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Timmanaikar ST, Hayat S, Hosamani SM, Banu S. Structure-property modeling of coumarins and coumarin-related compounds in pharmacotherapy of cancer by employing graphical topological indices. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2024; 47:31. [PMID: 38735010 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-024-00427-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Coumarins, a subgroup of colorless and crystalline oxygenated heterocyclic compounds originally discovered in the plant Dipteryx odorata, were the subject of a recent study investigating their quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) in cancer pharmacotherapy. This study utilized graph theoretical molecular descriptors, also known as topological indices, as a numerical representation method for the chemical structures embedded in molecular graphs. These descriptors, derived from molecular graphs, play a pivotal role in quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) analysis. In this paper, intercorrelation between the Balban index, connective eccentric index, eccentricity connectivity index, harmonic index, hyper Zagreb index, first path Zagreb index, second path Zagreb index, Randic index, sum connectivity index, graph energy and Laplacian energy is studied on the set of molecular graphs of coumarins. It is found that the pairs of degree-based indices are highly intercorrelated. The use of these molecular descriptors in structure-boiling point modeling was analyzed. Finally, the curve-linear regression between considered molecular descriptors with physicochemical properties of coumarins and coumarin-related compounds is obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata T Timmanaikar
- Department of Mathematics, Government Engineering College, Haveri, 581 110, India
| | - Sakander Hayat
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jln Tungku Link, Gadong, 1410, Brunei Darussalam.
| | | | - Shabana Banu
- Department of Chemistry, Government Engineering College, Haveri, 581110, India
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2
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Gu Y, Li T, Zhou NY. Redundant and scattered genetic determinants for coumarin biodegradation in Pseudomonas sp. strain NyZ480. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0110923. [PMID: 37815346 PMCID: PMC10617510 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01109-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Coumarin (COU) is both a naturally derived phytotoxin and a synthetic pollutant which causes hepatotoxicity in susceptible humans. Microbes have potentials in COU biodegradation; however, its underlying genetic determinants remain unknown. Pseudomonas sp. strain NyZ480, a robust COU degrader, has been isolated and proven to grow on COU as its sole carbon source. In this study, five homologs of xenobiotic reductase A scattered throughout the chromosome of strain NyZ480 were identified, which catalyzed the conversion of COU to dihydrocoumarin (DHC) in vitro. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these COU reductases belong to different subgroups of the old yellow enzyme family. Moreover, two hydrolases (CouB1 and CouB2) homologous to the 3,4-dihydrocoumarin hydrolase in the fluorene degradation were found to accelerate the generation of melilotic acid (MA) from DHC. CouC, a new member from the group A flavin monooxygenase, was heterologously expressed and purified, catalyzing the hydroxylation of MA to produce 3-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)propionate (DHPP). Gene deletion and complementation of couC indicated that couC played an essential role in the COU catabolism in strain NyZ480, considering that the genes involved in the downstream catabolism of DHPP have been characterized (Y. Xu and N. Y. Zhou, Appl Environ Microbiol 86:e02385-19, 2020) and homologous catabolic cluster exists in strain NyZ480. This study elucidated the genetic determinants for complete degradation of COU by Pseudomonas sp. strain NyZ480.IMPORTANCECoumarin (COU) is a phytochemical widely distributed in the plant kingdom and also artificially produced as an ingredient for personal care products. Hence, the environmental occurrence of COU has been reported in different places. Toxicologically, COU was proven hepatotoxic to individuals with mutations in the CYP2A6 gene and listed as a group 3 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer and thus has raised increasing concerns. Until now, different physicochemical methods have been developed for the removal of COU, whereas their practical applications were hampered due to high cost and the risk of secondary contamination. In this study, genetic evidence and biochemical characterization of the COU degradation by Pseudomonas sp. strain NyZ480 are presented. With the gene and strain resources provided here, better managements of the hazards that humans face from COU could be achieved, and the possible microbiota-plant interaction mediated by the COU-utilizing rhizobacteria could also be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism & School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism & School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning-Yi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism & School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Miller RT. Risk Assessment for Hepatobiliary Toxicity Liabilities in Drug Development. Toxicol Pathol 2023; 51:432-436. [PMID: 38243687 DOI: 10.1177/01926233231223751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Risk assessment of hepatobiliary toxicities represents one of the greatest challenges and, more often than not, one of the most rewarding activities in which toxicologic pathologists can partake, and often times lead. This is in part because each liver toxicity picture is a bit different, informed by a broad range and diversity of relevant data, and also in part because the heavily relied upon animal models are imperfect regarding predictivity