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Naguib IA, Majed M, Albogami M, Alshehri M, Bukhari A, Alshabani H, Alsalahat I, Abd-ElSalam HAH. Greenness Assessment of HPLC Analytical Methods with Common Detectors for Assay of Paracetamol and Related Materials in Drug Products and Biological Fluids. SEPARATIONS 2023; 10:283. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10050283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracetamol is one of the most widely consumed analgesic and antipyretic medications worldwide. It is frequently analyzed in many quality control (QC) laboratories in pharmaceutical companies, either in raw materials or drug products. It was reported that paracetamol self-toxicity often occurs, leading to the frequent analysis of paracetamol in toxicological centers in biological fluids. Green analytical chemistry (GAC) is growing to be a global philosophy; therefore, the high frequency of paracetamol analysis poses potential concerns. Chromatographic analytical methods used for the daily analysis of paracetamol could be a potential risk to the environment or the health of the analysts if not thoroughly considered. The presented study aims to establish greenness assessments of nine HPLC methods used to assay paracetamol in raw materials and drug products and twenty-one HPLC methods. The reason for selecting HPLC methods of analysis to be the core of the study is the known reproducibility, reliability and availability in most QC laboratories. The most commonly used metric systems for greenness evaluation are the Analytical GREEnness (AGREE), the eco-scale assessment (ESA) and the national environmental methods index (NEMI) which have been used in this comparative study. The greenest chromatographic method for the analysis of paracetamol in raw materials and drug products was introduced by Rao et al. (the obtained scores were ESA = 76 and AGREE = 0.62, while the greenest chromatographic method for the analysis of paracetamol in biological fluids was proposed by Modick et al.). The obtained scores were ESA = 85 and AGREE = 0.7. The NEMI tool proved to have limited performance compared to other metric systems, hence it could not be used alone. Accordingly, the collaboration of NEMI results with ESA and AGREE for greenness assessment is highly recommended to reach appropriate conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A. Naguib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meral Majed
- College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maram Albogami
- College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maram Alshehri
- College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aseel Bukhari
- College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadeel Alshabani
- College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Izzeddin Alsalahat
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 1TP, UK
| | - Heba-Alla H. Abd-ElSalam
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy & Drug Technology, Egyptian Chinese University, Cairo 11786, Egypt
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A simple method to measure sulfonation in man using paracetamol as probe drug. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9036. [PMID: 33907224 PMCID: PMC8079418 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88393-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfotransferase enzymes (SULT) catalyse sulfoconjugation of drugs, as well as endogenous mediators, gut microbiota metabolites and environmental xenobiotics. To address the limited evidence on sulfonation activity from clinical research, we developed a clinical metabolic phenotyping method using paracetamol as a probe substrate. Our aim was to estimate sulfonation capability of phenolic compounds and study its intraindividual variability in man. A total of 36 healthy adult volunteers (12 men, 12 women and 12 women on oral contraceptives) received paracetamol in a 1 g-tablet formulation on three separate occasions. Paracetamol and its metabolites were measured in plasma and spot urine samples using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. A metabolic ratio (Paracetamol Sulfonation Index—PSI) was used to estimate phenol SULT activity. PSI showed low intraindividual variability, with a good correlation between values in plasma and spot urine samples. Urinary PSI was independent of factors not related to SULT activity, such as urine pH or eGFR. Gender and oral contraceptive intake had no impact on PSI. Our SULT phenotyping method is a simple non-invasive procedure requiring urine spot samples, using the safe and convenient drug paracetamol as a probe substrate, and with low intraindividual coefficient of variation. Although it will not give us mechanistic information, it will provide us an empirical measure of an individual’s sulfonator status. To the best of our knowledge, our method provides the first standardised in vivo empirical measure of an individual’s phenol sulfonation capability and of its intraindividual variability. EUDRA-CT 2016-001395-29, NCT03182595 June 9, 2017.
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van der Berg C, Venter G, van der Westhuizen FH, Erasmus E. Development and validation of LC-ESI-MS/MS methods for quantification of 27 free and conjugated estrogen-related metabolites. Anal Biochem 2019; 590:113531. [PMID: 31805274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.113531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An imbalance in the estrogen metabolism has been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer development. Evaluation of the estrogen biotransformation capacity requires monitoring of various estrogen metabolites. Up to now, only some estrogen metabolites could be measured in urine. However, in order to offer tailor made nutritional support or therapies, a complete estrogen metabolite profile is required in order to identify specific deficiencies in this pathway for each patient individually. Here, we focused on this need to quantify as many as possible of the estrogen-related metabolites excreted in urine. The method was developed to quantify 27 estrogen-related metabolites in small urine quantities. This entailed sample clean-up with a multi-step solid phase extraction procedure, derivatisation of the metabolites in the less water-soluble fraction through dansylation, and analyses using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The metabolites accurately quantified by the method devised included parent estrogens, hydroxylated and methylated forms, metabolites of the 16α-hydroxyestrogen pathway, sulphate and glucuronide conjugated forms, precursors and a related steroid hormone. This method was validated and enabled quantification in the high picograms and low nanograms per millilitre range. Finally, analyses of urine samples confirmed detection and quantification of each of the metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carien van der Berg
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa.
| | - Gerda Venter
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
| | | | - Elardus Erasmus
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa.
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Nishihara T, Kuno S, Nonaka H, Tabata S, Saito N, Fukuda S, Tomita M, Sando S, Soga T. Beta-galactosidase-responsive synthetic biomarker for targeted tumor detection. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:11745-11748. [PMID: 30276401 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc06068a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tumor biomarkers are highly desirable for the screening of patients with a risk of tumor development and progression. Here, we report a beta-galactosidase (β-gal)-responsive acetaminophen (β-GR-APAP) as a synthetic plasma biomarker for targeted tumor detection. Tumor β-gal labeling via the recognition of tumor-related antigen enabled the detection of a tumor using β-GR-APAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Nishihara
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan.
