. Venous ulcer fibroblasts respond to basic fibroblast growth factor at the cell cycle protein level. Ann Vasc Surg 2006; 20:376-80. [PMID: 16609829 DOI: 10.1007/s10016-006-9036-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Revised: 01/30/2006] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts cultured from venous ulcers demonstrate phenotypic characteristics of cellular senescence including slow growth, altered morphology, upregulation of fibronectin, and increased senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity. In senescent cells, arrest of cell replication is related to overexpression of p21 and underexpression of phosphorylated tumor-suppressor protein retinoblastoma (ppRb). The regulatory mechanisms for cell proliferation in venous ulcer fibroblasts are unknown. In this study, venous ulcer fibroblasts are examined for cell cycle protein expression and modulation by basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Fibroblasts were isolated from the venous ulcer of the distal lower extremity (fb-D) of patients with chronic venous insufficiency. A control biopsy was obtained from the proximal ipsilateral thigh (fb-P). Paired cultures were plated at 100,000 cells/plate and the cells synchronized. After 24 hr, one culture set was treated with bFGF (20 ng/mL) and the other was kept in culture medium only (untreated). All cultures, treated and untreated, were lysed following 24 hr of incubation, and the lysate was used to perform immunoblot analysis for p21, ppRb, and cyclin D1. Immunoblot samples were standardized to protein content. In all patients analyzed (n = 4), at basal levels (untreated) fb-D demonstrated significant overexpression of p21 versus fb-P (p = 0.016). Treatment with bFGF resulted in significant downregulation of p21 levels for fb-D (p = 0.008) and fb-P (p = 0.037) compared to untreated fibroblasts. ppRb was underexpressed in fb-D versus fb-P (p = 0.069). Treatment with bFGF increased ppRb significantly in fb-D (p = 0.030) and in fb-P (p = 0.027) compared to untreated fibroblasts. No differences were observed in cyclin D1 with respect to basal levels in fb-P versus fb-D or in treated versus untreated groups. Venous ulcer fibroblasts show phenotypic similarity to senescent cells, with overexpression of p21 as well as down regulation of phosphorylated pRb. The aberrations seen in the cell cycle proteins in fb-D are similar to those seen in senescent cells; however, bFGF can modulate important cell cycle regulatory proteins, promoting a proliferative environment in fb-D that is not possible in a senescent cell. The role of bFGF may be useful in the clinical treatment of venous ulcer pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Seidman
- Eugene Surgical Associates Peacehealth, Eugene, OR, USA
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18
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Kern A, Roempp B, Prager K, Walter J, Behl C. Down-regulation of Endogenous Amyloid Precursor Protein Processing due to Cellular Aging. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:2405-13. [PMID: 16303768 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m505625200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a well acknowledged central pathogenic mechanism in Alzheimer disease. However, influences of age-associated cellular alterations on the biochemistry of APP processing have not been studied in molecular detail so far. Here, we report that processing of endogenous APP is down-regulated during the aging of normal human fibroblasts (IMR-90). The generation of intracellular APP cleavage products C99, C83, and AICD gradually declines with increasing life span and is accompanied by a reduced secretion of soluble APP (sAPP) and sAPPalpha. Further, the maturation of APP was reduced in senescent cells, which has been shown to be directly mediated by age-associated increased cellular cholesterol levels. Of the APP processing secretases, protein levels of constituents of the gamma-secretase complex, presenilin-1 (PS1) and nicastrin, were progressively reduced during aging, resulting in a progressive decrease in gamma-secretase enzymatic activity. ADAM10 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10) and BACE (beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme) protein levels exhibited no age-associated regulation, but interestingly, BACE enzymatic activity was increased in aged cells. PS1 and BACE are located in detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs), well structured membrane microdomains exhibiting high levels of cholesterol, and caveolin-1. Although total levels of both structural components of DRMs were up-regulated in aged cells, their particular DRM association was decreased. This age-dependent membrane modification was associated with an altered distribution of PS1 and BACE between DRM and non-DRM fractions, very likely affecting their APP processing potential. In conclusion, we have found a significant modulation of endogenous APP processing and maturation in human fibroblasts caused by age-associated alterations in cellular biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kern
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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19
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Marques MM, Thomson AJ, McWhir J. Challenges and prospects for targeted transgenesis in livestock. Practical applications of gene targeting. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2004; 534:265-78. [PMID: 12903726 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0063-6_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Margarita M Marques
- Department of Gene Expression and Development, Roslin Institute, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland EH 25 9PS, UK
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20
