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Manning MC, Holcomb RE, Payne RW, Stillahn JM, Connolly BD, Katayama DS, Liu H, Matsuura JE, Murphy BM, Henry CS, Crommelin DJA. Stability of Protein Pharmaceuticals: Recent Advances. Pharm Res 2024; 41:1301-1367. [PMID: 38937372 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03726-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
There have been significant advances in the formulation and stabilization of proteins in the liquid state over the past years since our previous review. Our mechanistic understanding of protein-excipient interactions has increased, allowing one to develop formulations in a more rational fashion. The field has moved towards more complex and challenging formulations, such as high concentration formulations to allow for subcutaneous administration and co-formulation. While much of the published work has focused on mAbs, the principles appear to apply to any therapeutic protein, although mAbs clearly have some distinctive features. In this review, we first discuss chemical degradation reactions. This is followed by a section on physical instability issues. Then, more specific topics are addressed: instability induced by interactions with interfaces, predictive methods for physical stability and interplay between chemical and physical instability. The final parts are devoted to discussions how all the above impacts (co-)formulation strategies, in particular for high protein concentration solutions.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Cornell Manning
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Ryan E Holcomb
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Robert W Payne
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Joshua M Stillahn
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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2
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Investigation of cellular response to covalent immobilization of peptide and hydrophobic attachment of peptide amphiphiles on substrates. Biochem Eng J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2016.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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4
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Arakawa T, Kita Y, Timasheff SN. Protein precipitation and denaturation by dimethyl sulfoxide. Biophys Chem 2007; 131:62-70. [PMID: 17904724 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Revised: 09/08/2007] [Accepted: 09/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Solvent conditions play a major role in a wide range of physical properties of proteins in solution. Organic solvents, including dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), have been used to precipitate, crystallize and denature proteins. We have studied here the interactions of DMSO with proteins by differential refractometry and amino acid solubility measurements. The proteins used, i.e., ribonuclease, lysozyme, beta-lactoglobulin and chymotrypsinogen, all showed negative preferential DMSO binding, or preferential hydration, at low DMSO concentrations, where they are in the native state. As the DMSO concentration was increased, the preferential interaction changed from preferential hydration to preferential DMSO binding, except for ribonuclease. The preferential DMSO binding correlated with structural changes and unfolding of these proteins observed at higher DMSO concentrations. Amino acid solubility measurements showed that the interactions between glycine and DMSO are highly unfavorable, while the interactions of DMSO with aromatic and hydrophobic side chains are favorable. The observed preferential hydration of the native protein may be explained from a combination of the excluded volume effects of DMSO and the unfavorable interaction of DMSO with a polar surface, as manifested by the unfavorable interactions of DMSO with the polar uncharged glycine molecule. Such an unfavorable interaction of DMSO with the native protein correlates with the enhanced self-association and precipitation of proteins by DMSO. Conversely, the observed conformational changes at higher DMSO concentration are due to increased binding of DMSO to hydrophobic and aromatic side chains, which had been newly exposed on protein unfolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, Thousand Oaks, CA 91360, USA.
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5
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Hu X, O'Hara L, White S, Magner E, Kane M, Wall JG. Optimisation of production of a domoic acid-binding scFv antibody fragment in Escherichia coli using molecular chaperones and functional immobilisation on a mesoporous silicate support. Protein Expr Purif 2007; 52:194-201. [PMID: 17005419 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2006.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2006] [Revised: 08/14/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Domoic acid is a potent neurotoxin that can lead to amnesic shellfish poisoning in humans through ingestion of contaminated shellfish. We have produced and purified an anti-domoic acid single-chain Fragment variable (scFv) antibody fragment from the Escherichia coli periplasm. Yields of functional protein were increased by up to 100-fold upon co-production of E. coli DnaKJE molecular chaperones but co-overproduction of GroESL led to a reduction in solubility of the scFv. Co-production of the peptidyl-prolyl isomerase trigger factor resulted in accumulation of unprocessed scFv in the E. coli cytoplasm. This was due to an apparent bottleneck in translocation of the cytoplasmic membrane by the recombinant polypeptide. Co-expression of the E. coli disulfide bond isomerase dsbC increased scFv yields by delaying lysis of the host bacterial cells though this effect was not synergistic with molecular chaperone co-production. Meanwhile, use of a cold-shock promoter for protein production led to accumulation of greater amounts of scFv polypeptide which was predominantly in insoluble form and could not be rescued by chaperones. Purification of the scFv was achieved using an optimised metal affinity chromatography procedure and the purified protein bound domoic acid when immobilised on a mesoporous silicate support. The work outlines the potential benefit of applying a molecular chaperone/folding catalyst screening approach to improve antibody fragment production for applications such as sensor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Hu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick, Plassey Technology Park, Limerick, Ireland