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Salmani JMM, Wu X, Jacob JA, Fu R, Chen B. Development of a new HPLC method for wogonin in rat plasma: Compatibility of standard and test samples. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA 2017; 67:373-384. [PMID: 28858841 DOI: 10.1515/acph-2017-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the current paper, an HPLC/UV method was developed and validated for determination of wogonin in plasma. Considerable attention was paid to the preparation of standard samples and factors affecting drug distribution. A preparation procedure was devised to simulate the conditions the drug is expected to experience in vivo while pointing to the shortcomings of previously published methods. The method was validated according to the FDA regulations and showed to be highly efficient and capable of extracting the drug and IS from the plasma accurately and precisely within the specified range of 50-500 ng mL-1. Further, the standard sample preparation of this method can be used as a guideline for other methods, particularly when highly hydrophobic drugs with considerable protein binding are involved and could be valuable in the field of bioanalysis to improve the reliability of methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumah Masoud Mohammad Salmani
- Department of Hematology and Oncology (Key Department of Jiangsu Medicine) , Zhongda Hospital, Medical School , Southeast University , Nanjing , People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue Wu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology (Key Department of Jiangsu Medicine) , Zhongda Hospital, Medical School , Southeast University , Nanjing , People’s Republic of China
| | - Joe Antony Jacob
- Department of Hematology and Oncology (Key Department of Jiangsu Medicine) , Zhongda Hospital, Medical School , Southeast University , Nanjing , People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , People’s Republic of China
| | - Baoan Chen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology (Key Department of Jiangsu Medicine) , Zhongda Hospital, Medical School , Southeast University , Nanjing , People’s Republic of China
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Nishihara T, Inoue J, Tabata S, Murakami S, Ishikawa T, Saito N, Fukuda S, Tomita M, Soga T. Synthetic Biomarker Design by Using Analyte-Responsive Acetaminophen. Chembiochem 2017; 18:910-913. [PMID: 28236354 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The use of synthetic biomarkers is an emerging technique to improve disease diagnosis. Here, we report a novel design strategy that uses analyte-responsive acetaminophen (APAP) to expand the catalogue of analytes available for synthetic biomarker development. As proof-of-concept, we designed hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 )-responsive APAP (HR-APAP) and succeeded in H2 O2 detection with cellular and animal experiments. In fact, for blood samples following HR-APAP injection, we demonstrated that the plasma concentration ratio [APAP+APAP conjugates]/[HR-APAP] accurately reflects in vivo differences in H2 O2 levels. We anticipate that our practical methodology will be broadly useful for the preparation of various synthetic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Nishihara
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan
| | - Joe Inoue
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan
| | - Sho Tabata
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Murakami
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan
| | - Takamasa Ishikawa
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan
| | - Natsumi Saito
- National Institute of Technology, Tsuruoka College, 104 Sawada, Inooka, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-8511, Japan
| | - Shinji Fukuda
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan
| | - Masaru Tomita
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan
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7
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Vliegenthart A, Kimmitt RA, Seymour JH, Homer NZ, Clarke JI, Eddleston M, Gray A, Wood DM, Dargan PI, Cooper JG, Antoine DJ, Webb DJ, Lewis SC, Bateman DN, Dear JW. Circulating acetaminophen metabolites are toxicokinetic biomarkers of acute liver injury. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2016; 101:531-540. [PMID: 27770431 PMCID: PMC6099202 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (paracetamol-APAP) is the most common cause of drug-induced liver injury in the Western world. Reactive metabolite production by cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP-metabolites) causes hepatotoxicity. We explored the toxicokinetics of human circulating APAP metabolites following overdose. Plasma from patients treated with acetylcysteine (NAC) for a single APAP overdose was analyzed from discovery (n = 116) and validation (n = 150) patient cohorts. In the discovery cohort, patients who developed acute liver injury (ALI) had higher CYP-metabolites than those without ALI. Receiver operator curve (ROC) analysis demonstrated that at hospital presentation CYP-metabolites were more sensitive/specific for ALI than alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity and APAP concentration (optimal CYP-metabolite receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (ROC-AUC): 0.91 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.83-0.98); ALT ROC-AUC: 0.67 (0.50-0.84); APAP ROC-AUC: 0.50 (0.33-0.67)). This enhanced sensitivity/specificity was replicated in the validation cohort. Circulating CYP-metabolites stratify patients by risk of liver injury prior to starting NAC. With development, APAP metabolites have potential utility in stratified trials and for refinement of clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adb Vliegenthart
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - R A Kimmitt
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - J H Seymour
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - N Z Homer
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - J I Clarke
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - M Eddleston
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - A Gray
- Emergency Medicine Research Group, Department of Emergency Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D M Wood
- Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,King's College London, London, UK
| | - P I Dargan
- Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,King's College London, London, UK
| | - J G Cooper
- Emergency Department, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK
| | - D J Antoine
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - D J Webb
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - S C Lewis
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D N Bateman
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - J W Dear
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
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8
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Jourova L, Anzenbacher P, Anzenbacherova E. Human gut microbiota plays a role in the metabolism of drugs. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2016; 160:317-26. [PMID: 27485182 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2016.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The gut microbiome, an aggregate genome of trillions of microorganisms residing in the human gastrointestinal tract, is now known to play a critical role in human health and predisposition to disease. It is also involved in the biotransformation of xenobiotics and several recent studies have shown that the gut microbiota can affect the pharmacokinetics of orally taken drugs with implications for their oral bioavailability. METHODS Review of Pubmed, Web of Science and Science Direct databases for the years 1957-2016. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Recent studies make it clear that the human gut microbiota can play a major role in the metabolism of xenobiotics and, the stability and oral bioavailability of drugs. Over the past 50 years, more than 30 drugs have been identified as a substrate for intestinal bacteria. Questions concerning the impact of the gut microbiota on drug metabolism, remain unanswered or only partially answered, namely (i) what are the molecular mechanisms and which bacterial species are involved? (ii) What is the impact of host genotype and environmental factors on the composition and function of the gut microbiota, (iii) To what extent is the composition of the intestinal microbiome stable, transmissible, and resilient to perturbation? (iv) Has past exposure to a given drug any impact on future microbial response, and, if so, for how long? Answering such questions should be an integral part of pharmaceutical research and personalised health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Jourova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry and Faculty Hospital Olomouc, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Anzenbacher