of hepatic effects in humans. Following identification and characterization of a hepatotoxicity hazard, typically in nonclinical toxicology studies, a holistic and integrated assessment of liver-relevant endpoints is conducted that typically incorporates ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) information (ideally, including extensive transporter data, exposure margins, and possibly concentration of parent/metabolite at region of injury), target expression/function, in silico prediction data, in vitro hepatocyte data, liver/circulating biomarkers, and importantly, species specificity of any of these data. Of course, a thorough understanding, developed in close partnership with clinical colleagues, of the anticipated liver disease status of intended patient populations is paramount to hepatic risk assessment. This is particularly important since the likelihood of translatable determinant hepatic events observed in nonclinical models to occur in humans has been reasonably well established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Miller
- Apex Drug Discovery and Innovation Strategies, Apex, North Carolina, USA
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Pitaro M, Croce N, Gallo V, Arienzo A, Salvatore G, Antonini G. Coumarin-Induced Hepatotoxicity: A Narrative Review. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27249063. [PMID: 36558195 PMCID: PMC9783661 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27249063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Coumarin is an effective treatment for primary lymphoedema, as well as lymphoedema related to breast cancer radiotherapy or surgery. However, its clinical use is limited in several countries due to the possible occurrence of hepatotoxicity, mainly in the form of mild to moderate transaminase elevation. It is worth noting that only a few cases of severe hepatotoxicity have been described in the literature, with no reported cases of liver failure. Data available on coumarin absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion have been reviewed, focusing on hepatotoxicity studies carried out in vitro and in vivo. Finally, safety and tolerability data from clinical trials have been thoroughly discussed. Based on these data, coumarin-induced hepatotoxicity is restricted to a small subset of patients, probably due to the activation in these individuals of alternative metabolic pathways involving specific CYP450s isoforms. The aim of this work is to stimulate research to clearly identify patients at risk of developing hepatotoxicity following coumarin treatment. Early identification of this subset of patients could open the possibility of more safely exploiting the therapeutical properties of coumarin, allowing patients suffering from lymphoedema to benefit from the anti-oedematous activity of the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Pitaro
- INBB—Biostructures and Biosystems National Institute, Viale delle Medaglie d’Oro 305, 00136 Rome, RM, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Croce
- INBB—Biostructures and Biosystems National Institute, Viale delle Medaglie d’Oro 305, 00136 Rome, RM, Italy
| | - Valentina Gallo
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, RM, Italy
| | - Alyexandra Arienzo
- INBB—Biostructures and Biosystems National Institute, Viale delle Medaglie d’Oro 305, 00136 Rome, RM, Italy
| | - Giulia Salvatore
- INBB—Biostructures and Biosystems National Institute, Viale delle Medaglie d’Oro 305, 00136 Rome, RM, Italy
| | - Giovanni Antonini
- INBB—Biostructures and Biosystems National Institute, Viale delle Medaglie d’Oro 305, 00136 Rome, RM, Italy
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, RM, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Uehara S, Suemizu H, Yamazaki H. Cytochrome P450s in chimeric mice with humanized liver. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2022; 95:307-328. [PMID: 35953159 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric mice with humanized livers (humanized liver mice) are attractive experimental animal models for drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies. The "humanized liver" is a mature and functional liver with zonal position-specific expressions of human cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes and a global gene expression pattern consistent with that of the mature human liver. Most P450-dependent drug oxidation activities were comparable between microsomes from livers of human and humanized liver mice based on similar expression levels of human P450 enzymes; however, some differences were observed between the two species, including considerable variations in activities of bufuralol 1'-hydroxylation and propafenone 4'-hydroxylation. Human disproportionate and/or unique metabolites of P450 substrate drugs were produced in humanized liver mice. Plasma concentration profiles of typical P450 substrate drugs in humans could be extrapolated from the corresponding data in humanized liver mice using simplified physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. Drug-drug interaction-mediated hepatic human CYP3A/2C induction by rifampicin (a human pregnane X receptor agonist) was observed in humanized liver mice. The major role of human CYP2C9 in in vivo diclofenac 4'-hydroxylation were determined using human CYP2C9-inactivated chimeric mice using a mechanism-based inhibitor, tienilic acid. Overall, based on the functional characteristics of hepatic human P450 enzymes, humanized liver mice are valuable experimental animals for studying metabolite profiling, pharmacokinetics, and drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Uehara
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Suemizu
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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Combined Risk Assessment of Food-derived Coumarin with <i>in Silico</i> Approaches. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2022; 10:73-82. [PMID: 36237397 PMCID: PMC9509535 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.d-21-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatotoxicity associated with food-derived coumarin occurs occasionally in humans. We