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6
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Bhatti HN, Rashid MH, Asgher M, Nawaz R, Khalid AM, Perveen R. Chemical modification results in hyperactivation and thermostabilization ofFusarium solaniglucoamylase. Can J Microbiol 2007; 53:177-85. [PMID: 17496965 DOI: 10.1139/w06-094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chemical modification of carboxyl groups of glucoamylase from a mesophilic fungus, Fusarium solani , was carried out using ethylenediamine as nucleophile in the presence of water-soluble 1-ethyl-3(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide. Modification brought about a dramatic enhancement of catalytic activity and thermal stability of glucoamylase. Temperature and pH optima of ethylenediamine-coupled glucoamylase (ECG) increased as compared with those of native enzyme. The specificity constant (kcat/Km) of native, ECG-2, ECG-11, and ECG-17 was 136, 173, 225, and 170, respectively, at 55 °C. The enthalpy of activation (ΔH*) and free energy of activation (ΔG*) for soluble starch hydrolysis were lower for the chemically modified forms. All of the modified forms werestable at higher temperatures and possessed high ΔG* against thermal unfolding. The effects of α-chymotrypsin and subtilisin on the modified forms were activating as compared with native. Moreover, denaturation of ECG-2, ECG-11, and ECG-17 in urea at 4 mol·L–1also showed an activation trend. A possible explanation for the thermal denaturation of native and increased thermal stability of ECG-2, ECG-11, and ECG-17 at higher temperatures is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haq Nawaz Bhatti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan 38040
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7
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Yemini M, Xu P, Kaplan D, Rishpon J. Collagen-Like Peptide as a Matrix for Enzyme Immobilization in Electrochemical Biosensors. ELECTROANAL 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200603597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Sağiroğlu A, Kilinç A, Telefoncu A. Preparation and properties of lipases immobilized on different supports. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 32:625-36. [PMID: 15974188 DOI: 10.1081/bio-200039656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Porcine pancreatic lipase and Candida cylindracea lipase were immobilized on Celite and Amberlite IRA-938. Activities and stabilities of immobilized lipases were investigated. The immobilized lipase derivatives on Celite exhibited grater residual activity and more resistance to thermal inactivation than their immobilized counterpart on Amberlite IRA-938. The apparent optimum temperatures of the immobilized lipases were 7-10 degrees C higher than that of the free enzymes. The native lipase and lipases immobilized on Celite showed same behaviors of pH dependence. But the pH optimum values for lipases immobilized on Amberlite IRA-938 were shifted to the acidic region relative to that of free enzymes. The stabilities of free and immobilized lipases were also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayten Sağiroğlu
- Faculty of Sciences and Letters, Department of Chemistry, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
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9
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Khajeh K, Naderi-Manesh H, Ranjbar B, Moosavi-Movahedi AA, Nemat-Gorgani M. Chemical modification of lysine residues in Bacillus alpha-amylases: effect on activity and stability. Enzyme Microb Technol 2001; 28:543-549. [PMID: 11267650 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(01)00296-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemical modification of lysine residues in two bacterial alpha-amylases, a mesophilic enzyme from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BAA) and a thermophilic enzyme from Bacillus licheniformis (BLA) was carried out using citraconic anhydride. 13 +/- 1 residues in BAA and 10 +/- 1 residues in BLA were found modified under defined experimental conditions. Modification brought about dramatic enhancement of thermal stability of BAA and catalytic activity of BLA. Such alterations were found dependent on the temperature and pH. Results obtained on Tm, the extent of deamidation, changes in the circular dichroism (CD) spectra and kinetic parameters before and after modification are discussed in terms of their contributions to the mechanism of irreversible thermoinactivation and activity enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Khajeh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 13145-1384, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
Reports on chemical immobilization of proteins and enzymes first appeared in the 1960s. Since then, immobilized proteins and enzymes have been widely used in the processing of variety of products and increasingly used in the field of medicine. Here, we present a review of recent developments in immobilized enzyme use in medicine. Generally speaking, the use of immobilized enzyme in medicine can be divided into two major categories: biosensors and bioreactors. A brief overview of the evolution of the biosensor and bioreactor technology, of currently existing applications of immobilized enzymes, of problems that researchers encountered, and of possible future developments will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Liang
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065, USA
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11
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Abstract
This review describes how the versatile Candida rugosa lipases (CRL) have extended the frontiers of biotechnology. As evidenced by the current literature, CRL claims more applications than any other biocatalyst. This review comprises a detailed discussion on the molecular biology of CRL, its versatile catalytic reactions, broad specificities and diverse immobilization strategies. It also discusses its role in the food and flavour industry, the production of ice cream and single cell protein, biocatalytic resolution of life-saving pharmaceuticals, carbohydrate esters and amino acid derivatives unobtainable by conventional chemical synthesis, potent biocide making, biosensor modulations, eco-friendly approach and bioremediation, biosurfactants in detergent making, and recently, cosmetics and perfumery.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Benjamin