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry and Faculty Hospital Olomouc, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Anzenbacherova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry and Faculty Hospital Olomouc, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic
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9
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Zurlinden TJ, Reisfeld B. Characterizing the Effects of Race/Ethnicity on Acetaminophen Pharmacokinetics Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2016; 42:143-153. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-016-0329-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Physiologically based modeling of the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen and its major metabolites in humans using a Bayesian population approach. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2015; 41:267-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-015-0253-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Arayne MS, Sultana N, Siddiqui FA. Simultaneous Determination of Paracetamol and Orphenadrine Citrate in Dosage Formulations and in Human Serum by RP-HPLC. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200900024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Borisagar SL, Patel HU, Patel CN, Jayswal UP. A validated high-performance thin layer chromatography method for estimation of lornoxicam and paracetamol in their combined tablet dosage form. Pharm Methods 2013; 2:83-7. [PMID: 23781435 PMCID: PMC3658044 DOI: 10.4103/2229-4708.84440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Lornoxicam (LORN) a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug of oxicam class is marketed in combination with Paracetamol, a common analgesic for acute inflammatory disease of joints. Materials and Methods: LORN and Paracetamol (PCM) were estimated at 280 nm by densitometry using silica gel 60 F254 as stationary phase and a premix of toluene: chloroform: methanol: formic acid (3:5:1.5:0.2 v/v/v/v) as mobile phase. The method was found linear in a range of 160–560 nanograms/spot for LORN and 10 000–35 000 nanograms/spot for PCM with a correlation coefficient >0.99 for both. Result: PCM and LORN were well resolved with Rf 0.57 ± 0.02 and 0.75 ± 0.02, respectively. Conclusions: The developed high-performance thin layer chromatography method was found to be simple, specific, precise, and reproducible and can be used for the routine estimation of LORN and PCM in the combined tablet dosage form, available in market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay L Borisagar
- Department of Quality Assurance, Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Mehsana, Gujarat, India
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Evaluation of pharmacokinetic differences of acetaminophen in pseudo germ-free rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2012; 33:292-303. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Rittau AM, McLachlan AJ. Investigating paracetamol pharmacokinetics using venous and capillary blood and saliva sampling. J Pharm Pharmacol 2012; 64:705-11. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2012.01459.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
The aim of this study was to develop, validate and apply a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay for analysis of paracetamol, paracetamol glucuronide and paracetamol sulfate in plasma (venous and capillary) and saliva to study paracetamol pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers.
Methods
Samples were prepared using protein precipitation and analysed using reverse phase HPLC with UV detection. This assay was applied to venous and capillary plasma and saliva samples from 20 healthy volunteers after paracetamol 1 g four times daily for three days.
Key findings
The HPLC assay for paracetamol and its metabolites was found to be sensitive and selective in plasma and saliva samples over the range 0.05–50 mg/l with an inter- and intraday precision and accuracy within 11.2% and 11.1%, respectively. Mean recoveries for all analytes were > 88%. A study of paracetamol pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers found close agreement between the sampling matrices for paracetamol and metabolites (metabolites were not detected in saliva). The value for area under the concentration–time curve over the 6 h dosing interval of venous plasma (45.3 ± 12.9 mg/l.h) was significantly higher than that observed for capillary plasma (33.8 ± 12.9 mg/l.h) or saliva (35.1 ± 9.4 mg/l.h; P > 0.01).
Conclusions
Capillary blood and saliva collection were found to be reliable sampling matrices for the evaluation of paracetamol pharmacokinetics, although paracetamol metabolites were not detected in saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneliese M Rittau
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney and Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew J McLachlan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney and Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Oh SJ, Lee K, Ryu J, Yu HE, Han G, Park SK, Kang JS, Kim HM, Kim YC. Evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of a novel histone deacetylase inhibitor, KBH-A40, in rats. Xenobiotica 2010; 41:155-63. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2010.531790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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16
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High-performance Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Pioglitazone, Gliquidone, Rosuvastatin and Simvastatin in Formulations and Human Serum. CHINESE J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201090333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Pharmacometabonomic identification of a significant host-microbiome metabolic interaction affecting human drug metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:14728-33. [PMID: 19667173 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0904489106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 529] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We provide a demonstration in humans of the principle of pharmacometabonomics by showing a clear connection between an individual's metabolic phenotype, in the form of a predose urinary metabolite profile, and the metabolic fate of a standard dose of the widely used analgesic acetaminophen. Predose and postdose urinary metabolite profiles were determined by (1)H NMR spectroscopy. The predose spectra were statistically analyzed in relation to drug metabolite excretion to detect predose biomarkers of drug fate and a human-gut microbiome cometabolite predictor was identified. Thus, we found that individuals having high predose urinary levels of p-cresol sulfate had low postdose urinary ratios of acetaminophen sulfate to acetaminophen glucuronide. We conclude that, in individuals with high bacterially mediated p-cresol generation, competitive O-sulfonation of p-cresol reduces the effective systemic capacity to sulfonate acetaminophen. Given that acetaminophen is such a widely used and seemingly well-understood drug, this finding provides a clear demonstration of the immense potential and power of the pharmacometabonomic approach. However, we expect many other sulfonation reactions to be similarly affected by competition with p-cresol and our finding also has important implications for certain diseases as well as for the variable responses induced by many different drugs and xenobiotics. We propose that assessing the effects of microbiome activity should be an integral part of pharmaceutical development and of personalized health care. Furthermore, we envisage that gut bacterial populations might be deliberately manipulated to improve drug efficacy and to reduce adverse drug reactions.
