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Russo G, Kajtazi A, Vallaro M, Surmont P, Ermondi G, Anderson S, Grumetto L, Caron G, Lynen F. High-throughput and reliable assessments of the ionization constant of monoprotic organic acids through an arginine based mixed mode HPLC. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 235:115604. [PMID: 37531733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The charge state of a molecule is the single most prominent attribute ruling out its interactions with the surrounding environment. In a previous study, the retention of acids on the new Celeris™ Arginine (ARG) column was found to be predominantly driven by electrostatics and, specifically, their charge state. Therefore, we analysed 41 compounds in liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection to study possible relationships between the analytical retention on this phase and the pKa of the acidic solutes. Highly significant relationships were observed indicating either a linear (r2 = 0.86) or a quadratic (r2= 0.89) trend. To improve the throughput of the method, this was transferred to LC mass spectrometry, allowing the analysis of a molecule every 3 mins. The developed method was found to be fast, reliable, accurate, easily automatable and simple to set up. Finally, the analytical column's being industrially manufactured and commercially available offers broad applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Russo
- School of Applied Sciences, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh Napier University, 9 Sighthill Ct, EH11 4BN Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Ardiana Kajtazi
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maura Vallaro
- CASSMedChem Research Group, Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences Department, University of Turin, piazza Nizza 44 bis 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Pieter Surmont
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Giuseppe Ermondi
- CASSMedChem Research Group, Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences Department, University of Turin, piazza Nizza 44 bis 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Scott Anderson
- Regis Technologies Inc., 8210 Austin Ave, Morton Grove, IL 60053, USA
| | - Lucia Grumetto
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia Caron
- CASSMedChem Research Group, Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences Department, University of Turin, piazza Nizza 44 bis 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Frédéric Lynen
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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2
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Tuza K, Jicsinszky L, Sohajda T, Puskás I, Fenyvesi É. Synthesis of modified cyclic and acyclic dextrins and comparison of their complexation ability. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:2836-43. [PMID: 25550750 PMCID: PMC4273282 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the complex forming ability of α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrins (α-CD, β-CD and γ-CD) with their open ring analogs. In addition to the native cyclodextrins also modified cyclodextrins and the corresponding maltooligomers, functionalized with neutral 2-hydroxypropyl moieties, were synthesized. A new synthetic route was worked out via bromination, benzylation, deacetylation and debenzylation to obtain the 2-hydroxypropyl maltooligomer counterparts. The complexation properties of non-modified and modified cyclic and acyclic dextrins were studied and compared by photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) using model guest compounds. In some cases cyclodextrins and their open-ring analogs (acyclodextrins) show similar complexation abilities, while with other guests considerably different behavior was observed depending on the molecular dimensions and chemical characteristics of the guests. This was explained by the enhanced flexibility of the non-closed rings. Even the signs of enantiorecognition were observed for the chloropheniramine/hydroxypropyl maltohexaose system. Further studies are planned to help the deeper understanding of the interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kata Tuza
- CycloLab Cyclodextrin R&D Laboratory Ltd, Illatos út 7, Budapest, 1097, Hungary
| | - László Jicsinszky
- CycloLab Cyclodextrin R&D Laboratory Ltd, Illatos út 7, Budapest, 1097, Hungary
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Universitá di Torino, via P. Giuria 9, Turin, 10125, Italy
| | - Tamás Sohajda
- CycloLab Cyclodextrin R&D Laboratory Ltd, Illatos út 7, Budapest, 1097, Hungary
| | - István Puskás
- CycloLab Cyclodextrin R&D Laboratory Ltd, Illatos út 7, Budapest, 1097, Hungary
| | - Éva Fenyvesi
- CycloLab Cyclodextrin R&D Laboratory Ltd, Illatos út 7, Budapest, 1097, Hungary
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3
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Frame LA, Robinson ML, Lough WJ. Evaluation of capillary electrochromatography (CEC) for pharmaceutical analysis. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1998.tb02294.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lesley A Frame
- Centre for Pharmaceutical and Environmental Analysis, Insititute of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Wharncliffe Street, Sunderland SR2 3SD
| | - Malcolm L Robinson
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Reeds Lane, Moreton, Wirral L46 1QW
| | - W John Lough
- Centre for Pharmaceutical and Environmental Analysis, Insititute of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Wharncliffe Street, Sunderland SR2 3SD
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4
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12 CE in impurity profiling of drugs. CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS METHODS FOR PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0149-6395(07)00012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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5
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Boudko DY. Bioanalytical profile of the L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway and its evaluation by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 851:186-210. [PMID: 17329176 PMCID: PMC2040328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2006] [Revised: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review briefly summarizes recent progress in fundamental understanding and analytical profiling of the L-arginine/nitric oxide (NO) pathway. It focuses on key analytical references of NO actions and the experimental acquisition of these references in vivo, with capillary electrophoresis (CE) and high-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) comprising one of the most flexible and technologically promising analytical platform for comprehensive high-resolution profiling of NO-related metabolites. Another aim of this review is to express demands and bridge efforts of experimental biologists, medical professionals and chemical analysis-oriented scientists who strive to understand evolution and physiological roles of NO and to develop analytical methods for use in biology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Y Boudko
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, 9505 Ocean Shore Blvd., St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA.
