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Rusu A, Moga IM, Uncu L, Hancu G. The Role of Five-Membered Heterocycles in the Molecular Structure of Antibacterial Drugs Used in Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2554. [PMID: 38004534 PMCID: PMC10675556 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15112554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Five-membered heterocycles are essential structural components in various antibacterial drugs; the physicochemical properties of a five-membered heterocycle can play a crucial role in determining the biological activity of an antibacterial drug. These properties can affect the drug's activity spectrum, potency, and pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties. Using scientific databases, we identified and discussed the antibacterials used in therapy, containing five-membered heterocycles in their molecular structure. The identified five-membered heterocycles used in antibacterial design contain one to four heteroatoms (nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur). Antibacterials containing five-membered heterocycles were discussed, highlighting the biological properties imprinted by the targeted heterocycle. In some antibacterials, heterocycles with five atoms are pharmacophores responsible for their specific antibacterial activity. As pharmacophores, these heterocycles help design new medicinal molecules, improving their potency and selectivity and comprehending the structure-activity relationship of antibiotics. Unfortunately, particular heterocycles can also affect the drug's potential toxicity. The review extensively presents the most successful five-atom heterocycles used to design antibacterial essential medicines. Understanding and optimizing the intrinsic characteristics of a five-membered heterocycle can help the development of antibacterial drugs with improved activity, pharmacokinetic profile, and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura Rusu
- Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (I.-M.M.); (G.H.)
| | - Ioana-Maria Moga
- Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (I.-M.M.); (G.H.)
| | - Livia Uncu
- Scientific Center for Drug Research, “Nicolae Testemitanu” State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Bd. Stefan Cel Mare si Sfant 165, MD-2004 Chisinau, Moldova;
| | - Gabriel Hancu
- Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (I.-M.M.); (G.H.)
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Kusumoto M, Motegi T, Uno H, Yokono M, Harada K. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis of cefmetazole against extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in dogs using Monte Carlo Simulation. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1270137. [PMID: 37841458 PMCID: PMC10569024 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1270137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The spread of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) is a serious concern in companion animal medicine owing to their ability to develop multidrug resistance. Cefmetazole (CMZ) is a candidate drug for treating ESBL-E infections; however, its regimen in dogs has not been established. In this study, we investigated the pharmacokinetic (PK) indices of CMZ in dogs and performed PK-pharmacodynamic (PD) analyses using Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS). Methods In total, six healthy dogs received an intravenous bolus dose of CMZ (40 mg/kg body weight). Serum CMZ concentrations were evaluated using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and PK indices were determined based on non-compartmental analysis. The PK-PD cut-off (COPD) values were calculated as the highest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) that achieved ≥90% probability of target attainment for a target value of unbounded drug concentration exceeding 40% of the dosing interval. The cumulative fraction of response (CFR) was calculated based on the MIC distribution of wild-type ESBL-E from companion animals. Results The area under the concentration-time curve and elimination half-time were 103.36 ± 7.49 mg·h/L and 0.84 ± 0.07 h, respectively. MCS analysis revealed that COPD values for regimens of 40 mg/kg q12, q8h, and q6h were ≤ 0.5, ≤2, and ≤ 4 μg/mL, respectively. A regimen of 40 mg/kg q6h was estimated to achieve a CFR of 80-90% for Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. By contrast, all regimens exhibited a CFR of ≤70% for Proteus mirabilis and Enterobacter cloacae. Discussion We conclude that CMZ at 40 mg/kg q6h could be a viable treatment regimen for dogs infected with ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Kusumoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Tomoki Motegi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Japan
| | - Haruna Uno
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Mizuki Yokono
- Technical Department, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Kazuki Harada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
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Tachikawa M, Hosoya KI, Terasaki T. Pharmacological significance of prostaglandin E2 and D2 transport at the brain barriers. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2014; 71:337-60. [PMID: 25307222 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin (PG) E2 and PGD2, which are biosynthesized from arachidonic acid generated by enzymatic cleavage of membrane phospholipid in response to various stimuli, play key roles in multiple brain pathophysiological processes, including modulation of synaptic plasticity, neuroinflammation, and sleep promotion. Concentrations of PGE2 and PGD2 in brain interstitial fluid (ISF) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are maintained at appropriate levels for normal brain function by regulatory systems. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-CSF barrier (BCSFB) possess ISF/CSF-to-blood efflux transport systems that are the primary cerebral clearance pathways for PGE2 and PGD2. However, regulatory dysfunction at the brain barriers may seriously affect brain function. In a mouse inflammation model, significant reduction of PGE2 efflux transport at the BBB has been observed. Several kinds of cephalosporin antibiotics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit the BBB- and BCSFB-mediated efflux transport of PGE2 and PGD2. Especially, drugs that inhibit multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 (MRP4)-mediated PGE2 transport are capable of reducing PGE2 efflux at the BBB. Thus, it might be important in the treatment of inflammatory and infectious diseases to use drugs that do not inhibit clearance of PGE2 at the brain barriers, in order to avoid unexpected adverse CNS effects. Further, considering that PGD2 in CSF is a natural sleep-promoting factor, changes in the activity of the PGD2 efflux transport system at the BCSFB may modify the PGD2 level in CSF, thus affecting physiological sleep. These findings indicate that the efflux transport systems at the brain barriers play key roles in the pathophysiology and pharmacology of PGE2 and PGD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Tachikawa