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Hinz B, Cheremina O, Brune K. Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor in man. FASEB J 2007; 22:383-90. [PMID: 17884974 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-8506com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For more than three decades, acetaminophen (INN, paracetamol) has been claimed to be devoid of significant inhibition of peripheral prostanoids. Meanwhile, attempts to explain its action by inhibition of a central cyclooxygenase (COX)-3 have been rejected. The fact that acetaminophen acts functionally as a selective COX-2 inhibitor led us to investigate the hypothesis of whether it works via preferential COX-2 blockade. Ex vivo COX inhibition and pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen were assessed in 5 volunteers receiving single 1000 mg doses orally. Coagulation-induced thromboxane B(2) and lipopolysaccharide-induced prostaglandin E(2) were measured ex vivo and in vitro in human whole blood as indices of COX-1 and COX-2 activity. In vitro, acetaminophen elicited a 4.4-fold selectivity toward COX-2 inhibition (IC(50)=113.7 micromol/L for COX-1; IC(50)=25.8 micromol/L for COX-2). Following oral administration of the drug, maximal ex vivo inhibitions were 56% (COX-1) and 83% (COX-2). Acetaminophen plasma concentrations remained above the in vitro IC(50) for COX-2 for at least 5 h postadministration. Ex vivo IC(50) values (COX-1: 105.2 micromol/L; COX-2: 26.3 micromol/L) of acetaminophen compared favorably with its in vitro IC(50) values. In contrast to previous concepts, acetaminophen inhibited COX-2 by more than 80%, i.e., to a degree comparable to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and selective COX-2 inhibitors. However, a >95% COX-1 blockade relevant for suppression of platelet function was not achieved. Our data may explain acetaminophen's analgesic and antiinflammatory action as well as its superior overall gastrointestinal safety profile compared with NSAIDs. In view of its substantial COX-2 inhibition, recently defined cardiovascular warnings for use of COX-2 inhibitors should also be considered for acetaminophen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burkhard Hinz
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 70, D-18057 Rostock, Germany.
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Huang HH, Lin LH, Zhang P, Qi XL, Zhong DF. Formation of glucoside conjugate of acetaminophen by fungi separated from soil. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2007; 31:103-8. [PMID: 16898078 DOI: 10.1007/bf03191126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The phase II metabolite of acetaminophen in filamentous fungi and actinomycetes separated from soil was investigated. Fifty-four filamentous fungi and twenty-seven actinomycetes were screened to transform acetaminophen. The metabolites of acetaminophen were assayed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The only metabolite was subject to enzymatic hydrolysis to confirm its structure. Acetaminophen was converted into glucoside conjugate, by filamentous fungi JX1-60, LN17-2, LN20-1 and the yield of the conjugate was 60.01%, 44.27%, 100%, respectively, and no phase I metabolites were detected. Glucoside conjugation of acetaminophen in filamentous fungi differs from the phase II metabolism of glucuronidation in humans. The fungus LN20-1 could be a suitable model to synthesize glucoside conjugate of acetaminophen.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Huang
- Shanghai Drug-Metab Biotech Co., Ltd, People's Republic of China
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Tankanitlert J, Morales NP, Howard TA, Fucharoen P, Ware RE, Fucharoen S, Chantharaksri U. Effects of Combined UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1*28 and 1A6*2 on Paracetamol Pharmacokinetics in β-Thalassemia/HbE. Pharmacology 2006; 79:97-103. [PMID: 17164591 DOI: 10.1159/000097908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Accepted: 10/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In addition to pathophysiological changes, genetic variations can alter drug pharmacokinetics in patients with thalassemia. Numerous drugs are metabolized by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) including paracetamol (PCM), a widely used analgesic. Co-occurrence of the UGT1A1 polymorphism (UGT1A1*28) and the UGT1A6 polymorphism (UGT1A6*2) may affect PCM glucuronidation. To elucidate the effect of these combined polymorphisms on the PCM metabolism in thalassemic patients, 15 beta-thalassemia/hemoglobin E subjects with three different UGT1A genotypes received a single oral dose of 1,000 mg PCM. Drug disposition was determined by HPLC. Patients who have UGT1A6*2 without UGT1A1*28 showed a significant, lower area under concentration-time curve (AUC(0)-->infinity) of PCM, PCM-glucuronide and PCM-sulfate than those of the patients with wild-type UGT1A1 and UGT1A6 (p < 0.05). In addition, a high elimination rate constant and clearance of PCM and its metabolites were also found in these patients (p < 0.05). Ourstudy suggests that a subtherapeutic level of PCM may occur in patients who have UGT1A6*2 without UGT1A1*28.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeranut Tankanitlert
- Department of Pharmacology, Pramongkutklao College of Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Tankanitlert J, Howard TA, Temsakulphong A, Sirankapracha P, Morales NP, Sanvarinda Y, Fucharoen P, Ware RE, Fucharoen S, Chantharaksri U. A pharmacokinetic study of paracetamol in Thai β-thalassemia/HbE patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2006; 62:743-8. [PMID: 16845508 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-006-0167-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2005] [Accepted: 05/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thalassemia may alter the pharmacokinetics of several drugs in thalassemic patients. Paracetamol is a commonly used analgesic and antipyretic drug which is extensively metabolized in the liver via glucuronidation. The aim of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of paracetamol (PCM) and its metabolites [paracetamol glucuronide (PCM-G), paracetamol sulfate (PCM-S), and paracetamol cysteine (PCM-C)] in 16 patients with 16 normal subjects. METHOD Following an overnight fast, a single dose of paracetamol (1,000 mg of Tylenol(R)) was given and blood samples were obtained at predose, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 9 h after dosing for determination of the plasma levels of PCM and its metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS There was no significant difference in maximum concentration of PCM between groups. However, a significantly shorter elimination half-life of PCM was observed in the thalassemic subjects (p<0.001). Total apparent clearance of PCM was significantly faster in thalassemic subjects (p<0.01) while the apparent volume of distribution of PCM did not change. The area under the concentration time curve (AUC(0->infinity)) of PCM-G and PCM-S increased in thalassemic subjects (p<0.05) whereas this parameter for PCM-C was slightly lower in the patients. The half-lives of PCM metabolites were significantly shorter (p<0.01) in thalassemic subjects. CONCLUSION The results indicate that the elimination of PCM and its metabolites in thalassemic subjects is faster than that in normal subjects. Our pharmacokinetic data provide additional evidence that plasma PCM-G is higher in thalassemic patients with hyperbilirubinemia, which could be a casual relationship in regulating the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeranut Tankanitlert