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6
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Li P, Li SP, Wang YT. Optimization of CZE for analysis of phytochemical bioactive compounds. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:4808-19. [PMID: 17136720 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Advantages of CZE such as high efficiency, low cost, short analysis time, and easy implementation result in its wide applications for analysis of phytochemical bioactive compounds (e.g. flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolic acid, saponins, anthraquinones and coumarins). However, several aspects, including sample preparation, separation, and detection have significant effects on CZE analysis. Therefore, optimization of these procedures is necessary for development of the method. In this review, sample preparation such as extraction method and preconcentration, separation factors including buffer type, concentration and pH, additives, voltage and temperature, as well as detection, e.g. direct and indirect UV detection, LIF and MS were discussed for optimization of CZE analysis on phytochemical bioactive compounds. The optimized strategies were also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
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7
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Okamoto H, Nakajima T, Ito Y, Aketo T, Shimada K, Yamato S. Simultaneous determination of ingredients in a cold medicine by cyclodextrin-modified microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 37:517-28. [PMID: 15740912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2004] [Revised: 11/03/2004] [Accepted: 11/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cyclodextrin-modified microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (CD-MEEKC) was used to simultaneously determine 14 active ingredients (thiamine nitrate, anhydrous caffeine, acetaminophen, riboflavin, guaifenesin, pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, ascorbic acid, ethenzamide, DL-methylephedrine hydrochloride, dihydrocodeine phosphate, ibuprofen, noscapine, carbinoxamine maleate, and bromhexine hydrochloride) in a cold medicine. Separation of the ingredients was optimized by changing the SDS concentration and oil type and the addition of 2-propanol and cyclodextrin (CD) to the separation solution. The separation selectivity was improved dramatically by changing CD type. All of the active ingredients and formulation excipients were successfully separated with the use of a separation solution consisting of 0.81% (w/w) pentane, 6.61% (w/w) 1-butanol, 2% (w/w) 2-propanol, 4.47% (w/w) SDS, and 86.11% (w/w) 10 mM sodium tetraborate solution with 3 mM 2,6-di-O-methyl-beta-CD. The established method was then validated and demonstrated to be applicable to the determination of the active ingredients in a model cold medicine. No interference from the formulation excipients was observed. Good linearities were obtained with correlation coefficients above 0.999. Recovery and precision ranged from 99.1 to 100.7% and from 0.5 to 2.8% R.S.D., respectively. The detection limit for ingredients ranged from 0.6 to 4.2 microg ml(-1). Good agreement was obtained between the established method and the traditional HPLC method. These results suggest that CD-MEEKC can be used for the determination of multiple ingredients in cold medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Okamoto
- Analytical Laboratory, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Saitama 331-9530, Japan.
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8
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Dash AK, Elmquist WF. Separation methods that are capable of revealing blood–brain barrier permeability. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 797:241-54. [PMID: 14630153 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(03)00605-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this review is to emphasize the application of separation science in evaluating the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability to drugs and bioactive agents. Several techniques have been utilized to quantitate the BBB permeability. These methods can be classified into two major categories: in vitro or in vivo. The in vivo methods used include brain homogenization, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampling, voltametry, autoradiography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, positron emission tomography (PET), intracerebral microdialysis, and brain uptake index (BUI) determination. The in vitro methods include tissue culture and immobilized artificial membrane (IAM) technology. Separation methods have always played an important role as adjunct methods to the methods outlined above for the quantitation of BBB permeability and have been utilized the most with brain homogenization, in situ brain perfusion, CSF sampling, intracerebral microdialysis, in vitro tissue culture and IAM chromatography. However, the literature published to date indicates that the separation method has been used the most in conjunction with intracerebral microdialysis and CSF sampling methods. The major advantages of microdialysis sampling in BBB permeability studies is the possibility of online separation and quantitation as well as the need for only a small sample volume for such an analysis. Separation methods are preferred over non-separation methods in BBB permeability evaluation for two main reasons. First, when the selectivity of a determination method is insufficient, interfering substances must be separated from the analyte of interest prior to determination. Secondly, when large number of analytes is to be detected and quantitated by a single analytical procedure, the mixture must be separated to each individual component prior to determination. Chiral separation in particular can be essential to evaluate the stereo-selective permeation and distribution of agents into the brain. In conclusion, the usefulness of separation methods during BBB permeability evaluation is immense and more application of these methods is foreseen in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alekha K Dash
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University Medical Center, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
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9
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Abstract
As a follow-up to a series of review articles on enantioselective ligand exchange chromatography, the present contribution critically evaluates achievements in this area of active and successful research which have been reported in the scientific since 1992. Also discussed is enantioselective ligand exchange in electromigration techniques which have developed especially fruitfully during the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim A Davankov
- Institute of Organo-Element Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 28, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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10