have, herein, assessed the data of existing clinical and nonclinical studies as well as
those of in silico models for humans in order to shed more light on this
association. The average intakes of food-derived coumarin are estimated to be 1−3 mg/day,
while a ten-times higher level is expected in the worst-case scenarios. These levels are
close to or above the tolerable daily intake suggested by a chronic study in dogs. The
human internal exposure levels were estimated by a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic
model with the use of virtual doses of coumarin in the amounts expected to derive from
foods. Our results suggest that: (i) coumarin can be cleared rapidly via
7-hydroxylation in humans, and (ii) the plasma levels of coumarin and of its metabolite,
o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid associated with hepatotoxicity, are
considerably lower than those yielding hepatotoxicity in rats. Pharmacokinetic data
suggest a low or negligible concern regarding a coumarin-induced hepatotoxicity in humans
exposed to an average intake from foods. Detoxification of coumarin through the
7-hydroxylation, however, might vary among individuals due to genetic polymorphisms in
CYP2A6 enzyme. In addition, the CYP1A2- and CYP2E1-mediated activation of coumarin can
fluctuate as a result of induction caused by environmental factors. Furthermore, the daily
consumption of food-contained coumarin was implicated in the potential risk of
hepatotoxicity by the drug-induced liver injury score model developed by the US Food and
Drug Administration. These results support the idea of the existence of human
subpopulations that are highly sensitive to coumarin; therefore, a more precise risk
assessment is needed. The present study also highlights the usefulness of in
silico approaches of pharmacokinetics with the liver injury score model as
battery components of a risk assessment.
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7
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Abdel-Aziem A, Baaiu BS, El-Sawy ER. Reactions and Antibacterial Activity of 6-Bromo-3-(2-Bromoacetyl)-2 H-Chromen-2-One. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.1916543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anhar Abdel-Aziem
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Basma Saad Baaiu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Benghazi University, Benghazi, Libya
| | - Eslam R. El-Sawy
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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Abstract
The literature survey reveals that the individual coumarin and heterocyclic
molecules have biological and pharmaceutical activities. Moreover, integrated coumarinfused
heterocyclic compounds have shown interesting biological and physiochemical
properties and thus, designing and development of coumarin-fused heterocyclic molecules
are of great interest in the field of synthetic organic chemistry. Several coumarin-fused
heterocyclic molecules have been synthesized by using different strategies such as multistep
method, one-pot multi-component protocol, coupling and condensation method. The
wide applications of integrated coumarin-fused heterocyclic molecules stimulated interest
among researchers to develop different methodologies for the synthesis of novel fused
molecules. As a consequence, several research articles, papers and review articles have been published in the
literature. In this review article, we have presented various methods for the synthesis of different class of
coumarin-fused heterocyclic molecules and their applications in chemical, optical, pharmaceutical and other
useful applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetika Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, Koni, Chhattisgarh, Pin-495009, India
| | - Subhash Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, Koni, Chhattisgarh, Pin-495009, India
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9
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Küpeli Akkol E, Genç Y, Karpuz B, Sobarzo-Sánchez E, Capasso R. Coumarins and Coumarin-Related Compounds in Pharmacotherapy of Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071959. [PMID: 32707666 PMCID: PMC7409047 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most common causes of disease-related deaths worldwide. Despite the discovery of many chemotherapeutic drugs that inhibit uncontrolled cell division processes for the treatment of various cancers, serious side effects of these drugs are a crucial disadvantage. In addition, multi-drug resistance is another important problem in anticancer treatment. Due to problems such as cytotoxicity and drug resistance, many investigations are being conducted to discover and develop effective anticancer drugs. In recent years, researchers have focused on the anticancer activity coumarins, due to their high biological activity and low toxicity. Coumarins are commonly used in the treatment of prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma and leukemia, and they also have the ability to counteract the side effects caused by radiotherapy. Both natural and synthetic coumarin derivatives draw attention due to their photochemotherapy and therapeutic applications in cancer. In this review, a compilation of various research reports on coumarins with anticancer activity and investigation and a review of structure-activity relationship studies on coumarin core are presented. Determination of important structural features around the coumarin core may help researchers to design and develop new analogues with a strong anticancer effect and reduce the potential side effects of existing therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Küpeli Akkol
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Etiler 06330, Ankara, Turkey;
- Correspondence: (E.K.A.); (R.C.); Tel.: +90-312-2023185 (E.K.A); +39-081-678664 (R.C.)