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Phayathai, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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Espinosa Bosch M, Ruiz Sánchez AJ, Sánchez Rojas F, Bosch Ojeda C. Determination of paracetamol: historical evolution. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 42:291-321. [PMID: 16716555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2006] [Revised: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 04/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Paracetamol is a common analgesic and antipyretic drug that is used for the relief of fever, headaches and other minor aches and pains. Their determination in pharmaceuticals is of paramount importance, since an overdose of paracetamol can cause fulminating hepatic necrosis and other toxic effects. Many analytical methodologies have been proposed for the determination of paracetamol. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the utility of different techniques for quantification of paracetamol content in pharmaceutical formulations and biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Espinosa Bosch
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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Filik H, Sener I, Cekiç SD, Kiliç E, Apak R. Spectrophotometric Determination of Paracetamol in Urine with Tetrahydroxycalix[4]arene as a Coupling Reagent and Preconcentration with Triton X-114 Using Cloud Point Extraction. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2006; 54:891-6. [PMID: 16755066 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.54.891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present paper, conventional spectrophotometry in conjunction with cloud point extraction-preconcentration were investigated as alternative methods for paracetamol (PCT) assay in urine samples. Cloud point extraction (CPE) was employed for the preconcentration of p-aminophenol (PAP) prior to spectrophotometric determination using the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-114 (TX-114) as an extractant. The developed methods were based on acidic hydrolysis of PCT to PAP, which reacted at room temperature with 25,26,27,28-tetrahydroxycalix[4]arene (CAL4) in the presence of an oxidant (KIO(4)) to form an blue colored product. The PAP-CAL4 blue dye formed was subsequently entrapped in the surfactant micelles of Triton X-114. Cloud point phase separation with the aid of Triton X-114 induced by addition of Na(2)SO(4) solution was performed at room temperature as an advantage over other CPE assays requiring elevated temperatures. The 580 nm-absorbance maximum of the formed product was shifted bathochromically to 590 nm with CPE. The working range of 1.5-12 microg ml(-1) achieved by conventional spectrophotometry was reduced down to 0.14-1.5 microg ml(-1) with cloud point extraction, which was lower than those of most literature flow-through assays that also suffer from nonspecific absorption in the UV region. By preconcentrating 10 ml sample solution, a detection limit as low as 40.0 ng ml(-1) was obtained after a single-step extraction, achieving a preconcentration factor of 10. The stoichiometric composition of the dye was found to be 1 : 4 (PAP : CAL4). The impact of a number of parameters such as concentrations of CAL4, KIO(4), Triton X-100 (TX-100), and TX-114, extraction temperature, time periods for incubation and centrifugation, and sample volume were investigated in detail. The determination of PAP in the presence of paracetamol in micellar systems under these conditions is limited. The established procedures were successfully adopted for the determination of PCT in urine samples. Since the drug is rapidly absorbed and excreted largely in urine and its high doses have been associated with lethal hepatic necrosis and renal failure, development of a rapid, sensitive and selective assay of PCT is of vital importance for fast urinary screening and antidote administration before applying more sophisticated, but costly and laborious hyphenated instrumental techniques of HPLC-SPE-NMR-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayati Filik
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University, Avcilar, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey.
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Kaushik R, Levine B, LaCourse WR. A brief review: HPLC methods to directly detect drug glucuronides in biological matrices (Part I). Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Critchley JAJH, Critchley LAH, Anderson PJ, Tomlinson B. Differences in the single-oral-dose pharmacokinetics and urinary excretion of paracetamol and its conjugates between Hong Kong Chinese and Caucasian subjects. J Clin Pharm Ther 2005; 30:179-84. [PMID: 15811172 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2004.00626.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The present study was conducted to determine if ethnic differences exist for single oral dose pharmacokinetics of paracetamol and its conjugates between Hong Kong Chinese and Caucasian subjects. METHODS Twenty healthy Chinese (n = 11) and Caucasian (n = 9) subjects, aged 21-44 years, 11 male and nine female, were given oral paracetamol syrup 20 mg/kg, following an overnight fast. Paracetamol and its metabolites (glucuronide, sulphate, cysteine and mercapturic acid conjugates) were measured in serial plasma samples (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2, 3,...,12, 24 h) and urine collections (0-24 h) by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS In Chinese subjects, the (mean range) peak plasma concentration of paracetamol was 23.8 mug/mL (17.9-32.3) and time to attain this peak 0.66 h (0.5-0.75). This was lower (P < 0.015) at 18.7 microg/mL (14.4-22.9) and achieved later (P < 0.033) at 1.06 h (0.5-2.0) in Caucasians. In Chinese subjects, plasma levels of glucuronide were lower, sulphate higher and cysteine conjugates significantly lower than in Caucasians (P < 0.05). Chinese subjects excreted 6% more sulphate and 5% less glucuronide. They also excreted significantly less mercapturic acid conjugates (P < 0.001). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Chinese subjects show more rapid absorption of paracetamol, a tendency to produce less glucuronide but more sulphate conjugates and reduced production of cysteine and mercapturic acid conjugates. The latter may help to protect against hepatotoxicity following paracetamol overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A J H Critchley
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
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Fries HE, Evans CA, Ward KW. Evaluation of evaporative light-scattering detection for metabolite quantification without authentic analytical standards or radiolabel. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 819:339-44. [PMID: 15833299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2005] [Revised: 01/27/2005] [Accepted: 02/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Development of a sensitive and specific technique for the quantitation of drug metabolites without the use of synthetic analytical standards or radiolabel would represent a major advance in preliminary route of metabolism screening in drug discovery. In this study, the ability of evaporative light-scattering detection (ELSD) to quantify metabolites of 7-ethoxycoumarin (EC) was evaluated. Because ELSD operates as a mass detector, the complex nature of in vitro-derived samples from hepatocyte incubations resulted in an inability to detect the analytes of interest in this matrix using ELSD. Additionally, the gradient nature of the analysis required to temporally separate ethoxycoumarin from its metabolites and matrix components interfered with the ELSD response. Furthermore, using less-complex contrived mixtures, ELSD demonstrated insufficient sensitivity (limit of detection of 1000-10,000 ng/mL) and an inconsistent inter-analyte response. Together, the limitations outlined in these experiments demonstrate that ELSD is at present an inadequate technique for generating semi-quantitative data on metabolites in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey E Fries
- Preclinical Drug Discovery, Cardiovascular and Urogenital Center of Excellence in Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.