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Herbig U, Wei W, Dutriaux A, Jobling WA, Sedivy JM. Real-time imaging of transcriptional activation in live cells reveals rapid up-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor gene CDKN1A in replicative cellular senescence. Aging Cell 2003; 2:295-304. [PMID: 14677632 DOI: 10.1046/j.1474-9728.2003.00067.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular replicative senescence is a permanent growth arrest state that can be triggered by telomere shortening. The cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p21(CIP1/WAF1) (p21), encoded by the CDKN1A gene, is a critical cell cycle regulator whose expression increases as cells approach senescence. Although the pathways responsible for its up-regulation are not well understood, compelling evidence indicates that the upstream triggering event is telomere dysfunction. Studies of replicative senescence have been complicated by the asynchrony of its onset, which is caused by the continuous and stochastic variability in individual cell lifespans. In fact, the actual entry into senescence has never been observed in a single unperturbed cell. We report here a new in vitro human model system that allows entry into senescence to be monitored in real-time in individual viable cells. We used homologous recombination to generate non-immortalized fibroblast cells with the enhanced yellow fluorescence protein (EYFP) gene knocked into one CDKN1A gene copy, allowing promoter activity to be visualized as fluorescence intensity. Gamma irradiation, DNA-damaging drugs, expression of p14(ARF) or oncogenic Ras, and replicative exhaustion all resulted in elevated EYFP expression, demonstrating its proper control by physiological signalling circuits. Analysis by time-lapse microscopy of cultures approaching replicative senescence revealed that p21 levels rise abruptly in individual aging cells and remain elevated for extended periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utz Herbig
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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21
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Killilea DW, Atamna H, Liao C, Ames BN. Iron accumulation during cellular senescence in human fibroblasts in vitro. Antioxid Redox Signal 2003; 5:507-16. [PMID: 14580305 PMCID: PMC4503765 DOI: 10.1089/152308603770310158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Iron accumulates as a function of age in several tissues in vivo and is associated with the pathology of numerous age-related diseases. The molecular basis of this change may be due to a loss of iron homeostasis at the cellular level. Therefore, changes in iron content in primary human fibroblast cells (IMR-90) were studied in vitro as a model of cellular senescence. Total iron content increased exponentially during cellular senescence, resulting in 10-fold higher levels of iron compared with young cells. Low-dose hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced early senescence in IMR-90s and concomitantly accelerated iron accumulation. Furthermore, senescence-related and H2O2-stimulated iron accumulation was attenuated by N-tert-butylhydroxylamine (NtBHA), a mitochondrial antioxidant that delays senescence in vitro. However, SV40-transformed, immortalized IMR-90s showed no time-dependent changes in metal content in culture or when treated with H2O2 and/or NtBHA. These data indicate that iron accumulation occurs during normal cellular senescence in vitro. This accumulation of iron may contribute to the increased oxidative stress and cellular dysfunction seen in senescent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Killilea
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
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22
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Seidman C, Raffetto JD, Marien B, Kroon C, Seah CC, Menzoian JO. bFGF-induced alterations in cellular markers of senescence in growth-rescued fibroblasts from chronic venous ulcer and venous reflux patients. Ann Vasc Surg 2003; 17:239-44. [PMID: 12704538 DOI: 10.1007/s10016-003-0004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts cultured from the distal lower extremity of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) patients exhibit characteristics of cellular senescence. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) has been shown to improve growth rates in these fibroblasts. In bFGF-treated fibroblasts, levels of fibronectin and matrix metaloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), known to be up-regulated in senescence, were examined to determine whether bFGF induces changes in these markers of senescence with rescue of cellular proliferation. Fibroblasts were isolated from the distal leg of patients with CVI with and without ulcers (fb-D). In all patients, a control was obtained from the proximal ipsilateral thigh (fb-P). Cells were plated at 3000 cells/plate and treated with bFGF (20 ng/mL) on days 1, 5, 8, and 11. Total cell number was obtained on days 5 and 12 using the Coulter particle counter, and concurrently cells were plated at 10,000 cells/plate and treated with bFGF on the same schedule; cell lysate was harvested on day 12 for immunoblot analysis for MMP-2 and fibronectin. In all patients (n = 7), fb-P grew faster than fb-D (p = 0.039). fb-D showed a mean 3.3-fold increase in growth in response to bFGF, and immunoblot analysis demonstrated an up-regulation of fibronectin and MMP-2 in response to bFGF. This represents the possibility that by stimulating growth, bFGF may drive cells toward senescence. This suggests clinical implication for the use of bFGF and other growth factors in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Seidman
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118-2393, USA