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Hosoya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
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Lin Y, Radzi R, Morimoto M, Saimoto H, Okamoto Y, Minami S. Characterization of Chitosan-Carboxymethyl Dextran Nanoparticles as a Drug Carrier and as a Stimulator of Mouse Splenocytes. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 23:1401-20. [DOI: 10.1163/092050611x582849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y.S. Lin
- a Department of Veterinary Medicine , Tottori University , Tottori-shi , Tottori , 680-8553 , Japan
| | - R. Radzi
- a Department of Veterinary Medicine , Tottori University , Tottori-shi , Tottori , 680-8553 , Japan
| | - M. Morimoto
- a Department of Veterinary Medicine , Tottori University , Tottori-shi , Tottori , 680-8553 , Japan
| | - H. Saimoto
- a Department of Veterinary Medicine , Tottori University , Tottori-shi , Tottori , 680-8553 , Japan
| | - Y. Okamoto
- a Department of Veterinary Medicine , Tottori University , Tottori-shi , Tottori , 680-8553 , Japan
| | - S. Minami
- a Department of Veterinary Medicine , Tottori University , Tottori-shi , Tottori , 680-8553 , Japan
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Akanuma SI, Uchida Y, Ohtsuki S, Tachikawa M, Terasaki T, Hosoya KI. Attenuation of prostaglandin E2 elimination across the mouse blood-brain barrier in lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and additive inhibitory effect of cefmetazole. Fluids Barriers CNS 2011; 8:24. [PMID: 22014165 PMCID: PMC3224590 DOI: 10.1186/2045-8118-8-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Peripheral administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces inflammation and increases cerebral prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentration. PGE2 is eliminated from brain across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in mice, and this process is inhibited by intracerebral or intravenous pre-administration of anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics such as cefmetazole and cefazolin that inhibit multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 (Mrp4/Abcc4)-mediated PGE2 transport. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of LPS-induced inflammation on PGE2 elimination from brain, and whether antibiotics further inhibit PGE2 elimination in LPS-treated mice. Methods [3H]PGE2 elimination across the BBB of intraperitoneally LPS-treated mice was assessed by the brain efflux index (BEI) method. Transporter protein amounts in brain capillaries were quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results The apparent elimination rate of [3H]PGE2 from brain was lower by 87%, in LPS-treated mice compared with saline-treated mice. The Mrp4 protein amount was unchanged in brain capillaries of LPS-treated mice compared with saline-treated mice, while the protein amounts of organic anion transporter 3 (Oat3/Slc22a8) and organic anion transporting polypeptide 1a4 (Oatp1a4/Slco1a4) were decreased by 26% and 39%, respectively. Either intracerebral or intravenous pre-administration of cefmetazole further inhibited PGE2 elimination in LPS-treated mice. However, intracerebral or intravenous pre-administration of cefazolin had little effect on PGE2 elimination in LPS-treated mice, or in LPS-untreated mice given Oat3 and Oatp1a4 inhibitors. These results indicate that peripheral administration of cefmetazole inhibits PGE2 elimination across the BBB in LPS-treated mice. Conclusion PGE2 elimination across the BBB is attenuated in an LPS-induced mouse model of inflammation. Peripheral administration of cefmetazole further inhibits PGE2 elimination in LPS-treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Akanuma
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan.
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Fukutsu N, Konse T, Kawasaki T, Saito K, Nakazawa H. Determination of cefmetazole residue at pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities by chemiluminescence flow injection analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 41:599-602. [PMID: 16413735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2005] [Revised: 11/10/2005] [Accepted: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Application of a sensitive and rapid flow injection analysis (FIA) method with luminol chemiluminescence detection for determination of trace amounts of cefmetazole (CMZ) in cephamycin antibiotic residue in pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities and on pharmaceutical manufacturing equipment has been investigated. The method was shown to be sensitive at a level of limit of detection of 0.06 ng/ml and for linear concentrations in the range of 0.3-1.5 ng/ml. Average recoveries of CMZ from stainless steel plates and glass plates were 62.1% and 60.1%, respectively, by adding 15 ng/100 cm2, and that of air sampling filters was 91.9% by adding 3 ng/filter. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of CMZ residue in samples collected from an actual manufacturing facility and equipment. According to the results, no detectable CMZ residue was observed, therefore it was verified that no contamination had occurred to other pharmaceutical products manufactured in the facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Fukutsu
- Analytical and Quality Evaluation Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co. Ltd., 1-12-1 Shinomiya, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa 254-0014, Japan.