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Kim H, Yoo JY, Han SB, Lee HJ, Lee KR. Determination of ambroxol in human plasma using LC-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 32:209-16. [PMID: 12763530 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00059-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and selective liquid chromatographic method coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed for the quantification of ambroxol in human plasma. Domperidone was used as internal standard, with plasma samples extracted using diethyl ether under basic condition. A centrifuged upper layer was then evaporated and reconstituted with 200 microl methanol. The reconstituted samples were injected into a C(18) XTerra MS column (2.1 x 30 mm) with 3.5 microm particle size. The analytical column lasted for at least 600 injections. The mobile phase was composed of 20 mM ammonium acetate in 90% acetonitrile (pH 8.8), with flow rate at 250 microl/min. The mass spectrometer was operated in positive ion mode using turbo electrospray ionization. Nitrogen was used as the nebulizer, curtain, collision, and auxiliary gases. Using MS/MS with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, ambroxol was detected without severe interferences from plasma matrix. Ambroxol produced a protonated precursor ion ([M+H](+)) at m/z 379 and a corresponding product ion at m/z 264. And internal standard (domperidone) produced a protonated precursor ion ([M+H](+)) at m/z 426 and a corresponding product ion at m/z 174. Detection of ambroxol in human plasma was accurate and precise, with quantification limit at 0.2 ng/ml. This method has been successfully applied to a study of ambroxol in human specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hohyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Seoul Clinical Laboratories, Seoul Medical Science Institute, 7-14 Dongbinggo-dong, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 140-809, South Korea.
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11
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Okamoto H, Nakajima T, Ito Y. Simultaneous determination of ingredients in a vitamin-enriched drink by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 30:815-22. [PMID: 12367707 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00390-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Micellar electrokinetic chromatography was used to simultaneously determine six active ingredients (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, nicotinamide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, anhydrous caffeine, riboflavin sodium phosphate and thiamine nitrate) in a vitamin-enriched drink. All the active ingredients and the formulation excipients were successfully separated by micellar electrokinetic chromatography with 135 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate, and were subsequently detected using a diode-array detector operating at 210 nm. The peak shape of pyridoxine hydrochloride was improved by use of sodium tetraborate solution as sample solvent. Sample and standard solutions were stable for at least 24 h in a light-resistant container at room temperature. The established method was validated and demonstrated to be applicable to the determination of the active ingredients in a vitamin-enriched drink. Good linearities were obtained, with correlation coefficients above 0.999. Recoveries and precisions ranged from 99.0 to 101.2%, and from 0.4 to 2.5% RSD, respectively. The detection limit for ingredients ranged from 0.3 to 125 microg ml(-1). These results suggest that micellar electrokinetic chromatography can be used for the determination of ingredients in vitamin-enriched drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Okamoto
- Analytical Laboratory, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, 403 Yoshino-cho 1-chome, Saitama-shi, Saitama 330-8530, Japan.
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12
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Bhoopathy S, Karnes HT. Determination of (3S)-3-hydroxy quinidine for metabolism screening experiments using direct injection capillary electrophoresis and laser-induced fluorescence detection. Biomed Chromatogr 2002; 16:1-6. [PMID: 11816004 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has been used with collinear laser-induced fluorescence detection (LIF) to determine the amount of (3S)-3-hydroxy quinidine (3OHQ) formed on direct injection of microsomal incubation mixtures. 3OHQ is the CYP 3A4 metabolite of quinidine sulfate (QS) and is therefore useful for metabolism screening studies. The method was validated analytically and tested for its capability of screening for a weak inhibitor of the CYP 3A4 isozyme. A linear calibration was found to provide the best fit for the standard curve with a correlation of 0.9950 and all concentration residuals less than 15%. The percentage relative standard deviations (RSDs) of two controls, 175 and 2250 ng/mL, were 9.29 and 5.68% and the percentage differences from normal (DFN) were 6.87 and -4.37%, respectively. The concentration limit of detection (LOD) for 3OHQ in the incubation matrix was 52.11ng/mL and the mass LOD was approximately 521.1 fg (injection volume 10 nL). The effectiveness of the method to screen for the weak inhibitor erythromycin has been shown by calculating percentage inhibition when incubating with different concentrations of QS. Sensitive detection coupled with the convenience of the direct injection technique makes this an attractive approach for metabolism screening. The small sample size capability of CE will further reduce the quantities of probe drug, microsomes and other reagents required for incubation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bhoopathy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0533, USA
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13
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Abstract
Capillary electrokinetic separation techniques offer high efficiency and peak capacity, and can be very useful for the analysis of samples containing a large variety of (unknown) compounds. Such samples are frequently met in impurity profiling of drugs (detection of potential impurities in a pharmaceutical substance or product) and in general sample profiling (determination of differences or similarities between samples). In this paper, the potential, merits, and limitations of electrokinetic separation techniques for profiling purposes are evaluated using examples from literature. A distinction is made between impurity profiling, forensic profiling and profiling of natural products, and the application of capillary zone electrophoresis, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, and capillary electrochromatography in these fields is discussed. Attention is devoted to important aspects such as selectivity, resolution enhancement, applicability, detection, and compound confirmation and quantification. The specific properties of the various electrokinetic techniques are discussed and compared with more conventional techniques as liquid chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Hilhorst