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Wauthier V, Verbeeck RK, Buc Calderon P. The use of precision-cut liver slices from male Wistar rats as a tool to study age related changes in CYP3A induction and in formation of paracetamol conjugates. Toxicol In Vitro 2005; 18:879-85. [PMID: 15465655 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2004.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2003] [Accepted: 04/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Precision-cut liver slices (PCLS) offer a lot of advantages because all heterogeneity and cell-cell interactions within the original tissue matrix are maintained. This in vitro model was used to study the effect of ageing on certain aspects of drug metabolism and liver function in young (3 months), adult (9 months) and old (24 months) Wistar male rats. Protein synthesis, an important liver function, was not modified in young, adult and old rats, suggesting that ageing does not impair liver functionality but it affects some specific targets. Among them, a decrease in total P450 in liver microsomes and the loss of CYP3A23 inducibility in PCLS were clearly observed in old rats as compared to adult rats. Finally, the amount of total paracetamol conjugates was not modified between 9 and 24 months but in old rats, sulfoconjugation of paracetamol, its major route of elimination, was decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Wauthier
- Unité de Pharmacocinétique, Métabolisme, Nutrition, et Toxicologie (PMNT), Département des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université Catholique de Louvain, 73 Avenue Mounier, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
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Jensen LS, Valentine J, Milne RW, Evans AM. The quantification of paracetamol, paracetamol glucuronide and paracetamol sulphate in plasma and urine using a single high-performance liquid chromatography assay. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 34:585-93. [PMID: 15127815 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00573-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A range of analytical methods exist for the determination of paracetamol in biological fluids. However, to understand the fate of paracetamol and the effect of other drugs on its disposition in vivo, the major metabolites require quantification in urine and plasma. A method to simultaneously quantify paracetamol, paracetamol glucuronide (PG) and paracetamol sulphate (PS) in plasma and urine with superior sensitivity is therefore desired, especially if the volume of plasma available is low. A simple isocratic reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay with spectrophotometric detection has been developed. The method, requiring only 100 microl of plasma and 50 microl of urine, utilizes a reversed-phase C18 column, a wavelength of 254 nm for detection and a mobile phase composed of potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (0.1 M)-isopropanol-tetrahydrofuran (THF) (100:1.5:0.1, v/v/v) adjusted to pH 3.7 with phosphoric acid. The method is sensitive and linear in plasma within a concentration range from 0.4 to 200 microM for paracetamol, PG and PS. For PG and PS in urine, the method is sensitive and linear within a concentration range from 100 to 20,000 microM. Over these ranges, accuracy and precision were less than 12%. The assay has been used to measure concentrations of paracetamol and the two metabolites in plasma collected by finger-prick sampling and of the metabolites in urine from healthy volunteers administered a single oral dose of 1000 mg of paracetamol.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Jensen
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, University of South Australia, Level 4, Reid Building, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Vertzoni MV, Archontaki HA, Galanopoulou P. Development and optimization of a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of acetaminophen and its major metabolites in rabbit plasma and urine after a toxic dose. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 32:487-93. [PMID: 14565553 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00246-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method with detection at 242 nm was developed, optimized and validated for the determination of acetaminophen (A) and its major metabolites glucuronide (AG) and sulfate (AS) conjugates in rabbit plasma and urine after a toxic dose. m-Aminophenol was used as internal standard (IS). A Hypersil BDS RP-C18 column (250 x 4.6 mm), 5 microm particle size, was equilibrated with a mobile phase composed of aqueous buffer solution of KH2PO4 0.05 M containing 1% CH3COOH (pH 6.5) and methanol (95:5, v/v). Its flow rate was 1.5 ml/min. Calibration curves of A, AG and AS were linear in the concentration ranges of 0.5-250, 1-200, 0.5-100 microg/ml in plasma and 1-200, 0.5-150, 0.5-100 microg/ml in urine matrix, respectively. Limits of detection and quantitation were calculated in all cases and extensive recovery studies were also performed. Intra-day relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) for A, AG and AS in plasma was less than 5, 4, 2% and in urine less than 4, 7, 4%, respectively, while the corresponding inter-day values were 7, 6, 4% and 5, 8, 6%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Vertzoni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Greece
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Priego-Capote F, Luque de Castro M. Ultrasound-assisted continuous liquid–liquid extraction without phase separation and hydrolysis of paracetamol in suppositories. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)00755-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Evdokimova E, Taper H, Calderon PB. Effects of bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharides) on survival and metabolism of cultured precision-cut rat liver slices. Toxicol In Vitro 2002; 16:47-54. [PMID: 11812639 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(01)00104-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The effect of bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli, LPS) on cellular metabolism and drug biotransformation was studied in precision-cut rat liver slices (PCLS). Xenobiotic metabolism by PCLS was assessed by measuring phase I (midazolam hydroxylation) and phase II (paracetamol conjugates) enzyme activities. Nitrites formation was used as an indirect way to assess LPS-mediated activation of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS, type 2). PCLS incubation with various LPS doses results in a dose-dependent formation of nitrites. Such a nitrite formation is decreased by dexamethasone. After incubation of PCLS for 24 h LPS addition did not increase the basal nitrite formation, indicating that cells are not responsive any more. Paracetamol conjugation was unaffected by LPS treatment but midazolam hydroxylation was reduced by more than 50%. Such a loss is not due to cell impairment since neither survival (LDH leakage) nor cellular metabolism (protein synthesis or ATP content) were modified by LPS. Indeed, under defined conditions, namely Williams' medium E and O(2)/CO(2) (95:5), PCLS maintained both ATP and GSH levels and the capacity of hepatocytes to synthesize proteins. In conclusion, the in vitro model of PCLS reproduces the inhibitory effect of LPS on a CYP3A-dependent activity, allowing a mechanistic approach to study cell-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Evdokimova