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23
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Li GZ, Eller MS, Firoozabadi R, Gilchrest BA. Evidence that exposure of the telomere 3' overhang sequence induces senescence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:527-31. [PMID: 12515865 PMCID: PMC141029 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0235444100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2002] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal human cells cease proliferation after a finite number of population doublings, a phenomenon termed replicative senescence. This process, first convincingly described by Hayflick and Moorhead [Hayflick, L. & Moorhead, P. S. (1961) Exp. Cell Res. 25, 595-621] for cultured human fibroblasts 40 years ago, is suggested to be a fundamental defense against cancer. Several events have been demonstrated to induce the senescent phenotype including telomere shortening, DNA damage, oxidative stress, and oncogenic stimulation. The molecular mechanisms underlying senescence are poorly understood. Here we report that a 1-week exposure to oligonucleotide homologous to the telomere 3'-overhang sequence TTAGGG (T-oligo) similarly specifically induces a senescent phenotype in cultured human fibroblasts, mimicking serial passage or ectopic expression of a dominant negative form of the telomeric repeat binding factor, TRF2(DN). We propose that exposure of the 3' overhang due to telomere loop disruption may occur with critical telomere shortening or extensive acute DNA damage and that the exposed TTAGGG tandem repeat sequence then triggers DNA-damage responses. We further demonstrate that these responses can be induced by treatment with oligonucleotides homologous to the overhang in the absence of telomere disruption, a phenomenon of potential therapeutic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Zhi Li
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, 609 Albany Street, J-Building, Boston, MA 02118-2394, USA
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24
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Abstract
Clusterin/Apolipoprotein J (ApoJ) is a heterodimeric highly conserved secreted glycoprotein being expressed in a wide variety of tissues and found in all human fluids. Despite being cloned since 1989, no genuine function has been attributed to ApoJ so far. The protein has been reportedly implicated in several diverse physiological processes such as sperm maturation, lipid transportation, complement inhibition, tissue remodeling, membrane recycling, cell-cell and cell-substratum interactions, stabilization of stressed proteins in a folding-competent state and promotion or inhibition of apoptosis. ApoJ gene is differentially regulated by cytokines, growth factors and stress-inducing agents, while another defining prominent and intriguing ApoJ feature is its upregulation in many severe physiological disturbances states and in several neurodegenerative conditions mostly related to advanced aging. Moreover, ApoJ accumulates during the viable growth arrested cellular state of senescence, that is thought to contribute to aging and to tumorigenesis suppression; paradoxically ApoJ is also upregulated in several cases of in vivo cancer progression and tumor formation. This review focuses on the reported data related to ApoJ cell-type and signal specific regulation, function and site of action in normal and cancer cells. We discuss the role of ApoJ during cellular senescence and tumorigenesis, especially under the light of the recently demonstrated various ApoJ intracellular protein forms and their interaction with molecules involved in signal transduction and DNA repair, raising the possibility that its overexpression during cellular senescence might cause a predisposition to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis P Trougakos
- Laboratory of Molecular & Cellular Aging, Institute of Biological Research and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas Constantinou Avenue, Athens 11635, Greece
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25
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Han Z, Wei W, Dunaway S, Darnowski JW, Calabresi P, Sedivy J, Hendrickson EA, Balan KV, Pantazis P, Wyche JH. Role of p21 in apoptosis and senescence of human colon cancer cells treated with camptothecin. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:17154-60. [PMID: 11877436 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112401200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of cells with the anti-cancer drug camptothecin (CPT) induces topoisomerase I (Top1)-mediated DNA damage, which in turn affects cell proliferation and survival. In this report, we demonstrate that treatment of the wild-type HCT116 (wt HCT116) human colon cancer cell line and the isogenic p53(-/-) HCT116 and p21(-/-) HCT116 cell lines with a high concentration (250 nm) of CPT resulted in apoptosis, indicating that apoptosis occurred by a p53- and p21-independent mechanism. In contrast, treatment with a low concentration (20 nm) of CPT induced cell cycle arrest and senescence of the wt HCT116 cells, but apoptosis of the p53(-/-) HCT116 and p21(-/-) HCT116 cells. Further investigations indicated that p53-dependent expression of p21 blocked apoptosis of wt HCT116 cells treated with 20 nm, but not 250 nm CPT. Interestingly, blocking of the apoptotic pathway, by Z-VAD-FMK, in p21(-/-) HCT116 cells following treatment with 20 nm CPT did not permit the cells to develop properties of senescence. These observations demonstrated that p21 was required for senescence development of HCT116 cells following treatment with low concentrations of CPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Han
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA.