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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14
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Rodríguez VG, Lucangioli SE, Fernández Otero GC, Carducci CN. Determination of bile acids in pharmaceutical formulations using micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2000; 23:375-81. [PMID: 10933529 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(00)00314-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A micellar electrokinetic chromatography method (MEKC) has been developed and validated for the determination of bile acids (BA) such as ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), dehydrocholic acid (DHCA) and deoxycholic acid (DCA) in pharmaceuticals for quality control purpose. The background electrolyte consisted of 20 mM borate-phosphate buffer containing 50 mM sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), and acetonitrile as additive. UV detection was set at 185 nm. Selectivity, linearity, range, repeatability, intermediate precision and accuracy showed good results. Comparison of the values obtained by MEKC and HPLC methods were in close agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
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15
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Abstract
As a high efficiency separation technique, capillary electrophoresis has been widely used in various fields of analytical science. This review discusses the applications of electrochemical detection systems combined with capillary electrophoresis in pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. These detection methods mainly involve amperometric detection but also include conductivity detection and potentiometric detection. Its applications in the field are divided into six parts, including catechol compounds, thiols, amino acids and peptides, carbohydrates, general pharmaceuticals, and other related compounds. A relatively detailed discussion is described for each compound under the current studied. On this basis, we have suggested several conceivable directions for capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wang
- Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, Shanghai
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16
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2.8. Determination of drug related impurities by capillary electrophoresis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1464-3456(00)80019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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17
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9.4. Steroids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1464-3456(00)80049-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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18
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Skanchy DJ, Xie GH, Tait RJ, Luna E, Demarest C, Stobaugh JF. Application of sulfobutylether-beta-cyclodextrin with specific degrees of substitution for the enantioseparation of pharmaceutical mixtures by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 1999; 20:2638-49. [PMID: 10532329 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2683(19990901)20:13<2638::aid-elps2638>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this research the separation of the enantiomers of the basic drug bidisomide (SC-40230) from five closely related known process impurities was investigated using several neutral and anionic sulfobutylether beta-cyclodextrins (SBE-beta-CDs) as isomer selectors. Several novel sulfobutylether derivative mixtures and purified charge types having a specific degree of substitution were used to study the effect of selector charge on the efficiency and selectivity of both chiral and achiral separations. The effects of run buffer pH, selector type, and selector concentration on the chiral separation of bidisomide and the achiral separation of the related process impurities was also investigated. The related process impurity, SC-47500, displayed significant peak tailing with SBE-beta-CD mixtures which contained mono- to deca-substituted cyclodextrins. This problem was explored using isolated SBE-beta-CD charge types having degrees of substitution from one to seven. Peak tailing increased as the charge on the selector increased, suggesting that the distortion was due to electrodispersion and the large countercurrent mobility of the negatively charged complexes. Pure charge types having a lower degree of substitution provided adequate chiral and achiral selectivity, while eliminating the severe peak distortion caused by electrodispersion. The complete analysis of the bidisomide enantiomers and the related impurities was achieved with a pH 2.5 running buffer containing 5-10 mM of the isolated sulfobutylether charge types SBE[2]ds(1)sr-beta-CD or SBE[3]ds(1)sr-beta-CD. These conditions gave baseline resolution of bidisomide enantiomers and all five impurities, thus allowing both chiral and achiral purity to be determined in a single run.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Skanchy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Research, The University of Kansas, Lawrence 66047, USA
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19
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Hernández M, Borrull F, Calull M. Determination of amoxicillin in plasma samples by capillary electrophoresis. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1999; 731:309-15. [PMID: 10510785 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00251-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method for determining amoxicillin in animal plasma samples. Sample clean-up involved solid-phase extraction onto Sep-Pak C18 cartridges followed by elution with water-methanol (85:15). This paper describes two different techniques to increase the sensitivity of the CZE method: field-amplified sample injection (FASI) and electrokinetic injection. We have enhanced the detection limit to 280 micrograms l-1 by the FASI technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hernández
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- D Perrett
- Department of Medicine, St Bartholomew's, London, UK
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21
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22
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High-efficiency chiral separations of N-derivatized amino acids by packed-capillary electrochromatography with a quinine-based chiral anion-exchange type stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00824-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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24
