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Cunha-Rodrigues MC, Balduci CTDN, Tenório F, Barradas PC. GABA function may be related to the impairment of learning and memory caused by systemic prenatal hypoxia-ischemia. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 149:20-27. [PMID: 29408270 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine adverse conditions may be responsible for long-lasting damages which impact health even during adult phase. Hypoxic-ischemic (HI) events are a relevant cause of newborn mortality and the principal factor leading to permanent brain lesions. Using a model in which the ovarian and uterine flux of a pregnant rat is obstructed for 45 min we have described oligodendrocyte death, astrogliosis and neuronal loss. In this work we investigated hippocampal neuronal population and performed a functional evaluation of memory and learning of young rats that had been affected by prenatal HI. Anesthetized Wistar rats on the 18th gestation day had the uterine horns exposed and the ovarian and uterine arteries clamped for 45 min (HI group). Sham-operated rats (SH group) had the horns exposed but no arteries were clamped. We measured the levels of different proteins related to excitatory/inhibitory transmission in the hippocampi of young pups (P45). Histological evaluation was also performed in order to characterize hippocampal neuronal population. Rats from both groups were tested through Novel Object Recognition Test (NORT) using two inter-trial intervals: 5 min and 8 h. Here we show a loss in the total number of hippocampal neurons although the immunostaining of parvalbumin and levels of GAD enzyme were increased in HI group. Functional assessment indicated a marked difference concerning HI learning and memory abilities. Our results reflect permanent damages concerning GABA function which may disturb neurotransmitter homeostasis leading to the observed deficits in learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frank Tenório
- Depto. Farmacologia e Psicobiologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Penha Cristina Barradas
- Depto. Farmacologia e Psicobiologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Guo ZD, Zhao L, Wang P, Deng WH, Shi Q, Zuo T, Hong YP, Wang WX. Fetal liver injury ameliorated by migration inhibitory factor inhibition in a rat model of acute pancreatitis in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2017; 44:374-383. [PMID: 29227009 DOI: 10.1111/jog.13538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study was designed to investigate and assess fetal liver injury in a rat model of acute pancreatitis in pregnancy (APIP) as well as its possible mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. METHODS The APIP model was induced by sodium taurocholate in Sprague-Dawley rats during the third trimester. ISO-1, a macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) antagonist, was given before the induction of APIP. In addition, sham-operated rats at later gestation were set as controls. Histological changes in the fetal liver and maternal pancreas were assessed. Amylase and lipase activity as well as the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β were examined. The expression of MIF in fetal liver was determined by immunochemistry and the expression of NF-κB, IκBα, high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1), TNF-α, and IL-1β in fetal liver was determined by Western blot analysis. Ultrastructures of hepatic cells in fetal rats were observed under transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS ISO-1 ameliorated the following: (i) pathological injuries in maternal pancreas and fetal liver; (ii) levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in maternal serum; and (iii) levels of MIF, myeloperoxidase, NF-κB, HMGB1, TNF-α, and IL-1β in fetal liver. CONCLUSION Pathological damage and an inflammatory response in fetal liver were induced by APIP, and MIF inhibition ameliorated fetal liver injury by inhibiting the inflammatory cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Da Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Hong Deng
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiao Shi
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Teng Zuo
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Pu Hong
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei-Xing Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Barkhuizen M, van den Hove DLA, Vles JSH, Steinbusch HWM, Kramer BW, Gavilanes AWD. 25 years of research on global asphyxia in the immature rat brain. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 75:166-182. [PMID: 28161509 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy remains a common cause of brain damage in neonates. Preterm infants have additional complications, as prematurity by itself increases the risk of encephalopathy. Currently, therapy for this subset of asphyxiated infants is limited to supportive care. There is an urgent need for therapies in preterm infants - and for representative animal models for preclinical drug development. In 1991, a novel rodent model of global asphyxia in the preterm infant was developed in Sweden. This method was based on the induction of asphyxia during the birth processes itself by submerging pups, still in the uterine horns, in a water bath followed by C-section. This insult occurs at a time-point when the rodent brain maturity resembles the brain of a 22-32 week old human fetus. This model has developed over the past 25 years as an established model of perinatal global asphyxia in the early preterm brain. Here we summarize the knowledge gained on the short- and long-term neuropathological and behavioral effects of asphyxia on the immature central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Barkhuizen
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Translational Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; DST/NWU Preclinical Drug Development Platform, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - D L A van den Hove
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - J S H Vles
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Child Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - H W M Steinbusch
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - B W Kramer
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Translational Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - A W D Gavilanes
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Translational Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Institute of Biomedicine, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Ecuador.
