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Sivanandan JM, Binukumari. Acute and sublethal intoxication of malathion in an Indian major carp, Labeo rohita: haematological and biochemical responses. Environ Anal Health Toxicol 2021; 36:e2021016-0. [PMID: 34784659 PMCID: PMC8598410 DOI: 10.5620/eaht.2021016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the median lethal concentration (96-h LC50), acute and sublethal effects of malathion, an organophosphorus pesticide on hematological and biochemical responses in an Indian major carp, Labeo rohita. In this study, the LC50 value of malathion for 96 h was found to be 3.4 ppm. During acute (3.4 ppm) and sublethal [1/10th of 96 h LC50 value (0.34 ppm) studies, all the hematological parameters except WBC were significantly decreased (p<0.05). Besides, when compared with the control group, a significant (p<0.05) decrease in biochemical activity was also observed in malathion treated fish during acute and sublethal exposure periods. These results suggest that the tested concentrations of malathion could have significant adverse effects on the hematological and biochemical parameters of fish, Labeo rohita. The changes in the parameters can be effectively used to determine the impact of malathion in the aquatic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Binukumari
- Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India-641029
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Atamanalp M, Parlak V, Özgeriş FB, Çilingir Yeltekin A, Ucar A, Keleş MS, Alak G. Treatment of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and DNA injury with N-acetylcysteine at simulative pesticide toxicity in fish. Toxicol Mech Methods 2021; 31:224-234. [PMID: 33412942 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2021.1871794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pesticide toxicities are common in aquatic ecosystems and affects aquatic livings negative. Therefore, it is important to strengthen the antioxidant system in aquatic organisms and to protect the organisms against these toxic chemicals. In this study, the simulative toxicity was established to the fish then the healing process was followed. For this purpose, rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss exposed to cypermethrin and left to the recovery process with either N-acetyl cysteine (an antioxidant, 0.5 mM-1.0 mM concentrations) or no intervention (self-healing) for 96 h. In this context, paraoxonase (PON), arylesterase (AR), myeloperoxidase (MPO), antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities as well as MDA, caspase-3 and 8-OHdG levels were measured in fish gills, liver and kidney tissues. In addition, trace element tests were performed in the tissues sampled for each group. At the result of pesticide exposure, SOD, CAT, GPx, PON, AR and AChE activities were increased but MDA, MPO, caspase-3 and 8-OHdG levels were decreased in N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) treated groups in all tissues compared to self-healing group (p < 0.05). When the element analysis of the samples was examined, tissue-based differences were observed significantly in all application groups (p < 0.05). Considering the results of the study, it was found that NAC administration at high concentration (1.0 Mm NAC) was more effective on pesticide toxicity. It was concluded that the most sensitive tissue was the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Atamanalp
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Veysel Parlak
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fatma Betül Özgeriş
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | | | - Arzu Ucar
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mevlüt Sait Keleş
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Gonca Alak
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Ma J, Li Y, Li W, Li X. Hepatotoxicity of paraquat on common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 616-617:889-898. [PMID: 29107372 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) is a nonselective herbicide that is used worldwide and has been demonstrated to be a high risk to aquatic organisms. However, relatively little is known about the mechanisms on detoxification and hepatotoxicity of PQ in fish. In the present study, a sub-acute toxicity test of PQ exposure on common carp at 1.596 and 3.192mgL-1 for 7d was conducted under laboratory conditions. The results showed that the transcriptional levels of cytochrome P450s (CYPs), such as CYP1A, CYP2K, and CYP3A138, GSTα and GSTpi, and export pump gene MDR1, as well as the erythromycin-N-demethylase (ERND) activity were generally up-regulated by PQ exposure for 7d, indicating that these genes or enzymes are potentially involved in the detoxification of PQ in the fish liver. Further research showed that PQ exposure significantly increased the levels of HSP70, HSP90, NOS, and MDA; promoted expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6 and IL-8; altered the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β, and generally reduced the levels of T-AOC, SOD, CAT, and GSH. In addition, we also found that caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 were significantly activated in the fish liver following PQ exposure. In brief, the present study showed that PQ exposure induced fish liver injury by destabilizing the metabolism of fish, inhibiting antioxidant enzyme activity, elevating lipid peroxidation, and promoting an immune inflammatory response and apoptosis. The present study further enriches and perfects the mechanism theory of PQ hepatotoxicity to fish, which may be valuable for the risk assessment of PQ and human health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junguo Ma
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Weiguo Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.