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Wätzig H, Degenhardt M, Kunkel A. Strategies for capillary electrophoresis: method development and validation for pharmaceutical and biological applications. Electrophoresis 1998; 19:2695-752. [PMID: 9870372 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150191603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This review is in support of the development of selective, reproducible and validated capillary electrophoretis (CE) methods. Focusing on pharmaceutical and biological applications, the successful use of CE is demonstrated by more than 800 references, mainly from 1994 until 1998. Approximately 80 recent reviews have been catalogued. These articles sum up the existing strategies for method development in CE, especially in the search for generally accepted concepts, but also looking for new, promising reagents and ideas. General strategies for method development were derived not only with regard to selectivity and efficiency, but also with regard to precision, short analysis time, limit of detection, sample pretreatment requirements and validation. Standard buffer recipes, surfactants used in micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC), chiral selectors, useful buffer additives, polymeric separation media, electroosmotic flow (EOF) modifiers, dynamic and permanent coatings, actions to deal with complex matrices and aspects of validation are collected in 20 tables. Detailed schemes for the development of MEKC methods and chiral separations, for optimizing separation efficiency, means of troubleshooting, and other important information for key decisions during method development are given in 19 diagrams. Method development for peptide and protein separations, possibilities to influence the EOF and how to stabilize it, as well as indirect detection are considered in special sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wätzig
- Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Würzburg, Germany.
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25
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Gausepohl C, Blaschke G. Stereoselective determination of clenbuterol in human urine by capillary electrophoresis. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1998; 713:443-6. [PMID: 9746262 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00178-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of capillary electrophoresis (CE) in the field of stereoselective determination of drugs in biological matrices is demonstrated by analyzing clenbuterol in human urine. Due to the very low therapeutical doses of 20-40 microg per day the total concentrations in urine are 1-10 ng/ml. The sample was extracted with hexane-tert.-butyl methyl ether (99.5:0.5). The reconstituted sample was injected electrokinetically (50 s, 10 kV). Using phosphate buffer, pH 3.3 and hydroxyethyl-beta-cyclodextrin as chiral selector the total analysis time was below 15 min. The limit of determination was estimated as 0.5 ng/ml per enantiomer. S-(-)-Bupranolol was used as internal standard. Both precision and accuracy of the method were within the limits for biological samples. The application to human urine from patients having received therapeutical doses showed a slightly predominant excretion of the (+)-enantiomer to the (-)-enantiomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gausepohl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Westf. Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
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26
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New derivatives of cyclodextrins as chiral selectors for the capillary electrophoretic separation of dichlorprop enantiomers. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00192-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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27
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Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Einar Rasmussen K, Tilander T. Separation of fat-soluble vitamins by hydrophobic interaction electrokinetic chromatography with tetradecylammonium ions as pseudostationary phase. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00087-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Poole CF, Poole SK, Abraham MH. Recommendations for the determination of selectivity in micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)01164-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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29
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Lehmann R, Voelter W, Liebich HM. Capillary electrophoresis in clinical chemistry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 697:3-35. [PMID: 9342655 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00183-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Since its introduction, capillary electrophoresis has diversified, spreading out into different specialized fields covering solutions for almost any analytical questions arising in research laboratories. In the context of clinical chemistry, results must be provided at low costs and in a clinically relevant time frame; however, the attributes which have made capillary electrophoresis such a successful tool in basic research are identical to those attracting clinical laboratories: speed (more efficient, less labor-intensive), low costs (minimal buffer consumption), small sample volume (reduced blood collection volume from patient), increased selectivity (determination of multiple solutes in one run), and versatility (detection of analytes over the wide range of molecular masses and chemical composition). Nevertheless, it should be mentioned that there are still some drawbacks at this stage to be solved in the near future, such as lack of sensitivity for many clinical applications or the constraint to measure in a sequential mode. The aim of this survey is to familiarize clinical chemists, as well as chemists, with a short introduction to capillary electrophoresis, followed by chapters reviewing prominent fields of applications and the latest developments in clinical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lehmann
- Abteilung Innere Medizin IV, Stoffwechselkrankheiten und Klinische Chemie, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik der Universität, Tübingen, Germany
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31
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Frost M, Köhler H, Blaschke G. Determination of LSD in blood by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 693:313-9. [PMID: 9210434 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) with HeCd laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection and its application in forensic toxicology is demonstrated by the determination of D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in blood. Following precipitation of proteins, washing of the evaporated supernatant and extraction, the residue was reconstituted in methanol and injected electrokinetically (10 s, 10 kV). The total analysis time for quantification of LSD was 8 min using a citrate-methanol buffer, pH 4.0. With this buffer system it is possible to separate LSD, nor-LSD, iso-LSD and iso-nor-LSD. Using a specific sample preparation, electrokinetic injection, extended light path (bubble cell) capillaries and especially LIF detection (lambda(ex) 325 nm, lambda(em) 435 nm), a limit of detection of 0.1-0.2 ng LSD per ml blood could be obtained. The limit of quantitation was about 0.4-0.5 ng/ml. The quantitative evaluation for LSD was carried out using methylergometrine as internal standard. The precision expressed as coefficient of variation (C.V.) and accuracy of the method were <20% and 86-110%, respectively. The application of the method to human blood samples from two forensic cases and a comparison with radioimmunoassay demonstrated that the results were consistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Frost