| | - Yasin Genç
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Sıhhiye 06100, Ankara, Turkey;
| | - Büşra Karpuz
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Etiler 06330, Ankara, Turkey;
| | - Eduardo Sobarzo-Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, 8330507 Santiago, Chile;
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici (Naples), Italy
- Correspondence: (E.K.A.); (R.C.); Tel.: +90-312-2023185 (E.K.A); +39-081-678664 (R.C.)
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10
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Zhang L, Zhang XY, Hu Y, Zhang BJ. Safety evaluation of the temporary consolidant based on a zebrafish embryo model. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 51:50-53. [PMID: 29747020 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Temporary consolidants, such as cyclododecane, menthol, coumarin, and ethyl maltol, are proved to be effective for urgent conservation in archaeological field. However, the safety of these temporary consolidants is still unknown although they are always heavily used in archaeological field. Thus reports on the toxicity of these temporary consolidants are limited. Here, a zebrafish model was used for safety evaluation of these four temporary consolidants. In the present study, four temporary consolidants, including cyclododecane, menthol, coumarin, and ethyl maltol, at different concentrations were incubated with zebrafish embryos, and their biological toxic effects were firstly evaluated. It was shown that embryo exposure to temporary consolidants resulted in an increased mortality and malformation rate, and a decreased hatching rate. The order of embryo toxicity of the four types of temporary consolidants tested was menthol > coumarin > ethyl maltol > cyclododecane. Although the embryo toxicity of cyclododecane was minimal, some studies have indicated that this temporary consolidant could be bioaccumulated. The results also suggested that the zebrafish embryos can serve as a reliable model for the evaluation of embryo toxicity of temporary consolidants, as this model could offer the possibility to perform the rapid, medium throughput, cost-effective analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China; Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiao Yan Zhang
- Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yulan Hu
- Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Bing Jian Zhang
- Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
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Veselinović JB, Kocić GM, Pavic A, Nikodinovic-Runic J, Senerovic L, Nikolić GM, Veselinović AM. Selected 4-phenyl hydroxycoumarins: In vitro cytotoxicity, teratogenic effect on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos and molecular docking study. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 231:10-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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12
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Zhang YB, Li W, Yang XW. Biotransformation of columbianadin by rat hepatic microsomes and inhibition of biotransformation products on NO production in RAW 264.7 cells in vitro. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 81:109-116. [PMID: 22784551 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Columbianadin (CBN, 1), 1-[(8S)-8,9-dihydro-2-oxo-2H-furo[2,3-h]-1-benzopyran-8-yl]-1-methylethyl-[(2Z)-2-methyl-2-butenoic acid]ester is a coumarin-type compound and one of the main bioactive constituents of the underground part of Angelica pubescens Maxim. f. biserrata Shan et Yuan. Although numerous investigations have been undertaken to study the biological activities of CBN, such as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, calcium-channel blocking, and platelet aggregation inhibiting functions, little attention has been paid to its metabolism and/or biotransformation. Biotransformation of CBN by rat liver microsomes in vitro was studied, and thirteen biotransformation products including eight hitherto unknown compounds [columbianadiratimetins A-H (3-10)] and five known compounds [columbianadin oxide (2), (+)-2,3-dihydro-4-hydroxy-2-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-5-benzofurancarboxaldehyde (11), oroselol (12), columbianetin (13), and vaginol (14)] were produced by liver microsomes from rats pre-treated with sodium phenobarbital. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses which included IR, UV, EIMS, HRESIMS, 1D NMR and 2D NMR, respectively. The inhibition of CBN and its main biotransformation products on nitric oxide production induced by lipopolysaccharide was assayed in RAW 264.7 cells at concentrations ranging from 10 to 200 μM to evaluate the biological significance of biotransformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs (Peking University), Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
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13