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Hoffmann A, Kunze R, Helluy X, Milford D, Heiland S, Bendszus M, Pham M, Marti HH. High-Field MRI Reveals a Drastic Increase of Hypoxia-Induced Microhemorrhages upon Tissue Reoxygenation in the Mouse Brain with Strong Predominance in the Olfactory Bulb. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148441. [PMID: 26863147 PMCID: PMC4749302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pathophysiology of high altitude hypoxic brain injury is not well understood and research on the underlying mechanisms is hampered by the lack of well-characterized animal models. In this study, we explored the evolution of brain injury by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histological methods in mice exposed to normobaric hypoxia at 8% oxygen for 48 hours followed by rapid reoxygenation and incubation for further 24 h under normoxic conditions. T2*-, diffusion-weighted and T2-relaxometry MRI was performed before exposure, immediately after 48 hours of hypoxia and 24 hours after reoxygenation. Cerebral microhemorrhages, previously described in humans suffering from severe high altitude cerebral edema, were also detected in mice upon hypoxia-reoxygenation with a strong region-specific clustering in the olfactory bulb, and to a lesser extent, in the basal ganglia and cerebral white matter. The number of microhemorrhages determined immediately after hypoxia was low, but strongly increased 24 hours upon onset of reoxygenation. Histologically verified microhemorrhages were exclusively located around cerebral microvessels with disrupted interendothelial tight junction protein ZO-1. In contrast, quantitative T2 and apparent-diffusion-coefficient values immediately after hypoxia and after 24 hours of reoxygenation did not show any region-specific alteration, consistent with subtle multifocal but not with regional or global brain edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Hoffmann
- Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (AH); (HHM)
| | - Reiner Kunze
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xavier Helluy
- Division of Experimental Radiology, Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Milford
- Division of Experimental Radiology, Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Heiland
- Division of Experimental Radiology, Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Bendszus
- Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mirko Pham
- Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hugo H. Marti
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (AH); (HHM)
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Zou YY, Yuan Y, Kan EM, Lu J, Ling EA. Combustion smoke-induced inflammation in the olfactory bulb of adult rats. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:176. [PMID: 25297558 PMCID: PMC4197300 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0176-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The damaging effect of combustion smoke inhalation on the lung is widely reported but information on its effects on the olfactory bulb is lacking. This study sought to determine the effects of smoke inhalation on the olfactory bulb, whose afferent input neurons in the nasal mucosa are directly exposed to external stimuli, such as smoke. METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to combustion smoke inhalation and sacrificed at different time points. Changes in olfactory bulb proteins including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), Na+-K+-Cl- cotransporter 1 (NKCC1), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and aquaporin-4 (AQP4) were evaluated by Western blot analysis. In addition, ELISA was conducted for cytokine and chemokine levels, and double immunofluorescence labeling was carried out for GFAP/VEGF, GFAP/AQP4, NeuN/nNOS, GFAP/NKCC1, NeuN/NKCC1, GFAP/Rhodamine isothiocyanate (RITC), and transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). Aminoguanidine was administered to determine the effects of iNOS inhibition on the targets probed after smoke inhalation. RESULTS The results showed a significant increase in VEGF, iNOS, eNOS, nNOS, NKCC1, and GFAP expression in the bulb tissues, with corresponding increases in inflammatory cytokines and chemokines after smoke inhalation. Concurrent to this was a drastic increase in AQP4 expression and RITC permeability. Aminoguanidine administration decreased the expression of iNOS and RITC extravasation after smoke inhalation. This was coupled with a significant reduction in incidence of TUNEL + cells that was not altered with administration of L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the upregulation of iNOS in response to smoke inhalation plays a major role in the olfactory bulb inflammatory pathophysiology, along with a concomitant increase in pro-inflammatory molecules, vascular permeability, and edema. Overall, these findings indicate that the olfactory bulb is vulnerable to smoke inhalation.
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Solaroglu A, Dede FS, Okutan E, Bayrak A, Haberal A, Kilinc K. A single dose of erythropoietin attenuates lipid peroxidation in experimental liver ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat fetus. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/jmf.16.4.231.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Solaroglu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Social Insurance Institution, Ankara Maternity and Women's Health Teaching Hospital Ankara Turkey
| | - FS Dede
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Social Insurance Institution, Ankara Maternity and Women's Health Teaching Hospital Ankara Turkey
| | - E Okutan
- Department of Anesthesiology Akyurt Hospital Ankara Turkey
| | - A Bayrak
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry Hacettepe University Ankara Turkey
| | - A Haberal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Social Insurance Institution, Ankara Maternity and Women's Health Teaching Hospital Ankara Turkey
| | - K Kilinc
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry Hacettepe University Ankara Turkey
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Cai Z, Xiao F, Lee B, Paul IA, Rhodes PG. Prenatal hypoxia-ischemia alters expression and activity of nitric oxide synthase in the young rat brain and causes learning deficits. Brain Res Bull 1999; 49:359-65. [PMID: 10452357 DOI: 10.1016/s0361-9230(99)00076-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is known to possibly impair learning and memory. Our previous studies have demonstrated that prenatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) decreases NOS expression and NOS activity in the neonatal rat brain. To investigate whether effects of prenatal HI on NOS expression continue and whether prenatal HI affects learning and memory in young rats, NOS expression and NOS activity were determined in the hippocampus of rat brains at 28 days of age following a prenatal HI insult on G17. Performances in the passive avoidance test and the Morris water maze test were also studied in these young rats prior to sampling. Rat fetuses were subjected to either a 30-min prenatal HI insult or a sham operation (SH) on gestation day 17 and rat pups were delivered naturally. Increased locomotor activity was observed in the prenatal HI rats as compared to the SH rats on postnatal days 13 and 15, but not on postnatal days 20 and 30. Prenatal HI affected learning ability in these young rats at 28 days of age, as indicated by a delayed acquisition of passive avoidance and by longer escape latency in the Morris water maze test as compared to the SH group. Prenatal HI did not affect retention of passive avoidance and spatial memory. Concomitant with these learning deficits, expression of neuronal NOS and endothelial NOS mRNAs as well as Ca2(+)-dependent NOS activity in the hippocampus of the prenatal HI rat brain were significantly decreased as compared to the SH group. These results suggest that a 30-min prenatal HI insult on gestation day 17 in rats has long-lasting effects on NOS expression and NOS activity in the offspring brain and on learning ability of these young rats. The learning deficit in offspring is possibly associated with the reduction in expression of NOS mRNA and NOS activity in the hippocampus of these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson 39216-4505, USA.
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