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
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32
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Bojarski J, Aboul-Enein HY. Application of capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of chiral drugs in biological fluids. Electrophoresis 1997; 18:965-9. [PMID: 9221885 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150180618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Bojarski
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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33
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Bannefeld KH, Stass H, Blaschke G. Capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection, an adequate alternative to high-performance liquid chromatography, for the determination of ciprofloxacin and its metabolite desethyleneciprofloxacin in human plasma. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 692:453-9. [PMID: 9188836 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(96)00539-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A method to determine plasma concentrations of ciprofloxacin and its metabolite desethyleneciprofloxacin (M1) by CE with HeCd laser-induced fluorescence detection is described. Following precipitation of proteins and centrifugation supernatant is injected hydrodynamically (10 s, 0.5 p.s.i.) into the capillary. Overall analysis time for the quantification of both analytes was 7 min. The total amount of plasma needed for multiple injections (n>5) was 10-20 microl. Data on accuracy and precision are presented. The assay performance is compared to the specifications of a validated HPLC method, which is routinely used for the quantification of ciprofloxacin and M1 in body fluids. Both methods showed comparable accuracy and precision for both analytes throughout the whole working range (inter-day precision <9%; inter-day accuracy 96-110%). The limit of quantification (LOQ) of 20 microg/l (M1 10 microg/l) for the CE procedure was slightly higher than for the HPLC method, where 10 microg/l (M1 2.5 microg/l) was determined. However, application of the methods to human plasma samples derived from a clinical study proved that comparable results are obtained and that the sensitivity of the HPCE method was sufficient to fully describe typical plasma concentration time profiles of ciprofloxacin and its metabolite M1. Both the adequate sensitivity and the required smaller sample volume compared to HPLC indicate that the method is feasible for clinical studies where sample amounts are limited, e.g., studies to investigate pharmacokinetics in pediatric patients. Preclinical studies form another possible application of this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Bannefeld
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Westf. Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
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34
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Pérez-Ruiz T, Martínez-Lozano C, Sanz A, Bravo E. Determination of bromhexine and ambroxol in pharmaceutical dosage forms, urine and blood serum. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 692:199-205. [PMID: 9187400 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(96)00482-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Data presented in this paper show that bromhexine and its pharmacologically active metabolite can easily be determined by capillary zone electrophoresis. The composition of the running buffer had a significant effect on the reproducibility of the migration time for which a carrier solution containing 30 mM phosphate buffer (pH 3.0), 5 M urea and 10% (v/v) acetonitrile was used. The method was validated with respect to its response linearity and reproducibility. The method is suitable for the determination of bromhexine and ambroxol in several samples such as pharmaceuticals, urine and serum. Photodiode-array detection permitted the rapid identification of both drugs in the sample analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Pérez-Ruiz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Spain
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35
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Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a separation technique particularly suited to the analysis of pharmaceutical compounds. This review offers a detailed discussion of the four common modes of detection coupled to CE-UV absorption, fluorescence, electrochemical, and mass spectrometry-and gives examples of the use of these methods in pharmaceutical analyses. Sample preparation and pretreatment techniques used for CE separations are described, as well as methods of preconcentration including hydrophobic retention, affinity concentration, sample stacking, and isotachophoresis. The use of affinity CE, chiral CE, and capillary gel electrophoresis for analysis of pharmaceuticals is covered in detail, and recent advances in capillary electrochromatography and CE on a chip are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Holland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66047, USA
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36
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Nickerson B. The determination of a degradation product in clidinium bromide drug substance by capillary electrophoresis with indirect UV detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1997; 15:965-71. [PMID: 9160263 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(96)01922-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A capillary electrophoresis (CE) method utilizing indirect ultraviolet (UV) detection was developed for the determination of a non-UV absorbing degradation product, Ro 5-5172, in clidinium bromide drug substance. The electrophoresis buffer consisted of sodium phosphate and benzyltrimethylammonium bromide. Rinsing the capillary with sodium hydroxide followed by water then fresh capillary electrophoresis buffer was found to significantly improve the reproducibility of the migration times of the analytes. To further improve run-to-run reproducibility, an internal marker was used to account for differences in injection volumes and migration times between runs. The precision of the method was found to be less than 1% relative standard deviation for the migration time ratio and peak area ratio of Ro 5-5172 to the internal standard. The method was found to be linear for 0.05-1% Ro 5-5172 with respect to a 10 mg ml-1 sample preparation. The limit of detection was found to be less than 0.01% Ro 5-5172. Results obtained for the analysis of a clidinium bromide drug substance lot using this CE method and a thin layer chromatography method were compared and found to be in agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Nickerson