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26
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Petropoulou C, Trougakos IP, Kolettas E, Toussaint O, Gonos ES. Clusterin/apolipoprotein J is a novel biomarker of cellular senescence that does not affect the proliferative capacity of human diploid fibroblasts. FEBS Lett 2001; 509:287-97. [PMID: 11741605 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(01)03150-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Normal human fibroblasts have a limited replicative potential in culture and eventually reach a state of irreversible growth arrest, termed senescence. In a previous study aiming to identify genes that are differentially regulated during cellular senescence we have cloned clusterin/apolipoprotein J (Apo J), a 80 kDa secreted glycoprotein. In the current report we pursue our studies and show that senescence of human diploid fibroblasts is accompanied by up-regulation of both Apo J mRNA and protein levels, but with no altered biogenesis, binding partner profile or intracellular distribution of the two Apo J forms detected. To analyze the causal relationship between senescence and Apo J protein accumulation, we stably overexpressed the Apo J gene in primary as well as in SV40 T antigen-immortalized human fibroblasts and we showed no alteration of the proliferative capacity of the transduced cells. Despite previous reports on tumor-derived cell lines, overexpression of Apo J in human fibroblasts did not provide protection against apoptosis or growth arrest induced by hydrogen peroxide. Overall, our results suggest that Apo J overexpression does not induce senescence but it is rather a secondary consequence of the senescence phenotype. To our knowledge this is the first report that provides a functional analysis of human Apo J during replicative senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Petropoulou
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Aging, Institute of Biological Research and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece
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27
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Tsapali DS, Sekeri-Pataryas KE, Sourlingas TG. mRNA levels of the differentiation-associated linker histone variant H1 zero in mitotically active and postmitotic senescent human diploid fibroblast cell populations. Exp Gerontol 2001; 36:1649-61. [PMID: 11672986 DOI: 10.1016/s0531-5565(01)00142-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The mRNA levels of the linker histone variant H1o, which is tightly associated with differentiation, have been studied in the present investigation in an in vitro model ageing human diploid fibroblast (HDF) cell system as a function of cumulative population doublings (CPDs) in mitotically active and senescent cell populations. According to our previous findings the synthesis rate of the H1o protein does not change as a function of CPDs as long as the cells are proliferating. However, when cells reach senescence, the synthesis rate of H1o increases in both naturally aged as well as in cell populations artificially aged by treatment with sodium butyrate. In the present investigation, it is shown that the H1o mRNA levels remain relatively constant in mitotic cells with a slight decrease in cell cultures of late CPDs, i.e. in populations which still retain a mitotic potential, but are toward the end of their proliferative lifespan. However, when cells senesce and are no longer capable of synthesizing DNA, the H1o mRNA levels increase in naturally aged cells while artificially aged cells still maintain mRNA levels comparable to those of mitotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Tsapali
- National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos, Institute of Biology, Aghia Paraskevi, 153 10 Athens, Greece
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28
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Wei W, Hemmer RM, Sedivy JM. Role of p14(ARF) in replicative and induced senescence of human fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biol 2001; 21:6748-57. [PMID: 11564860 PMCID: PMC99853 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.21.20.6748-6757.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Following a proliferative phase of variable duration, most normal somatic cells enter a growth arrest state known as replicative senescence. In addition to telomere shortening, a variety of environmental insults and signaling imbalances can elicit phenotypes closely resembling senescence. We used p53(-/-) and p21(-/-) human fibroblast cell strains constructed by gene targeting to investigate the involvement of the Arf-Mdm2-p53-p21 pathway in natural as well as premature senescence states. We propose that in cell types that upregulate p21 during replicative exhaustion, such as normal human fibroblasts, p53, p21, and Rb act sequentially and constitute the major pathway for establishing growth arrest and that the telomere-initiated signal enters this pathway at the level of p53. Our results also revealed a number of significant differences between human and rodent fibroblasts in the regulation of senescence pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wei
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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29
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Raffetto JD, Leverkus M, Park HY, Menzoian JO. Synopsis on cellular senescence and apoptosis. J Vasc Surg 2001; 34:173-7. [PMID: 11436094 DOI: 10.1067/mva.2001.115964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J D Raffetto
- Boston University Medical Center, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Germany
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30