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Wang XH, Souders CL, Zhao YH, Martyniuk CJ. Paraquat affects mitochondrial bioenergetics, dopamine system expression, and locomotor activity in zebrafish (Danio rerio). CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 191:106-117. [PMID: 29031050 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The dipyridyl herbicide paraquat induces oxidative stress in cells and is implicated in adult neurodegenerative diseases. However, less is known about paraquat toxicity in early stages of vertebrate development. To address this gap, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed to 1, 10 and 100 μM paraquat for 96 h. Paraquat did not induce significant mortality nor deformity in embryos and larvae, but it did accelerate time to hatch. To evaluate whether mitochondrial respiration was related to earlier hatch times, oxygen consumption rate was measured in whole embryos. Maximal respiration of embryos exposed to 100 μM paraquat for 24 h was reduced by more than 70%, suggesting that paraquat negatively impacts mitochondrial bioenergetics in early development. Based upon this evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction, transcriptional responses of oxidative stress- and apoptosis-related genes were measured. Fish exposed to 1 μM paraquat showed higher expression levels of superoxide dismutase 2, heat shock protein 70, Bcl-2-associated X protein, and B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2a compared to control fish. No differences among groups were detected in larvae exposed to 10 and 100 μM paraquat, suggesting a non-monotonic response. We also measured endpoints related to larval behavior and dopaminergic signaling as paraquat is associated with degeneration of dopamine neurons. Locomotor activity was stimulated with 100 μM paraquat and dopamine transporter and dopamine receptor 3 mRNA levels were increased in larvae exposed to 1 μM paraquat, interpreted to be a compensatory response at lower concentrations. This study improves mechanistic understanding into the toxic actions of paraquat on early developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao H Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, PR China; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, UF Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Christopher L Souders
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, UF Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Yuan H Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, PR China.
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, UF Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Yilmaz M, Rencuzogullari E, Canli M. The effects of cyfluthrin on some biomarkers in the liver and kidney of Wistar rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:4747-4752. [PMID: 25339534 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3734-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides can cause oxidative stress resulting to deleterious effects in animal metabolisms. Cyfluthrin is a synthetic pyrethroid used worldwide to protect crops and to eliminate pests. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the cyfluthrin on the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the liver and kidney of Wistar Albino Sprague Dawley rats (Rattus norvegicus var. albinos) following intraperitoneal treatment of cyfluthrin (1.2, 12, and 120 mg/kg b.w./day) for 21 days. Comparisons were made with two control solutions named as serum physiologic and solvent in which cyfluthrin was dissolved. CAT activity in the liver and kidney of rats did not change after the lowest cyfluthrin treatment, while its activity significantly decreased at the higher doses. In general, cyfluthrin significantly decreased the activity of GPx in the liver and kidney at all doses, while MDA levels in the liver increased at all doses. Cyfluthrin significantly decreased AChE activity in the liver of rats at all doses, while this was true at the highest dose for the kidney. This study showed that the studied biomarkers were effective in determining the toxic effects of cyfluthrin. Thus, they should be used to monitor pesticide-affected areas before untargeted animals, including humans who suffer from the use of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Yilmaz
- Department of Biology, Cukurova University Faculty of Sciences and Letters, Adana, Turkey
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Ma J, Li X. Transcription Alteration of Immunologic Parameters and Histopathological Damage in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpioL.) Caused by Paraquat. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2014; 29:21-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junguo Ma
- College of Life Science; Henan Normal University; Xinxiang 453007 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- College of Life Science; Henan Normal University; Xinxiang 453007 People's Republic of China
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Ma J, Li Y, Niu D, Li Y, Li X. Immunological effects of paraquat on common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 37:166-172. [PMID: 24486634 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) is a nonselective worldwide used herbicide and it has been demonstrated to be highly toxic to animals and humans. However, relatively little is known about PQ effect on the immune system and histopathology of fish. In the present study, we aimed to determine the lysozyme activities, content of IgM, and complement C3 content in the liver, kidney, and spleen of common carp exposed to 1.596 or 3.192 mg/L of PQ for 7 d. The results showed that lysozyme activity in the liver, kidney, or spleen of common carp was increased at the earlier stages of PQ-exposure (from 1 to 3 d) while decreased at the end of treatment. Moreover, PQ-exposure caused irregular change of IgM content while decreased C3 content. These results suggest that PQ-exposure may disturb the innate immunity of common carp and could result in dysfunction of the specific immunity in common carp. In addition, PQ-exposure also caused remarkable histopathological damages in fish gill, fin, liver, spleen, kidney, and intestine, indicating that PQ has immunotoxicity on common carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junguo Ma
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Daichun Niu
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Yao Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.