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
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37
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Poole SK, Poole CF. Variation of selectivity with composition for a mixed-micellar buffer in micellar electrokinetic chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240200310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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38
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Görög S, Gazdag M, Kemenes-Bakos P. Analysis of steroids Part 50. Derivatization of ketosteroids for their separation and determination by capillary electrophoresis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1996; 14:1115-24. [PMID: 8818023 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(95)01693-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
4-Ene-3-ketosteroids and 17-ketosteroids were quantitatively transformed into the corresponding hydrazones using Girard P and T reagents, respectively. The positively charged derivatives were separated by capillary electrophoresis. The spectrophotometric characteristics of the derivatives permitted their sensitive detection in the 230-280 nm range. The steroids investigated included nortestosterone and its phenylpropionate, norethisterone and its oenanthate, d,l-norgestrel, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione and ethisterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Görög
- Chemical Works of Gedeon Richter Ltd., Budapest, Hungary
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39
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Abstract
This review surveys the use of capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of cardiovascular drugs. Each section presents examples of separations according to the class of the cardiovascular agent. The classes presented are beta-adrenergic antagonists (beta-blockers), acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, dieuretics, alpha-adrenergic antagonists, calcium channel blockers, cardiac glycosides, hypolipidemics (HmG-CoA reductase inhibitors and fibric acid), vasodilators and sodium channel blockers. Examples of the separation modes discussed include capillary electrophoresis, micellar electrokinetic chromatography using many additives (e.g. sodium dodecyl sulfate, cyclodextrins, bile salts, proteins, oligosaccharides) and isotachophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Nguyen
- Parke-Davis, Pharmaceutical Analytical Research, Morris Plains, NJ 07950, USA
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40
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Lloyd DK. Capillary electrophoretic analyses of drugs in body fluids: sample pretreatment and methods for direct injection of biofluids. J Chromatogr A 1996; 735:29-42. [PMID: 8767737 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)01350-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A variety of strategies for the analysis of biological samples by capillary electrophoresis (CE) are described, with particular emphasis on the determination of drugs and metabolites. Analytical methods involving extensive sample pretreatment before CE analysis are considered, as well as strategies for directly injecting untreated biofluids. The application in CE of techniques common in liquid chromatography is first described, e.g. protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction. On-capillary methods of sample concentration are considered. Approaches to performing CE assays of urine and plasma, without prior sample treatment, are described. The use of both capillary zone electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic chromatography for direct-injection assays is compared for both urine and plasma analyses, and capillary washing strategies are discussed. Finally, direct-injection microanalyses are mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Lloyd
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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41
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Naylor S, Benson LM, Tomlinson AJ. Application of capillary electrophoresis and related techniques to drug metabolism studies. J Chromatogr A 1996; 735:415-38. [PMID: 8767751 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(96)00068-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of capillary electrophoresis (CE) for the separation of small organic molecules such as pharmaceutical agents and drug/xenobiotic metabolites has become increasingly popular. This has arisen, at least in part, from the complimentary mode of separation afforded by CE when compared to the more mature technique of HPLC. Other qualities of CE include relative ease of method of development, rapid analysis, and low solvent consumption. The recent introduction of a variety of detector systems (including UV diode array, laser-induced fluorescence, conductivity) and the demonstrated coupling of CE to MS have also aided acceptance of this technology. In the present report, we review the role of CE coupled to various detector systems including a mass spectrometer for the characterization of both in vitro and in vivo derived drug metabolite mixtures. Attributes of CE for this application are demonstrated by discussion of metabolism studies of the neuroleptic agent haloperidol. Various aspects of the development and use of CE and CE-MS for the characterization of haloperidol metabolites, including criteria for selection of parameters such as pH, ionic strength, extent of organic modification, and the use of nonaqueous capillary zone electrophoresis are discussed. We also consider potential limitations of CE and CE-MS for drug metabolism research and describe the introduction of membrane preconcentration-CE (mPC-CE) and mPC-CE-MS as a solution that overcomes the rather poor concentration limits of detection of CE methods without compromising the resolution of analytes or separation efficiency of this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Naylor
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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42
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Abstract