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Ballas CB, Davidson JM. Delayed wound healing in aged rats is associated with increased collagen gel remodeling and contraction by skin fibroblasts, not with differences in apoptotic or myofibroblast cell populations. Wound Repair Regen 2001; 9:223-37. [PMID: 11472619 DOI: 10.1046/j.1524-475x.2001.00223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aging has been anecdotally reported to result in prolonged wound healing. Measurement of punch biopsy wound closure in young (4 month old) and old (36 month old) rats indicated there was a significant delay in wound closure by old rats during the early phase of repair, after which closure rates were equivalent. The delay in granulation tissue accumulation in older animals could involve premature programmed cell death (apoptosis); however, apoptotic fibroblasts in sponge granulation tissue and tissue culture were less abundant in samples from old rats relative to young rats. Myofibroblasts express alpha-smooth muscle actin, and they are believed to be important in wound contraction. There were no significant differences in overall abundance or distribution of alpha-smooth muscle actin containing myofibroblasts in granulation tissue and in cultured granulation tissue fibroblasts regardless of the age of the donor rat. The spatial distribution of myofibroblasts and apoptotic cells was distinct. Fibroblasts from granulation tissue and skin explants were placed in a collagen gel contraction assay prior to the 5th passage to determine their in vitro contractility. While granulation tissue fibroblasts from young and old rats showed similar collagen gel contractility, skin fibroblasts from old rats displayed greater collagen gel contractile behavior than young skin fibroblasts. Greater gel contractility of fibroblasts from old rats appeared to result, in large part, from the ability of those cells to cause generalized gel degradation. Gelatin zymography indicated a greater abundance of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in supernatants from gels containing skin fibroblasts from old rats. Taken together, these results suggest that the age-associated healing delay in the rat may not be related to the appearance or abundance of distinct myofibroblast or apoptotic cell populations. Proteolysis may have a significant role in delayed wound healing in aged animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Ballas
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2561, USA
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31
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Kveiborg M, Rattan SI, Clark BF, Eriksen EF, Kassem M. Treatment with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 reduces impairment of human osteoblast functions during cellular aging in culture. J Cell Physiol 2001; 186:298-306. [PMID: 11169466 DOI: 10.1002/1097-4652(200002)186:2<298::aid-jcp1030>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Adequate responses to various hormones, such as 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (calcitriol) are a prerequisite for optimal osteoblast functions. We have previously characterized several human diploid osteoblastic cell lines that exhibit typical in vitro aging characteristics during long-term subculturing. In order to study in vitro age-related changes in osteoblast functions, we compared constitutive mRNA levels of osteoblast-specific genes in early-passage (< 50% lifespan completed) with those of late-passage cells (> 90% lifespan completed). We found a significant reduction in mRNA levels of alkaline phosphatase (AP: 68%), osteocalcin (OC: 67%), and collagen type I (ColI: 76%) in in vitro senescent late-passage cells compared to early-passage cells, suggesting an in vitro age-related impairment of osteoblast functions. We hypothesized that decreased osteoblast functions with in vitro aging is due to impaired responsiveness to calcitriol known to be important for the regulation of biological activities of the osteoblasts. Thus, we examined changes in vitamin D receptor (VDR) system and the osteoblastic responses to calcitriol treatment during in vitro osteoblast aging. We found no change in the amount of VDR at either steady state mRNA level or protein level with increasing in vitro osteoblast age and examination of VDR localization, nuclear translocation and DNA binding activity revealed no in vitro age-related changes. Furthermore, calcitriol (10(-8)M) treatment of early-passage osteoblastic cells inhibited their proliferation by 57 +/- 1% and stimulated steady state mRNA levels of AP (1.7 +/- 0.1-fold) and OC (1.8 +/- 0.2-fold). Similarly, calcitriol treatment increased mRNA levels of AP (1.7 +/- 0.2-fold) and OC (3.0 +/- 0.3-fold) in late-passage osteoblastic cells. Thus, in vitro senescent osteoblastic cells maintain their responsiveness to calcitriol and some of the observed in vitro age-related decreases in biological markers of osteoblast functions can be reverted by calcitriol treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kveiborg
- University Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Aarhus, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Lorenzini A, Hrelia S, Bordoni A, Biagi P, Frisoni L, Marinucci T, Cristofalo VJ. Is increased arachidonic acid release a cause or a consequence of replicative senescence? Exp Gerontol 2001; 36:65-78. [PMID: 11162912 DOI: 10.1016/s0531-5565(00)00192-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) has been related to both stimulation and inhibition of cellular proliferation. During replicative senescence of human fibroblasts, increased levels of AA have been thought to play a causal role in the limited proliferative capacity of the cells. To clarify the role of AA in the proliferation of normal fibroblasts and in cellular senescence, we examined uptake from and release of AA into the culture media and its effects on DNA synthesis. Our results indicate that some aspects of AA metabolism in normal human fibroblasts aged in culture are significantly different in comparison to early passage cells. Particularly, AA release following different mitogenic stimulation is higher in senescent than in young cells. Notwithstanding this significant difference, AA, at the concentration used, has no inhibitory effect on fibroblast DNA synthesis. Moreover AA and prostaglandins are responsible for the proliferative block in neither senescent cells nor mediate ceramide inhibition of DNA synthesis. So our results suggest that the increasing AA release is not causal, but rather the result of in vitro aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lorenzini