- Unité de Pharmacocinétique, Métabolisme, Nutrition et Toxicologie, Département des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Evdokimova E, Taper H, Buc Calderon P. Role of ATP and glycogen reserves in both paracetamol sulfation and glucuronidation by cultured precision-cut rat liver slices. Toxicol In Vitro 2001; 15:683-90. [PMID: 11698170 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(01)00091-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Precision-cut rat liver slices (PCLS) were used to investigate the formation of paracetamol conjugates. The time course of biochemical markers such as ATP and GSH content, glycogen levels and protein synthesis rates was recorded over a period of time of 26 h and taken as index of slices viability. Low values of ATP (3.6 nmol/mg prot), GSH (7.1 nmol/mg prot) and protein synthesis rates (94.1 pmol leu/mg prot x min(-1)) were initially observed. Thereafter, they gradually recovered up to 6 h but decreased values were seen after 20 h. Glycogen, however, dropped rapidly during the first 6 h, being no longer detected after 20 h of incubation. The reincubation of PCLS in a fresh medium for 6 h allowed a strong recovery of GSH, ATP and protein synthesis rates, but no gluconeogenesis was observed. Meanwhile, paracetamol sulfate formation was fairly constant (about 3 microg/mg protein) while glucuronide gradually disappeared. The amount of both UGT1A1 and ST1A1 did not correlate with their respective enzymatic activities. We suggest that loss of glycogen impair glucuronide conjugation by decreasing the availability of UDPGA, and that low values of ATP are largely enough to support sulfotransferase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Evdokimova
- Unité de Pharmacocinétique, Métabolisme, Nutrition et Toxicologie, Département de Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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33
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Determination of paracetamol (acetaminophen) by HPLC with post-column enzymatic derivatization and fluorescence detection. Chromatographia 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Tran A, Tréluyer JM, Rey E, Barbet J, Ferracci G, d'Athis P, Vincent J, Pons G. Protective effect of stiripentol on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2001; 170:145-52. [PMID: 11162779 DOI: 10.1006/taap.2000.9091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is mainly eliminated at a therapeutic dose through glucuronidation and sulfatation and a small fraction is oxidized by cytochromes P450 (CYP) 2E1, 3A4, and 1A2 to N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone-imine (NAPQI), a highly reactive metabolite further conjugated with glutathione into APAP-GSH, and then metabolized to APAP-cystein and APAP-mercapturate excreted in urine. After APAP overdose, the glucuronidation and sulfatation pathways are saturated and the production of NAPQI increases, causing hepatic injury. Stiripentol (STP); (200 mg/kg), an anticonvulsant drug inhibitor of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 in vivo in humans was tested against APAP-induced toxicity in rat in comparison with N-acetylcysteine (NAC; 100 mg/kg). The mortality rates 24 h after APAP overdose (2 x 500 mg/kg) were 63% (control), 38% (NAC), 0% (STP), and 4% (STP + NAC). The mean plasma transaminase concentrations 5 and 24 h after overdose were significantly higher in control than in STP and NAC groups. The percentage of rats without microscopic liver necrosis 5 h after APAP overdose was significantly higher in rats receiving STP (100%), NAC (83%), or STP + NAC (83%) than controls (42%). In another experiment, four similar groups were administered 50 mg/kg APAP. Plasma AUC(0-5 h) for APAP-GSH, APAP-cystein, and APAP-mercapturate as well as urine APAP-mercapturate mean amounts were significantly lower in STP animals than in the other groups. STP (200 mg/kg) inhibited NAPQI synthesis through CYP inhibition, thus preventing both liver necrosis and mortality in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tran
- Service de Pharmacologie Périnatale et Pédiatrique, Hôpital Saint-Vincent de Paul, Faculté de Médecine Cochin Port-Royal--Université René Descartes, Paris, France
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Neyrinck A, Eeckhoudt SL, Meunier CJ, Pampfer S, Taper HS, Verbeeck RK, Delzenne N. Modulation of paracetamol metabolism by Kupffer cells: a study on rat liver slices. Life Sci 2000; 65:2851-9. [PMID: 10622274 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(99)00554-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies support the hypothesis that non parenchymal cells (mainly macrophages) may play a role in the metabolism and cellular effects of paracetamol. In order to investigate this hypothesis, male Wistar rats were intravenously injected with either 7.5 mg/kg gadolinium chloride (Gd+) or NaCl 0.9% (Gd-). The treatment with GdCl3 decreased the number and the function of Kupffer cells in liver tissue, as assessed by the histological examination of the liver after colloidal carbon injection in the portal vein. Precision-cut liver slices (PCLS) were prepared from both groups of rats and cultured for 8h in Waymouth's medium in the presence and absence of 5 mM paracetamol. Interestingly, PCLS obtained from Gd+ rats exhibited a lower release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) and a better viability than PCLS from control (Gd-) rats. Incubation with paracetamol led to a decreased glycogen level in liver slices from Gd+ or Gd-, without modifying neither liver morphology nor ATP level nor LDH release. A higher proportion of paracetamol glucuronide, was secreted from the slices obtained from Gd+ rats. These data suggest that Kupffer cells could affect the viability of PCLS in culture and are involved in the regulation of phase II metabolism in the adjacent hepatocytes. We propose that PCLS in culture is a suitable model to elucidate the biochemical mechanism underlying the modulation of metabolism occurring through hepatocytes-Kupffer cells interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Neyrinck
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Unité de Pharmacocinétique, Métabolisme, Nutrition et Toxicologie, UCL-PMNT 7369, Brussels, Belgium
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36
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Campanero MA, Calahorra B, García-Quétglas E, López-Ocáriz A, Honorato J. Rapid liquid chromatographic assay for the determination of acetaminophen in plasma after propacetamol administration: application to pharmacokinetic studies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1999; 20:327-34. [PMID: 10704039 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(99)00051-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple method for the rapid estimation of acetaminophen in plasma is described here. p-Propionamidophenol was used as internal standard. The assay involved a single ethyl acetate extraction and liquid chromatographic analysis at a wavelength of 242 nm using a reversed-phase encapped column, with a mobile phase of acetonitrile and 0.005 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate adjusted at pH 3.00. The limit of quantitation of acetaminophen by this method was 0.05 microg ml(-1), only 0.1 ml of the plasma sample was required for the determination. The calibration graph was linear from 0.05 to 100 microg ml(-1). Intra and inter-day precision (CV) did not exceed 8.93%. Mean recoveries of 90.31% with a CV of 1.38% were obtained. Applicability of the method was demonstrated by a pharmacokinetic study in normal volunteers who received 2 mg propacetamol.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Campanero
- Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Clinica Universitaria de Navarra, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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Froomes PR, Morgan DJ, Smallwood RA, Angus PW. Comparative effects of oxygen supplementation on theophylline and acetaminophen clearance in human cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1999; 116:915-20. [PMID: 10092314 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5085(99)70075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Sinusoidal capillarization in cirrhosis may impair the transfer of oxygen into hepatocytes; this may contribute to impaired oxidative drug metabolism. The aim of this study was to test this hypothesis by comparing the effects of oxygen supplementation in cirrhotic patients on the clearance of theophylline, which is dependent on hepatic oxidative metabolism, with its effect on the clearance of acetaminophen, which is reliant on hepatic conjugation reactions. METHODS Ten cirrhotic patients awaiting liver transplant and 5 control subjects were studied. Oral acetaminophen (1000 mg) and intravenous theophylline (3 mg/kg) were administered simultaneously on two separate occasions, 7 days apart. Subjects were randomized to breathe either room air or oxygen via face mask at 12 L/min for 9 hours of blood sampling. RESULTS Theophylline and acetaminophen clearances were significantly reduced by a mean of 54% and 50%, respectively, in cirrhotic patients compared with controls. Oxygen supplementation improved plasma theophylline clearance in cirrhotic patients by a mean of 34% (P = 0. 001), whereas acetaminophen clearance remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that, in cirrhosis, impaired hepatocyte oxygenation contributes to reduced oxidative drug metabolism and that oxidative drug metabolism can be improved by oxygen supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Froomes
- Liver Transplant Unit, Austin & Repatriation Medical Centre, Heidelberg, Melbourne, Australia
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Bohnenstengel F, Kroemer HK, Sperker B. In vitro cleavage of paracetamol glucuronide by human liver and kidney beta-glucuronidase: determination of paracetamol by capillary electrophoresis. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1999; 721:295-9. [PMID: 10052702 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00464-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A capillary electrophoresis (CE) method was developed using paracetamol glucuronide as a novel probe for human beta-glucuronidase activity. Using UV detection without prior sample clean-up procedures, fast and reliable quantitation of the released paracetamol was possible. The method showed good precision, accuracy and sensitivity with a limit of detection of 0.25 microM (38 ng/ml) and a limit of quantitation of 1 microM (151 ng/ml). The suitability of the method has been shown for enzyme kinetic studies using different liver and kidney homogenates, respectively. Our data clearly demonstrate that paracetamol glucuronide is cleaved by human beta-glucuronidase thereby releasing paracetamol. The CE method presented is not only a valuable tool for measuring human beta-glucuronidase activity, but also allows investigation of the contribution of deglucuronidation of paracetamol glucuronide to the disposition of paracetamol.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bohnenstengel
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
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Heitmeier S, Blaschke G. Direct assay of nonopioid analgesics and their metabolites in human urine by capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1999; 721:109-25. [PMID: 10027642 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00483-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) was used for the analysis of nonopioid analgesics and their metabolites directly in urine samples. A simple, reliable screening method was developed that allows identification of the drug and/or its metabolites in urine after oral application of paracetamol, acetylsalicylic acid, antipyrine, ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen and propyphenazone by their migration in CE and by their UV spectra recorded with a diode-array detector in a common CE-UV system with 50 mM borax pH 9.4 as separation buffer. For the CE-electrospray (ESI)-MS coupling a volatile 50 mM ammonium acetate buffer at pH 9.8 was used. In order to analyze the metabolic pattern in more detail different methods were developed for each drug. The separation of the metabolites of acetylsalicylic acid could be improved by injection of the urine sample at the cathodic side of the capillary. In order to identify antipyrine as neutral compound as well as its neutral metabolites-a micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) method was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Heitmeier
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Münster, Germany
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Heitmeier S, Blaschke G. Direct determination of paracetamol and its metabolites in urine and serum by capillary electrophoresis with ultraviolet and mass spectrometric detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1999; 721:93-108. [PMID: 10027641 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00415-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of capillary electrophoresis (CE) for the determination of paracetamol and its main metabolites in urine and serum is described. Due to its high efficacy, CE enables the analysis of drugs directly in complex matrices. Thus, simple, rapid and reliable assays could be developed that made use of some of the main advantages of this analytical technique. In order to prevent the peaks from tailing, a water zone was injected behind the sample. Occasionally occurring peak splittings of paracetamol were investigated and methods to suppress these splittings were developed. Paracetamol, its main metabolites, paracetamol glucuronide, paracetamol sulfate as well as paracetamol cysteinate and paracetamol mercapturate, as metabolites of the oxidative pathway were identified in urine using diode-array detection and coupling of the CE instruments to electrospray-mass spectrometry. The assays were validated. Their usefulness was demonstrated by applying them to the analysis of urine and serum samples of healthy volunteers as well as to urine samples from children under anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Heitmeier
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Münster, Germany
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Di Girolamo A, O'Neill WM, Wainer IW. A validated method for the determination of paracetamol and its glucuronide and sulphate metabolites in the urine of HIV+/AIDS patients using wavelength-switching UV detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1998; 17:1191-7. [PMID: 9884209 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(98)00084-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Paracetamol is a safe drug which has been used as an in-vivo probe to determine phase II metabolism in a HIV+/AIDS population. Due to the biohazard nature of HIV-infected samples, a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay which offers minimal sample manipulation and maximal specificity was developed. This reverse-phase HPLC method uses wavelength-switching UV detection for the simultaneous determination of paracetamol and its glucuronide and sulfate metabolites in HIV-infected urine samples. The solvent systems involves a simple isocratic elution with a composition of 50 mM sodium acetate buffer, pH adjusted to 3.5; acetonitrile (96:4 v/v) modified with 0.35% trifluroacetic acid. The validated method is highly reproducible with an inter-assay variation of < 7%. This method also shows good precision and sensitivity, making it an ideal assay for phenotyping studies to determine the extent of glucurondiation and sulfation activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Di Girolamo
- Département de Pharmacologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Goicoechea AG, De Alda MJL, Vila-Jato JL. A Validated High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Determination Of Paracetamol and Its Major Metabolites in Urine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079508010449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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