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Gupta SK, Pal AK, Sahu NP, Saharan N, Prakash C, Akhtar MS, Kumar S. Haemato-biochemical Responses in Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758) Fry Exposed to Sub-lethal Concentration of a Phenylpyrazole Insecticide, Fipronil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40011-013-0201-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lin CT, Tseng WC, Hsiao NW, Chang HH, Ken CF. Characterization, molecular modelling and developmental expression of zebrafish manganese superoxide dismutase. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 27:318-324. [PMID: 19501168 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2008] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A 977 bp cDNA containing an open reading frame encoding 224 amino acid residues of manganese superoxide dismutase was cloned from zebrafish (zMn-SOD). The deduced amino acid sequence showed high identity with the sequences of Mn-SODs from human (85.1%) to nematode (61.6%). The 3-D structure model was superimposed on the relative domains of human Mn-SOD with the root mean square (rms) deviation of 0.0919 A. The recombinant mature zMn-SOD with enzyme activity was purified using His-tag technique. The half-life of the enzyme is approximately 48 min and its thermal inactivation rate constant k(d) is 0.0154 min(-1)at 70 degrees C. The enzyme was active under a broad pH (2.2-11.2) and in the presence of up to 4% SDS. Real-time RT-PCR assay was used to detect the zMn-SOD mRNA expression during the developmental stages following a challenge with paraquat. A high level expression of Mn-SOD mRNA was detected at the cleavage stage, but decreased significantly under paraquat treatment. The results indicated that Mn-SOD plays an important role during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Tsai Lin
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology & Center for Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, ROC
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Parvez S, Raisuddin S. Effects of paraquat on the freshwater fish Channa punctata (Bloch): non-enzymatic antioxidants as biomarkers of exposure. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2006; 50:392-7. [PMID: 16502204 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-005-5083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2005] [Accepted: 07/03/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat is a quaternary herbicide widely used for broadleaf weed control, which has been known to be a highly toxic compound for humans and animals. Therefore, analysis and development of biomarkers of exposure are undoubtedly valuable in evaluating the toxicity of paraquat contaminated water bodies. The effect of a single exposure of paraquat (1 ppm) for 24 h on various non-enzymatic antioxidants was studied in freshwater fish Channa punctata (Bloch). The levels of the reduced glutathione were significantly reduced in the liver and gill of exposed fish. The total and protein thiol levels were increased in all the tissues of the exposed fish. The non-protein thiol levels were reduced in liver and gill. The levels of ascorbic acid increased in liver. The uric acid level increased significantly in kidney and decreased significantly in gill of the exposed fish. The findings of the present investigation demonstrate the oxidative-stress-inducing potential of the herbicide paraquat in fish. This work indicated the possibility of using non-enzymatic antioxidants as biomarkers of exposure to environmental contamination and subsequent validation as a sensitive system for biomonitoring and ecotoxicological risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhel Parvez
- Department of Neurology, University of Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, D-39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Varanka Z, Rojik I, Varanka I, Nemcsók J, Abrahám M. Biochemical and morphological changes in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) liver following exposure to copper sulfate and tannic acid. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2001; 128:467-78. [PMID: 11255117 DOI: 10.1016/s1532-0456(01)00166-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
As a consequence of human activity various toxicants reach the aquatic ecosystems; humics may interact with them and may change their toxicity. Many fish are exposed to a considerable concentration of humics and pollutants. Because of paucity of data on the biochemical action of tannins in the presence of the fungicide CuSO4 a comparative study was undertaken. The alterations of redox-parameters in carp liver were monitored and tissue necrosis was followed by measuring the plasma transaminase activities and by electron microscopy. Tannic acid, a representative phenolic/humic compound, exerted prooxidant effects in carp, which may be partially due to formation of prooxidant intermediates/end-products via its biotransformation. Alternatively, tannic acid may partially inhibit the antioxidant enzymes of fish. The response to CuSO4 was more severe. Although tannic acid alone acted as a prooxidant in fish, electron micrographs demonstrated that it reduced the necrotizing effect of copper, which may be due to the complexing activity of tannic acid with the biomolecules of the hepatocytes and to the H2O2-degrading activity of tannin-CuSO4 combination. Our results indicate that the heavy metal-detoxifying capacity of tannin may be significant; however, tannin-exposure alone or combined with metals may be toxic for fish due to enzyme inhibition and oxidative stress induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Varanka
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, P.O. Box 533, H-6701, Szeged, Hungary.
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