- The Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lankenau Avenue, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA
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33
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Abstract
This review addresses a novel facet of human T cell biology that constitutes a fundamental problem for long-term maintenance of immunological memory against viruses. The finite proliferative capacity of human T lymphocytes is sufficiently great to accommodate the waves of clonal expansion associated with primary and even secondary immune responses. However, long-term memory to viruses that establish latency and to repeatedly encountered viruses such as influenza may be severely impaired by "replicative senescence", a genetically programmed process affecting most somatic cell types of human origin. Consistent with this idea, memory CD8+ T cells with hallmarks of replicative senescence have been identified in vivo. Such cells may contribute to compromised viral immunity and response to vaccines, and furthermore, their very presence may negatively influence homeostatic mechanisms that control the size of the memory T cell pool in elderly persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Effros
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1732, USA.
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34
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Cavallaro U, Castelli V, Del Monte U, Soria MR. Phenotypic alterations in senescent large-vessel and microvascular endothelial cells. MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS : MCBRC 2000; 4:117-21. [PMID: 11170842 DOI: 10.1006/mcbr.2000.0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cell senescence likely plays a key role in age-associated vascular diseases. A close relationship between in vitro and in vivo senescence of endothelial cells has been established. Therefore, elucidating the structural and functional changes occurring during long-term cultures of endothelial cells would contribute to clarifying the pathogenesis of vascular disorders in the elderly. We investigated the effects of replicative senescence on the architecture of bovine aortic vs microvascular endothelial cells. A marked increase in cell area was observed in both cell types, whereas dramatic morphological alterations were detected in microvascular endothelial cells only. The latter also showed age-associated reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Finally, both aortic and microvascular endothelial cells lost their migratory response to basic fibroblast growth factor with age. Our results highlight dramatic structural and functional alterations in senescent endothelial cells. Such rearrangements might account for in vivo endothelial cell alterations involved in age-associated vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Cavallaro
- Institute of General Pathology, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
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35
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Lanza RP, Cibelli JB, Blackwell C, Cristofalo VJ, Francis MK, Baerlocher GM, Mak J, Schertzer M, Chavez EA, Sawyer N, Lansdorp PM, West MD. Extension of cell life-span and telomere length in animals cloned from senescent somatic cells. Science 2000; 288:665-9. [PMID: 10784448 DOI: 10.1126/science.288.5466.665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The potential of cloning depends in part on whether the procedure can reverse cellular aging and restore somatic cells to a phenotypically youthful state. Here, we report the birth of six healthy cloned calves derived from populations of senescent donor somatic cells. Nuclear transfer extended the replicative life-span of senescent cells (zero to four population doublings remaining) to greater than 90 population doublings. Early population doubling level complementary DNA-1 (EPC-1, an age-dependent gene) expression in cells from the cloned animals was 3.5- to 5-fold higher than that in cells from age-matched (5 to 10 months old) controls. Southern blot and flow cytometric analyses indicated that the telomeres were also extended beyond those of newborn (<2 weeks old) and age-matched control animals. The ability to regenerate animals and cells may have important implications for medicine and the study of mammalian aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Lanza
- Advanced Cell Technology, One Innovation Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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36