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Effects of CYP inhibitors on precocene I metabolism and toxicity in rat liver slices. Chem Biol Interact 2011; 193:109-18. [PMID: 21741958 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We present a comprehensive in vitro approach to assessing metabolism-mediated hepatotoxicity using male Sprague-Dawley rat liver slices incubated with the well characterized hepatotoxicant, precocene I, and inhibitors of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. This approach combines liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC MS) detection methods with multiple toxicity endpoints to enable identification of critical metabolic pathways for hepatotoxicity. The incubations were performed in the absence and presence of the non-specific CYP inhibitor, 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT) and isoform-specific inhibitors. The metabolite profile of precocene I in rat liver slices shares some features of the in vivo profile, but also had a major difference in that epoxide dihydrodiol hydrolysis products were not observed to a measurable extent. As examples of our liver slice metabolite identification procedure, a minor glutathione adduct and previously unreported 7-O-desmethyl and glucuronidated metabolites of precocene I are reported. Precocene I induced hepatocellular necrosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. ABT decreased the toxicity of precocene I, increased exposure to parent compound, and decreased metabolite levels in a dose-dependent manner. Of the isoform-specific CYP inhibitors tested for an effect on the precocene I metabolite profile, only tranylcypromine was noticeably effective, indicating a role of CYPs 2A6, 2C9, 2Cl9, and 2E1. With respect to toxicity, the order of CYP inhibitor effectiveness was ABT>diethyldithiocarbamate∼tranylcypromine>ketoconazole. Furafylline and sulfaphenazole had no effect, while quinidine appeared to augment precocene I toxicity. These results suggest that rat liver slices do not reproduce the reported in vivo biotransformation of precocene I and therefore may not be an appropriate model for precocene I metabolism. However, these results provide an example of how small molecule manipulation of CYP activity in an in vitro model can be used to confirm metabolism-mediated toxicity.
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A toxicogenomics-based parallelogram approach to evaluate the relevance of coumarin-induced responses in primary human hepatocytes in vitro for humans in vivo. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23:1163-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Vassallo JD, Hicks SM, Daston GP, Lehman-McKeeman LD. Metabolic Detoxification Determines Species Differences in Coumarin-Induced Hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Sci 2004; 80:249-57. [PMID: 15141102 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfh162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatotoxicity of coumarin is attributed to metabolic activation to an epoxide intermediate, coumarin 3,4-epoxide (CE). However, whereas rats are most susceptible to coumarin-induced hepatotoxicity, formation of CE is greatest in mouse liver microsomes, a species showing little evidence of hepatotoxicity. Therefore, the present work was designed to test the hypothesis that detoxification of CE is a major determinant of coumarin hepatotoxicity. CE can either rearrange spontaneously to o-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (o-HPA) or be conjugated with gluatathione (GSH). o-HPA is hepatotoxic and is further detoxified by oxidation to o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (o-HPAA). In vitro experiments were conducted using mouse liver microsomes to generate a constant amount of CE, and cytosols from F344 rats, B6C3F1 mice, and human liver were used to characterize CE detoxification. All metabolites were quantified by HPLC methods with UV detection. In rats and mice, GSH conjugation occurred non-enzymatically and through glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), and the kinetics of GSH conjugation were similar in rats and mice. In rat liver cytosol, oxidation of o-HPA to o-HPAA was characterized with a high affinity K(m) of approximately 12 microM, and a V(max) of approximately 1.5 nmol/min/mg protein. In contrast, the K(m) and V(max) for o-HPA oxidation in mouse liver cytosol were approximately 1.7 microM and 5 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively, yielding a total intrinsic clearance through oxidation to o-HPAA that was 20 times higher in mouse than in rats. Human cytosols (two separate pools) detoxified CE through o-HPA oxidation with an apparent K(m) of 0.84 microM and a V(max) of 5.7 nmol/min/mg protein, for a net intrinsic clearance that was more than 50 times higher than the rat. All species also reduced o-HPA to o-hydroxyphenylethanol (o-HPE), but this was only a major reaction in rats. In the presence of a metabolic reaction replete with all necessary cofactors, GSH conjugation accounted for nearly half of all CE metabolites in rat and mouse, whereas the GSH conjugate represented only 10% of the metabolites in human cytosol. In mouse, o-HPAA represented the major ring-opened metabolite, accounting for the remaining 50% of metabolites, and in human cytosol, o-HPAA was the major metabolite, representing nearly 90% of all CE metabolites. In contrast, no o-HPAA was detected in rats, whereas o-HPE represented a major metabolite. Collectively, these in vitro data implicate o-HPA detoxification through oxidation to o-HPAA as the major determinant of species differences in coumarin-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Vassallo
- Miami Valley Laboratories, The Procter and Gamble Company, 11810 East Miami River Road, Cincinnati, Ohio 45252, USA.