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Tumah H, Woodwell J, Chatwani A, Truant A, Fekete T. Patterns of resistance in organisms causing gynecologic infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1995; 390:169-75. [PMID: 8718611 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-9203-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Tumah
- Temple University Health Sciences Center Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
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Fields MT, Herndon BL, Bamberger DM. beta-Lactamase-mediated inactivation and efficacy of cefazolin and cefmetazole in Staphylococcus aureus abscesses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993; 37:203-6. [PMID: 8452349 PMCID: PMC187639 DOI: 10.1128/aac.37.2.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
12694668 Clinical reports and animal models have demonstrated that cefazolin may have decreased efficacy against some strains of Staphylococcus aureus because of type A beta-lactamase-mediated hydrolysis. We sought to measure biologically active cefazolin concentrations within abscesses with high concentrations of S. aureus and compare the concentrations with those of cefmetazole, a beta-lactamase-stable cephamycin. A type A beta-lactamase-producing strain of S. aureus with a demonstrated inoculum effect against cefazolin (MIC at an inoculum of 5 x 10(5) CFU/ml, 1.0 micrograms/ml; MIC at an inoculum of 5 x 10(7) CFU/ml, 32.0 micrograms/ml) but not cefmetazole (MICs at inocula of 5 x 10(5) and 5 x 10(7) CFU/ml, 2.0 micrograms/ml) was used. Cefazolin or cefmetazole (100 mg/kg of body weight every 8 h for 8 days) was administered to rabbits with infected tissue cages. No differences in the concentrations of the two drugs in the uninfected tissue cages were observed. Higher concentrations of cefmetazole than cefazolin were found in infected tissue cages at day 3 (5.9 +/- 0.7 versus 2.2 +/- 0.3 micrograms/ml; P < 0.01), day 5 (9.1 +/- 2.6 versus 3.6 +/- 0.7 micrograms/ml; P = 0.02), and day 8 (9.4 +/- 1.4 versus 4.8 +/- 0.9 micrograms/ml; P = 0.01) after infection. Cefazolin and cefmetazole were equally effective in reducing the bacterial concentration in the abscess. In vitro experiments demonstrated greater cefazolin than cefmetazole degradation by S. aureus, but the differences were greater in serum than in abscess fluid supernatants. We conclude that abscess cefazolin concentrations are diminished by type A beta-lactamase-producing S. aureus, but this did not affect drug efficacy in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Fields
- Red 4 Unit, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine 64108-2792
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Okamoto MP, Gill MA, Nakahiro RK, Chin A, Yellin AE, Berne TV, Heseltine PN, Appleman MD. Cost analysis of cefmetazole versus cefoxitin in the treatment of penetrating abdominal trauma. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0011-393x(05)80241-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Schweinle JE, Nishiyasu M. Sub-minimal inhibitory concentrations of cefmetazole enhance serum bactericidal activity in vitro by amplifying poly-C9 deposition. J Clin Invest 1992; 89:1198-207. [PMID: 1556181 PMCID: PMC442979 DOI: 10.1172/jci115703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum-resistant organisms grown in sub-minimal inhibitory concentrations (subMICs) of antibiotics in vitro may be rendered sensitive to complement-mediated, serum bactericidal activity. We measured 125I-C3 and 125I-C9 deposition on genetically serum resistant Salmonella montevideo SH5770 (SH5770) that was rendered serum sensitive by growth in sub-MICs of cefmetazole (CMZ), a parenteral, second generation, cephamycin-group antibiotic. Three times as much C3 and over six times as much C9 bound to SH5770 grown in one-fourth the MIC of CMZ compared to broth-grown bacteria. SDS-PAGE analysis and autoradiography showed that neither the ratio of C3b:iC3b (approximately 1:2.5) nor the nature of the C3-bacterial bond was changed by growing the organisms in CMZ. Large amounts of complement membrane attack complexes containing poly-C9 were seen only on CMZ-grown SH5770 by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. Poly-C9 was also detected only on CMZ-grown bacteria by indirect immunofluorescence and ELISA using a murine monoclonal antibody directed against a neoantigen of poly-C9. Bacterial hydrophobicity increased after growth in CMZ, and transmission electron micrographs of CMZ-grown SH5770 showed cell wall disruption and blebbing. These results indicate that growth in subMICs of CMZ increases bacterial hydrophobic domains available for interacting with the membrane attack complex, C5b-9, allowing formation and stable insertion of bactericidal complexes containing poly-C9.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Schweinle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
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Wallace RJ, Brown BA, Onyi GO. Susceptibilities of Mycobacterium fortuitum biovar. fortuitum and the two subgroups of Mycobacterium chelonae to imipenem, cefmetazole, cefoxitin, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35:773-5. [PMID: 2069387 PMCID: PMC245098 DOI: 10.1128/aac.35.4.773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
MICs of imipenem, cefoxitin, cefmetazole, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid were determined against 100 strains of Mycobacterium fortuitum and 200 strains of Mycobacterium chelonae. Imipenem and cefmetazole were more active against M. fortuitum than cefoxitin was, and imipenem (which inhibited 39% of strains at 8 micrograms/ml) was the only beta-lactam active against M. chelonae subsp. chelonae.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Wallace
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Health Center, Tyler 75710
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Jones RN. Antimicrobial Prophylaxis of Cesarean Section. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1990. [DOI: 10.2307/30147034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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