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Huang MS, Adebanjo OA, Awumey E, Biswas G, Koval A, Sodam BR, Sun L, Moonga BS, Epstein J, Goldstein S, Lai FA, Lipschitz D, Zaidi M. IP(3), IP(3) receptor, and cellular senescence. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2000; 278:F576-84. [PMID: 10751218 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.2000.278.4.f576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we demonstrate that replicative cellular senescence in vitro results in sharply reduced inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3)) receptor levels, reduced mitogen-evoked IP(3) formation and Ca(2+) release, and Ca(2+) store depletion. Human diploid fibroblasts (HDFs) underwent either 30 mean population doublings [mean population doublings (MPDs) thymidine labeling index (TI) >92% ("young") or between 53 and 58 MPDs (TI < 28%; "senescent")]. We found that the cytosolic Ca(2+) release triggered by either ionomycin or by several IP(3)-generating mitogens, namely bradykinin, thrombin, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and epidermal growth factor (EGF), was attenuated markedly in senescent HDFs. Notably, the triggered cytosolic Ca(2+) transients were of a smaller magnitude in senescent HDFs. However, the response latency seen with both PDGF and EGF was greater for senescent cells. Finally, a smaller proportion of senescent HDFs showed oscillations. In parallel, IP(3) formation in response to bradykinin or EGF was also attenuated in senescent HDFs. Furthermore, senescent HDFs displayed a sharply diminished Ca(2+) release response to intracellularly applied IP(3). Finally, to compare IP(3) receptor protein levels directly in young and senescent HDFs, their microsomal membranes were probed in Western blots with a highly specific anti-IP(3) receptor antiserum, Ab(40). A approximately 260-kDa band corresponding to the IP(3) receptor protein was noted; its intensity was reduced by approximately 50% in senescent cells. Thus, we suggest that reduced IP(3) receptor expression, lowered IP(3) formation, and Ca(2+) release, as well as Ca(2+) store depletion, all contribute to the deficient Ca(2+) signaling seen in HDFs undergoing replicative senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Huang
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Veterans Affairs Geriatrics Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
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37
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Macieira-Coelho A. Growth inhibition of human fibroblasts in vitro. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 1999; 20:249-70. [PMID: 9928533 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-72149-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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38
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Sell DR, Primc M, Schafer IA, Kovach M, Weiss MA, Monnier VM. Cell-associated pentosidine as a marker of aging in human diploid cells in vitro and in vivo. Mech Ageing Dev 1998; 105:221-40. [PMID: 9862232 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(98)00090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cellular aging is characterized by alterations at both the morphological and molecular levels, some of which are decreased mitotic rate, increased cytoplasmic vacuolization, and changes in intrinsic cellular constituents (Stanulis-Praeger, 1987. Mech. Ageing Dev. 38, 1-48). In the present investigation, glycoxidation is studied as a marker for cellular aging by measuring cell-associated pentosidine levels in human skin fibroblasts as a function of replicative life span and in human peripheral blood T lymphocytes as a function of chronological age. Fibroblasts were isolated from culture by detachment/centrifugation while lymphocytes were isolated from blood by a Ficoll-Paque/Lympho-Kwik T-Cell Prep technique. Pentosidine levels were measured in acid-hydrolyzed cell pellet suspensions by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Results show that pentosidine was detected in early and late cultured reticular and papillary fibroblasts. Pentosidine, expressed as either protein, DNA, or cell number, significantly (P < 0.0006) increased with in vitro passage and was significantly (P < 0.01) related to cell proliferation as measured by cell density and cell doublings per day during culture. Cell-associated pentosidine was measured in T lymphocytes isolated from healthy, diabetic, and uremic individuals. In healthy controls, levels significantly (P < 0.0003) increased with age. In uremic individuals, a large variation was observed with many values above the 95% confidence intervals determined for controls. Since a previous study showed that plasma pentosidine in healthy subjects does not increase with age, these results suggest that cellular turnover perhaps coupled to a deterioration in cellular anti-glycoxidation defensive mechanisms play a substantial role in explaining increased pentosidine concentrations during cellular aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Sell
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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39
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Chambers KJ, Tonkin LA, Chang E, Shelton DN, Linskens MH, Funk WD. Identification and cloning of a sequence homologue of dopamine beta-hydroxylase. Gene X 1998; 218:111-20. [PMID: 9751809 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(98)00344-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified and cloned a cDNA encoding a new member of the monooxygenase family of enzymes. This novel enzyme, which we call MOX (monooxygenase X; unknown substrate) is a clear sequence homologue of the enzyme dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH). MOX maintains many of the structural features of DBH, as evidenced by the retention of most of the disulfide linkages and all of the peptidyl ligands to the active site copper atoms. Unlike DBH, MOX lacks a signal peptide sequence and therefore is unlikely to be a secreted molecule. The steady-state mRNA levels of MOX are highest in the kidney, lung, and adrenal gland, indicating that the tissue distribution of MOX is broader than that of DBH. Antisera raised to a fusion protein of MOX identifies a single band of the expected mobility by Western blot analysis. MOX mRNA levels are elevated in some fibroblast cell strains at replicative senescence, through this regulation is not apparent in all primary cell strains. The gene for MOX resides on the q arm of chromosome 6 and the corresponding mouse homolog has been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Chambers