The use of capillary electrophoresis (CE) to determine drug-related impurities is becoming established within industrial pharmaceutical analysis laboratories. Increasingly CE is being viewed as an alternative for, and complement to, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This paper comprehensively reviews the progress of CE in drug impurity determinations subdividing the reports into low pH, high pH and MECC applications. The section covering method performance and validation clearly shows that CE methods are capable of validation in this area and can often give equivalent performance to HPLC methods. Possible benefits of adopting CE for this testing include reductions in costs and improved robustness. Potential developments are covered including the use of electrolyte additives, instrumental developments and the increased implementation of electrochromatography. It is concluded that the current status of CE is sufficiently strong to allow the analyst to view CE as a viable and attractive alternative to HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Altria
- Analytical Sciences, Glaxo Wellcome Research and Development, Herts, UK
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43
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An overview of the applications of capillary electrophoresis to the analysis of pharmaceutical raw materials and excipients. Chromatographia 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02290320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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44
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Hempel G, Blaschke G. Direct determination of zolpidem and its main metabolites in urine using capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1996; 675:131-7. [PMID: 8634754 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(95)00342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Zolpidem is a new sleep inducer belonging to the imidazopyridine class. We wish to report a method for the determination of zolpidem and its main metabolites in urine without extraction using capillary electrophoresis with UV laser-induced fluorescence detection with a He-Cd laser. A 10-nl sample of urine can be directly applied to the capillary. The separation is carried out within 10 min, and the limit of detection is 2 ng/ml. This procedure is very simple and fast. No organic solvents are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hempel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Münster, Germany
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45
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Chapter 3 Electrokinetic chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s1464-3456(96)80020-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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46
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Berridge JC. Impurities in drug substances and drug products: new approaches to quantification and qualification. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1995; 14:7-12. [PMID: 8833961 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(95)01573-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory requirements for the identification, qualification and control of impurities in drug substances and their formulated products are now being increasingly explicitly defined, particularly through the International Conference on Harmonisation. The implications of the recent guidelines are reviewed, both from their regulatory impact and the impact upon analytical technology. Impurities also have important safety consequences, and suggestions for possible routes to the qualification of impurities which do not involve the need to undertake additional studies are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Berridge
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Central Research, Sandwich, Kent, UK
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47
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Nickerson B, Cunningham B, Scypinski S. The use of capillary electrophoresis to monitor the stability of a dual-action cephalosporin in solution. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1995; 14:73-83. [PMID: 8833969 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(95)01612-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Ro 23-9424 is a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent consisting of a cephalosporin and a quinolone moiety which are held together by an ester linkage. This compound has limited solubility in water but is more soluble at alkaline pH. Such high pH values, however, lead to stability problems due to the lability of the ester linkage, and result in the formation of the free quinolone and cephalosporin moieties. The balance between solubility and stability presents a challenge in formulation development for this compound. Thus, it is important to effectively monitor the stability of Ro 23-9424 after it has been reconstituted in different solvent systems. In this manner, a diluent which does not lead to degradation of the drug can be identified. A capillary electrophoresis method was developed and validated to monitor the stability of Ro 23-9424. The method was found to meet acceptable criteria for method precision, system precision, linearity and limits of detection and quantitation. The method was used to monitor the stability and measure the half-life of Ro 23-9424 in water and in an L-arginine-sodium benzoate-saline diluent designed to mimic the drug delivery system. This work shows that capillary electrophoresis can be used to compare the stability of a drug in different solutions as an aid in formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Nickerson
- Analytical Research and Development, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, NJ 07110-1199, USA
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48
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49
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Bogan DP, Deasy B, O'Kennedy R, Smyth MR, Fuhr U. Determination of free and total 7-hydroxycoumarin in urine and serum by capillary electrophoresis. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1995; 663:371-8. [PMID: 7735485 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(94)00444-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A new method for the rapid determination of 7-hydroxycoumarin, the predominant metabolite of coumarin in humans, was developed for analysis in urine and serum, based on separation by capillary electrophoresis, with UV detection at 210 nm. The linear detection range for 7-hydroxycoumarin was 0-50 micrograms/ml while the limit of quantitation was 1 microgram/ml. An internal standard, 3-(alpha-acetonylbenzyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin, was utilised for the determination of free 7-hydroxycoumarin, but it was found not to be suitable in the analysis of total 7-hydroxycoumarin present. Urine from two volunteers, who had been administered coumarin, was analysed by both capillary electrophoresis and by HPLC. The results from the two methods were compared and contrasted. The CE method was found to decrease the analysis time in comparison to HPLC analysis, with results available after 1.5 min as compared to 12 min with HPLC. There was no statistical difference between the results determined by either method.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Bogan
- School of Biological Sciences, Dublin City University, Ireland
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