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Eisenbrand G, Otteneder M, Tang W. Synthesis of N-acetyl-S-(3-coumarinyl)-cysteine methyl ester and HPLC analysis of urinary coumarin metabolites. Toxicology 2003; 190:249-58. [PMID: 12927379 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(03)00204-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
N-Acetyl-S-(3-coumarinyl)cysteine, a metabolite of coumarin in rodents, has been synthesized as methyl ester. A new synthetic route to prepare N-acetyl-S-(3-coumarinyl)-D,L-cysteine methyl ester comprises reaction of 3-mercaptocoumarin with N-acetyl-3-chloro-D,L-alanine methyl ester. N-acetyl-S-(4-coumarinyl)-L-cysteine was obtained by reaction of 3-bromocoumarin and N-acetyl-L-cysteine. A method for the determination of N-acetyl-S-(3-coumarinyl)cysteine as its methyl ester in urine by HPLC has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Eisenbrand
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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Sardari S, Nishibe S, Daneshtalab M. Coumarins, the bioactive structures with antifungal property. BIOACTIVE NATURAL PRODUCTS (PART D) 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(00)80133-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Abstract
The metabolism, toxicity and results of tests for carcinogenicity have been reviewed with respect to the safety for humans of coumarin present in foodstuffs and from fragrance use in cosmetic products. Coumarin is a natural product which exhibits marked species differences in both metabolism and toxicity. The majority of tests for mutagenic and genotoxic potential suggest that coumarin is not a genotoxic agent. The target organs for toxicity and carcinogenicity in the rat and mouse are primarily the liver and lung. Moreover, the dose-response relationships for coumarin-induced toxicity and carcinogenicity are non-linear, with tumour formation only being observed at high doses which are associated with hepatic and pulmonary toxicity. Other species, including the Syrian hamster, are seemingly resistant to coumarin-induced toxicity. There are marked differences in coumarin metabolism between susceptible rodent species and other species including humans. It appears that the 7-hydroxylation pathway of coumarin metabolism, the major pathway in most human subjects but only a minor pathway in the rat and mouse, is a detoxification pathway. In contrast, the major route of coumarin metabolism in the rat and mouse is by a 3,4-epoxidation pathway resulting in the formation of toxic metabolites. The maximum daily human exposure to coumarin from dietary sources for a 60-kg consumer has been estimated to be 0.02 mg/kg/day. From fragrance use in cosmetic products, coumarin exposure has been estimated to be 0.04 mg/kg/day. The total daily human exposure from dietary sources together with fragrance use in cosmetic products is thus 0.06 mg/kg/day. No adverse effects of coumarin have been reported in susceptible species in response to doses which are more than 100 times the maximum human daily intake. The mechanism of coumarin-induced tumour formation in rodents is associated with metabolism-mediated, toxicity and it is concluded that exposure to coumarin from food and/or cosmetic products poses no health risk to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Lake
- BIBRA International, Carshalton, Surrey, UK
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Lavery DJ, Lopez-Molina L, Fleury-Olela F, Schibler U. Selective amplification via biotin- and restriction-mediated enrichment (SABRE), a novel selective amplification procedure for detection of differentially expressed mRNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:6831-6. [PMID: 9192651 PMCID: PMC21244 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.13.6831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a novel subtractive enrichment protocol for the identification of differentially expressed mRNA species. This procedure, called SABRE (selective amplification via biotin- and restriction-mediated enrichment), uses selective streptavidin-biotin affinity and restriction enzyme site reconstitution to enrich for cDNA species more abundant in one population than in another. Analysis of liver cDNA from a mouse strain expressing the neomycin resistance gene demonstrated that this procedure is capable of identifying species present in one population but absent from another. Furthermore, experiments to identify genes with circadian expression patterns in mouse liver demonstrated that SABRE is capable of detecting even modest 2- to 10-fold differences in accumulation of moderately rare mRNA species, representing as little as 0.03% of total mRNA. These experiments identified the gene encoding coumarin 7-hydroxylase as displaying circadian expression in mouse liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Lavery
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, 30, quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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