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Geron Corp., 230 Constitution Drive, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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40
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Herrmann G, Brenneisen P, Wlaschek M, Wenk J, Faisst K, Quel G, Hommel C, Goerz G, Ruzicka T, Krieg T, Sies H, Scharffetter-Kochanek K. Psoralen photoactivation promotes morphological and functional changes in fibroblasts in vitro reminiscent of cellular senescence. J Cell Sci 1998; 111 ( Pt 6):759-67. [PMID: 9472004 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.111.6.759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Premature aging of the skin is a prominent side effect of psoralen photoactivation, a treatment used widely for various skin disorders. The molecular mechanisms underlying premature aging upon psoralen photoactivation are as yet unknown. Here we show that treatment of fibroblasts with 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and subsequent ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation resulted in a permanent switch of mitotic to stably postmitotic fibroblasts which acquired a high level of de novo expression of SA-beta-galactosidase, a marker for fibroblast senescence in vitro and in vivo. A single exposure of fibroblasts to 8-MOP/UVA resulted in a 5.8-fold up-regulation of two matrix-degrading enzymes, interstitial collagenase (MMP-1) and stromelysin-1 (MMP-3), over a period of >120 days, while TIMP-1, the major inhibitor of MMP-1 and MMP-3, was only slightly induced. This imbalance between matrix-degrading metalloproteases and their inhibitor may lead to connective tissue damage, a hallmark of premature aging. Superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide, but not singlet oxygen, were identified as important intermediates in the downstream signaling pathway leading to these complex fibroblast responses upon psoralen photoactivation. Collectively, the end phenotype induced upon psoralen photoactivation shares several criteria of senescent cells. In the absence of detailed molecular data on what constitutes normal aging, it is difficult to decide whether the changes reported here reflect mechanisms underlying normal cellular aging/senescence or rather produce a mimic of cellular aging/senescence by quite different pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Herrmann
- Department of Dermatology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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41
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Matuoka K, Takenawa T. Downregulated expression of the signaling molecules Nck, c-Crk, Grb2/Ash, PI 3-kinase p110 alpha and WRN during fibroblast aging in vitro. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1401:211-5. [PMID: 9531977 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(97)00133-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An RT-PCR analysis was performed to examine changes in intracellular signal transducing molecules during in-vitro aging of human fibroblasts. Expression of Nck, c-Crk, Grb2/Ash, phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase p110 alpha and Werner's syndrome gene product WRN was noticeably reduced in late passage cells, showing a concurrent downregulation of a set of signaling molecules accompanying aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Matuoka
- Department of Biosignal Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Japan.
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42
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EFFROS RITAB, VALENZUELA HECTORF. Immunosenescence: Analysis and Genetic Modulation of Replicative Senescence in T Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.1.1998.1.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Weinberg
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02142, USA
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44
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Rutter A, Mackinnon WB, Huschtscha LI, Mountford CE. A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of aging and transformed human fibroblasts. Exp Gerontol 1996; 31:669-86. [PMID: 9415096 DOI: 10.1016/s0531-5565(96)00076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) has been used to monitor changes occurring during aging and transformation in human lung fibroblasts. Aging was studied in MRC-5 cells from nonsenescent (early passage) to presenescent (late passage) and senescence. Nonsenescent cells infected with SV40 virus (pretransformed) were monitored through crisis and subsequent immortalization. Aging changes were observed with one- and two-dimensional MR spectra. Cholesterol and lipid resonances were significantly increased from nonsenescent cultures to senescence. These changes could be caused by chemical or structural changes in the plasma membrane or in intracellular lipid pools. In contrast, choline levels rose from nonsenescent to presenescent cells but at senescence dropped to that of nonsenescent cells. Increased choline levels are often associated with increased cellular proliferation. After SV40 infection of MRC-5 cells there was an increase of cholesterol and lipid levels that peaked at crisis. Newly immortalized cells exhibited a drop in cholesterol and lipid to nonsenescent cell levels, but these rose again in established immortalized cells. In contrast to presensescent cultures, the levels of choline gradually increased from pretransformed to crisis phase but still continued to rise after immortalization. Thus, 1H MRS illustrates similarities in lipid behavior at senescence and crisis, whereas the choline levels are different.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rutter
- Institute for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Sydney, N.S.W., Australia
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