- Biotechnology Division, Regional Research Laboratory (CSIR), Trivandrum, India
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12
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Heller J, Heller A. Loss of Activity or Gain in Stability of Oxidases upon Their Immobilization in Hydrated Silica: Significance of the Electrostatic Interactions of Surface Arginine Residues at the Entrances of the Reaction Channels. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja973911q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Heller
- Contribution from TheraSense, Inc., 1311 Harbor Bay Parkway, Alameda, California 94502, and Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1062
| | - Adam Heller
- Contribution from TheraSense, Inc., 1311 Harbor Bay Parkway, Alameda, California 94502, and Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1062
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13
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The effect of crosslinking on thermal inactivation of cellulases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0921-0423(98)80025-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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14
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Iwuoha EI, Leister I, Miland E, Smyth MR, Ó Fágáin C. Reactivities of Organic-Phase Biosensors. 1. Enhancement of the Sensitivity and Stability of Amperometric Peroxidase Biosensors Using Chemically Modified Enzymes. Anal Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ac960889v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel I. Iwuoha
- Biomedical and Environmental Sensor Technology (BEST) Centre, School of Chemical Sciences, and School of Biological Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Ingrid Leister
- Biomedical and Environmental Sensor Technology (BEST) Centre, School of Chemical Sciences, and School of Biological Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Enda Miland
- Biomedical and Environmental Sensor Technology (BEST) Centre, School of Chemical Sciences, and School of Biological Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Malcolm R. Smyth
- Biomedical and Environmental Sensor Technology (BEST) Centre, School of Chemical Sciences, and School of Biological Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Ciarán Ó Fágáin
- Biomedical and Environmental Sensor Technology (BEST) Centre, School of Chemical Sciences, and School of Biological Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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15
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Stabilization of alanine aminotransferase by consecutive modification and immobilization. Biotechnol Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00137810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Besson C, Favre-Bonvin G, O'Fagain C, Wallach J. Chemical derivatives of Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase showing increased stability. Enzyme Microb Technol 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(95)95221-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Ryan O, Smyth MR, Fágáin CO. Thermostabilized chemical derivatives of horseradish peroxidase. Enzyme Microb Technol 1994; 16:501-5. [PMID: 7764889 DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(94)90021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Horseradish peroxidase finds a variety of uses in analysis, immunology, organic synthesis, and biosensors. Although moderately stable, its applicability to biosensors and other fields would be greatly enhanced if it could be made yet more stable. Appropriate chemical modification can substantially stabilize enzymes. Here we describe the use of bis-imidates and of bis-succinimides to modify free amino groups of commercial horseradish peroxidase under mild conditions of pH and temperature. Imidates yielded a marginal stabilization. Some of the succinimide derivatives, however, are much more thermostable than the native enzyme. Apparent half-lives indicate stabilizations of 6- to 23-fold, depending on the bis-succinimide used. These modifications preserve the carbohydrate side chains for subsequent reaction or immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Ryan
- School of Biological Sciences, Dublin City University, Republic of Ireland
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18
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Abstract
Recently, significant new insight has been obtained into the structure and catalytic mechanism of enzymes that convert environmental pollutants. Recent advances in protein engineering make it possible to use this information for improving the catalytic performance of such enzymes to achieve increased stability and expanded substrate range.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Janssen
- Department of Biochemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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19
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Abstract
Metal binding provides several useful routes to protein stabilization. Metal chelation by binding sites engineered into proteins can increase thermal stability, conformational stability and reduce proteolytic degradation. As few as two coordinating ligands, if properly positioned on the protein surface, can form chelating sites suitable for metal binding and stabilization. Thus, this approach is relatively easy to implement and can be applied to a wide range of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125
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20
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Makhzoum A, Owusu R, Knapp J. The conformational stability of a lipase from a psychrotrophic Pseudomonas fluorescens. Food Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0308-8146(93)90004-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Pantoliano MW. Proteins designed for challenging environments and catalysis in organic solvents. Curr Opin Struct Biol 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0959-440x(92)90086-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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